slide # 1 conduct an environmental baseline survey during contingency operations

Slide # 1

Conduct an Environmental Baseline Conduct an Environmental Baseline Survey During Contingency Survey During Contingency

OperationsOperations

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Terminal Learning ObjectiveTerminal Learning Objective

Action:Action: Conduct an Environmental Baseline Survey (EBS) for a proposed base

camp. Condition:Condition: Given a proposed base camp location,

FM 3-100.4, FM 5-19, and the Environmental Baseline Survey

Handbook for Contingency Operations.

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Terminal Learning Objective Terminal Learning Objective (Continued)(Continued)

Standard:Standard: Students will: Define an EBS. Conduct a risk assessment. Collect site information and data. Collect site samples. Assess site environmental conditions. Prepare an EBS Report.

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Safety, Risk, andSafety, Risk, andEnvironmental ConsiderationsEnvironmental Considerations

Safety, Risk, andSafety, Risk, andEnvironmental ConsiderationsEnvironmental Considerations

Safety Requirements:Safety Requirements: None

Risk Assessment Level:Risk Assessment Level: Low

Environmental Considerations:Environmental Considerations: Training of an administrative or classroom nature, with little or no environmental impact.

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Enabling Learning Objective #1Enabling Learning Objective #1

Action:Action: Define an EBS. Condition:Condition: Given a proposed base camp location,



StandardStandard:: Students will define and identify

reasons to conduct an EBS.

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Define an EBSDefine an EBS

What is an EBS?What is an EBS? An EBS is a technical assessment and a survey of air,

soil, surface water and groundwater conditions. It includes review of current and past uses of property.

The EBS identifies hazards (natural and man-made) present on the proposed base camp site.

A tool used with an Environmental Health & Safety Assessment (EHSA) to protect force health.

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Identify Reasons to Conduct an Identify Reasons to Conduct an Environmental Baseline SurveyEnvironmental Baseline Survey

To identify hazards on proposed base camp sites. To prevent/limit troop exposure to hazards. To protect force health by confirming the areas

requiring engineering controls. To protect the environment. To prevent potential liability, thus saving the US

money.

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The Environmental Baseline Survey The Environmental Baseline Survey ProcessProcess

1.1. Gather information and data.Gather information and data.

2.2. Analyze the data and information.Analyze the data and information.

3.3. Determine the environmental conditions of the area.Determine the environmental conditions of the area.

4.4. Prepare the EBS Report.Prepare the EBS Report.

5.5. Update the report as needed.Update the report as needed.

6.6. Close out report once operations cease.Close out report once operations cease.

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Check on LearningCheck on Learning

What are the primary reasons for conducting an What are the primary reasons for conducting an EBS?EBS?

To confirm the need for engineering controls. To protect force health. To protect the environment. To reduce potential liability and costs.

To identify environmental hazards.

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Action:Action: Conduct a Risk Management Assessment.

Condition:Condition: Given a proposed base camp location, FM 3-100.4, FM 5-19, and the Environmental Baseline Survey Handbook for Contingency Operations.

Standard:Standard: Students will: Identify hazards. Assess hazards. Develop controls. Implement and supervise control efforts.

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Soldiers should conduct a Risk Management Assessment prior to beginning the EBS.

This will help determine the areas that need further investigation and identify any risks associated with conducting the EBS.

Risk Management Assessment OverviewRisk Management Assessment Overview

[Note: The Composite Risk Management Process is described in FM 5-19]

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Composite Risk Management Process Composite Risk Management Process

• Identify the hazard

• Assess the hazard• Develop controls and make decisions• Implement controls• Supervise and evaluate

Tactical and accidental risks

METT-TC hazards………Environmental hazards

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Step 1:Step 1: Identify Hazards Identify Hazards

Identify actual or potential conditions that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or losses of equipment or property; or mission degradation. Identify the original characteristics of prior or existing operations and the hazards associated with these activities.

Identify HazardsIdentify Hazards

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Step 2:Step 2: Assess Hazards

a) What is the probability of each hazard?

b) What is the severity?

c) Complete a risk matrix to determine the level of risk for each hazard.

Assess HazardsAssess Hazards

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Step 3:Step 3: Develop Controls

Develop controls and make decisions concerning the identified risks:

Administrative Controls Physical Controls Engineering Controls Educational Controls Operational Controls Risk Avoidance

Develop ControlsDevelop Controls

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Step 4:Step 4: Implement Controls

Inform personnel of the risk control measures and how to implement each of them.

Implement ControlsImplement Controls

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Step 5:Step 5: Evaluate Controls

Leaders and staff must supervise and evaluate the effectiveness of the controls established.

Evaluate ControlsEvaluate Controls

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Question:Question:

The Composite Risk Management process is described in which FM?

Answer:Answer:

FM 5-19

Risk Management Assessment Risk Management Assessment Check on LearningCheck on Learning

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Action:Action: Conduct Site Information and Data. Condition:Condition: Given a proposed base camp location,

FM 3-100.4, FM 5-19, and the Environmental Baseline Survey Handbook for Contingency Operations.

Standard:Standard: Students will: Review available records. Interview current/former employees/tenants. Conduct a site visit. Determine the need for site sampling.

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The EBS process begins with collecting information and data relating the site in question.

Carefully research and interview all information available and properly document this information.

Information/Data Collection OverviewInformation/Data Collection Overview

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Information/Data Collection SourcesInformation/Data Collection Sources

Gather information from all sources available. These sources may include:

Site records and history Maps and satellite imagery Government documents Employee and neighboring property owner

interviews S2/G2 Internet

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Review Available RecordsReview Available Records

Review all available records from the potential base camp site. These records will include the history of the site as well as present records.

There may not be time to review records in contingency operations – especially combat situations. The information and data collection approach will vary depending on the availability of information (such as permits and titles) to the personnel conducting the EBS.

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Maps can provide information on facilities, structures, infrastructure, and available resources (natural & cultural).

Maps often identify buildings, churches, hospitals, railroads, rivers, lakes, and other topographical features.

MapsMaps

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Satellite ImagerySatellite Imagery

Satellite imagery can provide information on facilities, structures, infrastructure, and available resources (natural and cultural).

Satellite imagery can show more detailed information than maps such as storage tanks, landfills, industrial smokestacks, and the number of stories for buildings.

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Government DocumentsGovernment Documents

Units can request an Industrial Health Risk Assessment from the United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM).This assessment will identify industrial health risks at the proposed site. It may also provide historical data on former military facilities within a 10-20 km radius.

NOTE: The USACHPPM website is located at: http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil

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Government Documents Government Documents (Continued)(Continued)

Another source of information is the USACHPPM staff. They can provide information/documentation on the typical hazards of the area such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in electrical equipment, types of asbestos building materials, and other hazards.

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InternetInternet

The Internet is a good resource for finding historical information on a site and can indicate if an area violates international protocol on environmental matters.

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Records Review GuidelinesRecords Review Guidelines

Use the following guidelines to assist you in obtaining useful/necessary information:

Identify reasonably available records and information sources (i.e. publicly available, obtainable in a

reasonable time frame and cost, and are practically reviewable).

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Records Review Guidelines Records Review Guidelines (Continued)(Continued)

Request all records of environmental history for the property (permits, surveys, drinking water, storage tanks, etc.). Check for aerial photographs to determine current and historical land uses. Search for records of hazardous material (HM) or hazardous waste (HW) releases. This step will vary depending on the country.

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Conduct InterviewsConduct Interviews

Interview the local populace including current owners/operators and their employees. Also interview neighboring property owners/ employees and former employees if available. Ask the following questions:

What type of activities/operations occurred on this property?

Does this property flood? Are there any problems with this property?

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Conduct Interviews (Continued)Conduct Interviews (Continued)

Following combat operations, interview the US or allied Soldiers who first occupied the site. Ask the following questions:

Were any areas intentionally destroyed by the enemy?

Where were the ammunitions dumps and trash disposal areas located?

Where were the maintenance areas? Where were the infirmaries located? Are there medical areas of concern?

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Conduct Interviews (Continued)Conduct Interviews (Continued)

Document all sources of information even if there are no findings. Include:

Sources used. Date the information was last updated by the

original source. Names of persons interviewed and if an

interpreter was used. Any information needed to validate the source

information.

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Conduct a Site VisitConduct a Site Visit

Conducting a detailed site visit is the next step in the EBS process. The site visit includes:

Describing the location in detail, topography, soil type, grid location, structures, roadways, walkways, hydrology, land cover.

Conducting a walk-through. Documenting (photos, detailed descriptions).

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Conduct a Site Visit (Continued)Conduct a Site Visit (Continued)

Identifying the environmental issues, determine if HW or petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL) is present or was used at the site

Describing structures, roads, walkways, paths, and other attributes on the site

Describing the natural, geological, hydrological and cultural/religious aspects of the site

Conducting a reconnaissance of the adjacent properties.

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Waste Disposal InvestigationWaste Disposal Investigation

Waste Disposal involves three aspects: Sanitary:

– Identify the sources (residential, industrial).– Identify the distribution system.

Solid:– Identify the sources (residential, industrial).– Determine disposal method (on-site landfill, off-site disposal).

Hazardous:– Determine substances and status (POL, pesticides, PCBs).– Identify storage devices and locations [drums, underground

storage tanks (USTs), aboveground storage tanks (ASTs)].– Identify spill areas (ground staining, odors).– Identify areas that may contain medical waste.

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Determine the Need for Media SamplingDetermine the Need for Media Sampling

Analyzing the information gathered during the site visit, records review, and interviews will determine the need for media sampling. Any areas where suspected releases have occurred or if storage of HMs is evident will need sampling. The next lesson will present the site sampling procedures.

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Examples of EBS FindingsExamples of EBS Findings

Water and sewer lines not buried at sufficient depths.

Structures contained contaminants (asbestos, lead). Structural integrity lacking, exposed wiring, poor

ventilation. Troops billeted in previous hazardous material

(HM)/HW storage areas.

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ActionAction:: Collect site samples. ConditionCondition:: Given a proposed base camp location,



StandardStandard:: Students will: Collect soil samples. Collect water samples. Collect air samples. Prepare samples for shipment.

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Collect Soil SamplesCollect Soil Samples

Analyzing information gathered through site visits, records review, and interviews will identify the areas of suspected hazardous releases. Collect and analyze samples to determine the extent of contamination.

Before taking samples, develop a sampling plan that identifies the number of samples needed, the collection locations, and the analysis to be performed.

Include a summary table of the sampling tests in the EBS Report. For field testing, indicate the test performed and the results.

Lab results will normally be received well after the initial EBS. Add the analytical results and update the EBS as they become available.

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Sampling Plan Testing ParametersSampling Plan Testing Parameters

Selecting sampling parameters is the first step in developing the sampling plan. If it is an initial survey and there is no indication of specific contamination, perform broad-spectrum testing.

If specific contamination is suspected or identified, this will become the testing focus.

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Developing a Sampling SchemeDeveloping a Sampling Scheme

Before developing a sampling scheme, determine if the USACHPPM has sampled the area. Coordinate all sampling efforts with USACHPPM to minimize duplication of work. If medical personnel have sampled the area, use their data in the EBS Report.

There are several sampling schemes that can be used for your sampling plan. They include:

– Simple random– Systematic random– Judgment sampling– Combination of all three

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Sampling SchemesSampling Schemes

Random samplingRandom sampling is the purest form of probability sampling. Each sampling point has an equal and known chance of being selected.

Systematic samplingSystematic sampling is commonly used to guarantee complete coverage of an area. It always has a random starting point with subsequent sample units located at a set interval.

Judgment samplingJudgment sampling selects the sample locations based on the judgment of the person taking samples. When using this method, ensure that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire site.

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Sampling LocationsSampling Locations

The next step involves identifying the sample locations and the number of samples needed. Determine the sampling locations based on the sampling scheme, existing conditions (ground staining, tank locations, etc.), suspected material use areas, and consider:– Locations with the highest probability of troop

exposure.– The size of the area to be sampled and the number

of samples needed to characterize the site.– Sampling scheme to be used.

Identify all sampling locations using the military grid reference system (MGRS) coordinates.

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Soil Sampling CategoriesSoil Sampling Categories

There are three categories for soil sampling: Discrete:Discrete: Sampling a single point to characterize a

specific location. This is typically areas where a chemical spill has occurred.

Composite:Composite: Mixture of multiple samples collected from a defined area. Composite samples (aliquots) are collected from the sampling location, homogenized in the stainless steel bowl, and combined into one sample.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC):Volatile Organic Compound (VOC): If VOC contamination is known or suspected, advanced coordination with the testing facility is required. Special containers will be required for this sampling. Place discrete samples in the special containers with minimum agitation, aeration, or mixing. Collect VOC samples from the bottom of the sample interval (six inches below ground).

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Soil Sampling EquipmentSoil Sampling Equipment

At a minimum, you will need the following equipment to collect soil samples:

– 12 oz. Teflon jars (labeled) with lids – Chain of custody seals or tape– Nitrile gloves– Permanent marker– Stainless steel scoop– Soil sampling bowl (stainless steel 1-1/2 quart)– Detergent for cleaning bowl & scoop– Wipes, brushes, and plastic bags– Soil Field Data Sheets– De-ionized water– Cooler for shipping samples– Tape to seal cooler

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Soil Sampling EquipmentSoil Sampling Equipment

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Soil Sample Collection ProcedureSoil Sample Collection Procedure

The following protocol is used to acquire samples for laboratory analysis:

Step 1:Step 1: Identify the sample site. Step 2:Step 2: Remove the “Soil Field Data Sheet.” Step 3:Step 3: Use the “Soil Field Data Sheet” and record:

–Sample ID–Sampling date–Sampling time–Name of person taking the samples–Contact information of person taking the samples–Temperature/weather conditions–Sample type–Collection type–Sampling location with MGRS coordinates

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Soil Sample Collection Procedure Soil Sample Collection Procedure (Continued)(Continued)

Step 4:Step 4: Don gloves and remove wipes from plastic bag.

Step 5:Step 5: Unfold wipe and place sampling equipment on the wipe.

Step 6:Step 6: Use the soil sample scoop to collect soil within the first six (6) inches. Remove pebbles, roots, etc. from the soil as the sample is collected.

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Soil Sample Collection ProcedureSoil Sample Collection Procedure(Continued)(Continued)

Step 7:Step 7: Discrete samples should provide enough soil to fill the mixing bowl. If the discrete sample is for VOC, do not mix and proceed to step 10.

Step 8:Step 8: Composite samples are collected by placing equal amounts of soil collected from multiple collection points into the stainless steel bowl.

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Step 9:Step 9: Once the bowl has been filled with the soil sample(s), mix the contents using the sample scoop until the mixture is homogenized. Remove any remaining pebbles, roots, organic material, etc. If the analysis is for VOC’s, do not mix the sample.

Step 10:Step 10: Fill the sample jar about 1/3 full and compact the soil using the sampling scoop.

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Step 11Step 11:: Fill another 1/3 and compact again.

Step 12:Step 12: Fill the remaining space in the jar with

soil and compact. Leave no empty space at the top.

Step 13:Step 13: Clean any soil from the threads at the top of the jar and secure the lid tightly. Use a gloved hand to brush the soil from the thread area.

Soil Sample Collection

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Step 14:Step 14: Record the data needed on the sampling container label.

Step 15Step 15:: Decontaminate the sampling equipment before collecting the next sample. The decontamination procedure is detailed in Appendix A of the Environmental Baseline Survey for Contingency Operations Handbook.

Step 16Step 16:: Repeat the sample collection steps for additional samples and collect a split sample for every 15 samples taken.

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Soil Sample Collection ProcedureSoil Sample Collection ProcedureSplit SampleSplit Sample

Split samples are quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC) samples. For every 15 samples collected (each sample grid), one split sample should be collected. If less than 15 samples in the grid are taken, collect one split sample. Record which samples are split on the data sheet and in the log book. Maintain the log book with the EBS records.

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Soil Sample Collection ProcedureSoil Sample Collection ProcedureSplit Sample (Continued)Split Sample (Continued)

Step 1Step 1:: Identify the location to take the split sample. Step 2Step 2:: Collect twice the amount of soil that is

collected for a normal sample; mix the soil thoroughly.

Step 3Step 3:: Fill two sample containers, seal tightly, label properly, and place in shipping cooler with cold packs.

Note that the two samples will have two different sample numbers.

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Packing Procedure for Soil Sample Packing Procedure for Soil Sample Shipments to LaboratoryShipments to Laboratory

Step 1Step 1:: Ensure all containers are labeled correctly and accurately and that lids are tightly closed.

Step 2Step 2:: Place containers in foam insert, enclose in a large plastic bag, and seal with a tie. Make sure to include the Soil Field Data Sheet in a sealed plastic bag and place with the samples in the container.

Step 3Step 3:: Seal and secure the cooler with tape.

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Packing Procedure for Soil Sample Packing Procedure for Soil Sample Shipments to Laboratory (Continued)Shipments to Laboratory (Continued)

Step 4Step 4:: Ship the samples to the lab conducting the analysis. Include a copy of the following forms, available from USACHPPM, Department of Agriculture, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the samples:– Soil Import Permit

– Soil Importation Compliance Agreement

– Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) Certification, signed by the sample collector.

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Packing Procedure for Soil Sample Packing Procedure for Soil Sample Shipments to Laboratory Shipments to Laboratory

(Continued)(Continued)

Step 4 (Continued):Step 4 (Continued):– Plant Protection and Quarantine Form 550– These permits and documentation will help the

samples clear customs upon arrival into the United States

Step 5Step 5:: Transport samples from the field as soon as possible to meet holding time restrictions. Maintaining the temperature along with the holding times is important.

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Make sure that all samples are labeled “Laboratory Samples (Generic)” and “Property of the US Government.” Some types of samples have specific short holding times and must be shipped quickly.

General samples are stored between 2-6 degrees Celsius, until they reach the laboratory.

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Use coolers filled with cold packs to maintain the temperature range until the samples reach the laboratory.

Use a military carrier to transport the samples when in contingency operations. Shipments must comply with all applicable regulations under the Department of Transportation (DOT). Shipping companies can also help determine the correct shipping name and label requirements.

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Collect Water SamplesCollect Water Samples

Specialized equipment/sample containers will be required for water samples. Preparations to take water samples must be made prior to deployment or coordinate with USACHPPM. Deployment kits are available that contain the correct number of sample containers. Deployment sampling kits have a shelf life of six months.

The Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU) operators may also have data on water quality that should be included in the survey results.

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Sampling EquipmentSampling Equipment

The deployment potable water sampling kit (available from USACHPMM) contains preserved containers, blanks, preservatives, and administrative items. All containers and items are new and should only be used once. The kit will either be contained in a cooler or bag.

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Collect Water SamplesCollect Water SamplesDeployment Water Sampling KitDeployment Water Sampling Kit

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Collect Water SamplesCollect Water SamplesDeployment Water Sampling KitDeployment Water Sampling Kit

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Deployment Water Sampling KitDeployment Water Sampling Kit

Inventory of Equipment in the Deployment Potable Water Sampling Kit Item #

Item Description Quantity

1 Water Sampling Instructions 1 2 40 ml containers (MBSA, Tritium, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, TOC,

Nitrate/Nitrite, SVOC, VOC, Cyanide, Ammonia, total phosphate, Diquat/Paraquat, Glyphosate/Carbamates, Herbicides, Insecticides, EDB/DBCP and Endothall)

16

3 125 ml glass containers (Metals, Gross Alpha/Beta Alkalinity, pH, Color, Conductivity)

3

4 Blanks – 40 ml glass containers (SVOC, VOC, Diquat/Paraquat, EDB/DBCP)

4

5 Sample vial configuration chart 1 6 Water sampling bag (Blue) 1 7 Foam insert with cover 1 8 Nitrile gloves and towelettes 1 9 Pipettes 2 each 10 Dropper bottle or ampoule of hydrochloric acid (HCL) 1 11 pH paper 1 pack 12 Permanent marker 1 13 Sample pitcher 1 14 Water sampling field data sheet 1 15 Chlorine Paper (not pictures)(May not be in kit) 1 pack 16 Supplementary radiation sampling bottle 1 17 Preservation for supplementary radiation sampling bottle 1

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Water SourcesWater Sources

There are three categories identified for samples taken at a proposed base camp location:– Source Water: Raw water prior to any treatment

(well water, surface water, etc…).– Treated Water: Water after it passes through a

typical type of treatment such as ROWPU prior to distribution.

– Distribution System: Water collected at representative points in the distribution system (pipes, storage tanks, and pumps). DO NOT sample at the dead end of a distribution line.

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Water Sample Water Sample Collection ProceduresCollection Procedures

Sample for all regulated environmental contaminants. Bacterial analysis is usually conducted by preventive medicine (PM) personnel. There are two types of water sample point configurations:

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Water Sample Water Sample Collection Procedures (Continued)Collection Procedures (Continued)

Open Source:Open Source: An open water source (lakes, ponds, rivers, springs) requires only the pitcher be filled and transferred to the sample bottles.

Closed Source:Closed Source: Municipal or other system that is usually accessed through a utility spigot or faucet. To collect a sample, turn the spigot/faucet on and allow the water to run at a moderate flow for 3-5 minutes; then take a sample. To take a sample from the source or pipe main, monitor the temperature, and collect it when stabilized. Use the sampling pitcher if flow would cause spillage in bottles.

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Water Sample Collection Procedures Water Sample Collection Procedures (Continued)(Continued)

Step 1Step 1:: Identify the sampling point. Step 2Step 2:: Record the required information on the

Potable Water Field Data Sheet. Step 3Step 3:: Put on the Nitrile gloves and remove the

wipes from the plastic bag. Step 4Step 4:: Determine the pH and record it on the

Potable Water Field Data Sheet. If equipment is available, record the temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity.

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Water Sample Collection ProceduresWater Sample Collection Procedures(Continued)(Continued)

Step 5Step 5:: Fill and label all empty containers, (VOC, Endothall, and Glyphosates have special collection procedures) from the water source:– Remove the sample container cap carefully and

after removing from container ensure cap is placed or held to prevent contamination.

– Fill the container directly from the water source. Use the sampling pitcher to avoid spillage if needed.

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Step 5 (Continued):Step 5 (Continued): Completely fill the container. DO NOT overfill the container as this will expel required preservatives and can invalidate the test.

Step 6Step 6:: When filling the VOC, Endothall, and Glyphosates containers, follow these additional steps:

Step 7Step 7:: Collect the samples carefully to avoid the presence of air bubbles. Pour sufficient volume into the container to form a reverse meniscus (rounded surface) at the top of the container.

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Step 8Step 8:: For VOC containers ONLY, after the container is partially filled, add five drops of HCl, then finish filling the container and obtain a reverse meniscus.

Step 9Step 9:: Carefully replace the container cap hand tight. It is normal for some of the sample media to be expelled when the cap is tightened.

Step 10Step 10:: Invert the sample container several times to affect preservative mixing. For VOC, Endothall, and Glyphosate containers, ensure no air bubbles remain in the sample. To check, invert the capped container and tap the side slightly to force any bubbles to rise. If bubbles are present, remove the cap and add enough water to remove the headspace.

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Step 11Step 11:: Complete the container label using the supplied permanent marker and allow marking to dry before packing in the shipping container.

Step 12Step 12: : Include blanks with the sampling kit and keep them with the sample containers at all times. Blanks are part of the QA/QC procedures for the analysis. Do not open them for any reason.

Step 13Step 13:: Pack containers into the container that transported them to the site. Make sure all containers are properly labeled and the caps are secure.

Step 14Step 14:: Place the Field Data Sheet in the re-closable plastic bag and place in the cooler with containers.

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Water Sample Collection Procedures Water Sample Collection Procedures (Continued)(Continued)

Step 15Step 15:: Add cold packs to the cooler, but do not use dry ice or allow the samples to freeze.

Step 16Step 16:: Seal and secure the cooler with tape and ship to the laboratory.

Step 17Step 17:: Transport samples from the field as soon as possible to ensure that holding times are met. Holding times can be as short as seven days. Commercial or military shipping should be arranged well in advance of the time the samples will need to be transported.

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Sample Shipping RequirementsSample Shipping Requirements

Make sure that all samples are labeled “Laboratory Samples (Generic)” and “Property of the US Government.” Some types of samples have specific short holding times and must be shipped quickly.

General samples are stored between 2-6 degrees Celsius, until they reach the laboratory.

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Sample Shipping Requirements Sample Shipping Requirements (Continued)(Continued)

Use coolers filled with cold packs to maintain the temperature range until the samples reach the laboratory.

Use a military carrier to transport the samples when in contingency operations. Shipments must comply with all applicable regulations under the DOT. Shipping companies can also help determine the correct shipping name and label requirements.

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Collect Air SamplesCollect Air Samples

The type of air monitoring required will be determined by the information that is needed. It must be determined if the sampling is required to record the current baseline exposure levels or to determine the individual or task exposure of personnel.

If specific personnel or task monitoring is required, a personal air monitor may need to be used on Soldiers to determine what they are contacting during operations/work.

More specific monitoring may also be required based on initial sampling or due to site reconnaissance.

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Collect Air Samples (Continued)Collect Air Samples (Continued)

To conduct site air sampling Photoionization Detector (PID) or colorimetric tubes will be needed (at a minimum). Coordinate with USACHPPM for the needed sampling equipment or incorporate their sampling results into the EBS.

A portable air sampler if particulate matter or suspended particulates is a concern may be needed. Coordinate with USACHMPPM to assess this need.

Include a pancake Geiger-Muller (G-M) to detect the presence of radiation.

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Most PIDs are portable and easy to use. Some PIDs also have extension devices to obtain reading from a safe distance so personnel are not exposed to the questionable environment. Refer to the operations manual for instructions on calibration and operation of the specific unit.

Example of Portable PID

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Make a careful analysis of the materials that were identified during the records search to determine the types of air testing needed.

PIDs have limitations when identifying compounds but detect organic vapors and gasses and some inorganic gases.

While colorimetric tubes are not as accurate as PIDs, they will indicate if compounds are present. The drawback to colorimetric tubes is you must have a good idea of the contaminants present, then use the tubes to confirm the presence of the suspected material.

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When using Colorimetric tubes, use the following procedure:

Step 1Step 1:: Select the sampling tube for the chemical. Check that the tube has not expired.

Step 2Step 2:: Break the ends of the tube with the tool provided.

Step 3Step 3:: Insert the tube into the pump.

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Step 4Step 4:: Pump the required number of times indicated for the tube to detect.

Step 5Step 5:: If the chemical is present, the tube will change color. The length of the color stain should be read against the scale on the tube to determine the contaminant concentration.

Care must be taken when only using colorimetric tubes for air sampling. Temperature and humidity can affect the chemical reaction and some tubes may react with other chemicals, causing a false positive reading.

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Conduct air sampling in areas where odors are present, in buildings that will be used for personnel, around ground surfaces that are discolored, and in areas where flora/fauna are visibly distressed.

Also conduct radiation sampling of the site. Any readings at or above 0.1 mR/hr require further investigation, including taking soil samples. Use the Miller-Geiger counter to determine the initial radiation readings for radioactivity.

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If available, refer to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) pocket guide to Hazardous Chemicals for the permissible limits once sampling has determined the presence and levels of contamination.

Record all air sample readings in the EBS Report.

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Action:Action: Assess site environmental conditions. Condition:Condition: Given a proposed base camp location,

FM 3-100.4, FM 5-19, and the Environmental Baseline Survey Handbook for Contingency Operations.

Standard:Standard: Students will: Analyze data from sampling, interviews, and records search. Complete an EBS Report.

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Analyze Data-Analyze Data-Assess Site Environmental ConditionsAssess Site Environmental Conditions

The information gathered from interviews, records search, the site survey, sampling and the lab results are used to determine the site environmental conditions.

In most instances, the lab results will not be available when the initial report is completed. Determine the site environmental conditions without the sampling results. Review and update the report as more information becomes available.

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Analyze Data: Assess Site Analyze Data: Assess Site Environmental Conditions Environmental Conditions


Document all areas of contamination and determine the effects on force health. If any unknowns exist, do not use that area for base camp construction.

Information concerning the site environmental conditions should be presented to decision makers prior to base camp construction if possible.

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In some instances locations for Soldier billeting or mission activities will be unsuitable due to contamination or other conditions (asbestos, flooding, topography, etc…). In these instances, conduct further investigation of alternate locations within the site for these activities.

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Should the proposed site will be unsuitable for a base camp construction, be prepared to begin the process again and conduct an EBS for the new proposed site.

The EBS Report provides recommendations concerning site suitability. The site survey documents the areas of concern with supporting

documentation, and analytical reports.

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The site survey with supporting analytical reports becomes the record of conditions for the proposed base camp site. Provide all information in the format as outlined in the Environmental Baseline Survey Performance during Contingency Operations Handbook. Include tables with the analytical results in the final report.



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Action:Action: Complete an EBS Survey Report. Condition:Condition: Given a proposed base camp location,



Standard:Standard: Students will complete an EBS Report.

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Report FormatReport Format

1.1. Cover PageCover Pagea. Title: Environmental Baseline Survey

b. Location: Indicate location’s MGRS grid or Lat-Long and the recognized name or similar means of identification, i.e. “Logistics Staging Area Doc.”

c. Area Name: Name of city, township, or area of operation for the site location.

d. Lead Surveyor Identification: Organization/agency with responsibility for conducting EBS, period of the survey with start and end dates, and defense secure network (DSN) phone number, if available.

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Report Format (Continued)Report Format (Continued)

2.2. ExecutiveExecutive Summary Summary

a. Findings: Written to provide EBS users a broad overview of the findings regarding the designated location where the survey was conducted.

b. Recommendations: General recommendations to be considered by EBS users that address controls or actions that should be addressed. These recommendations should be supported by survey findings. Highlight key findings, areas that are off limits, and areas that require further testing.

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2.2. ExecutiveExecutive Summary (continued): Summary (continued):c. Notes: General comments regarding sampling,

additional testing conducted, and related items considered during the development of the recommendations.

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3.3. IntroductionIntroductiona. Purpose: Provides the purpose of the survey b. Limitations: Describes any limitations to

executing the EBS.

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4.4. Site Site DescriptionDescriptiona. Location: General description of the site location

that includes the following information:i. Detailed description of the site locationii. Organization designated to occupy the siteiii. Grid location of the areaiv. Map seriesv. Sketch, imagery, or diagram of area

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4.4. Site Site Description (continued)Description (continued)b. Site Characteristics: Site and vicinity

characteristics to include:i. Physical settingii. Topographyiii. Geologyiv. Soilsv. Vegetationvi. Hydrologyvii.Raw materials

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4. Site 4. Site Description (continued)Description (continued)c. Detailed Description: Detailed site description to

include:i. Structuresii. Roadsiii. Drinking water sourcesiv.Waste disposalv. Other improvements/ damages

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4. Site Description (continued)4. Site Description (continued)d. Site Use: Describe the past and present uses of

the site:i. Current useii. Historical use

e. Adjoining Properties: Describe how adjoining properties have been used:

i. Current useii. Historical use

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5.5. Sources of InformationSources of Information6.6. Site ReconnaissanceSite Reconnaissance

a. Background: Provide background information of location selected for occupation.

b. Analysis: Provide detailed analysis of information gathered which includes but is not limited to:

i. Presence of animalsii. Potential radioactive sources (present or

past)

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6.6. Site Reconnaissance (Continued)Site Reconnaissance (Continued)iii. Hazards and health risks

1. Site specific

2. Offset site

iv. Environmental hazards

1. Site specific

2. Offset site

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6.6. Site ReconnaissanceSite Reconnaissance (Continued)(Continued)v. Waste disposal

1. Current status2. Historical perspective3. Planned improvements or changes

vi. Agricultural implications1. Site specific2. Offset specific

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6.6. Site Reconnaissance (Continued)Site Reconnaissance (Continued)vii. Identified environmental and health hazards

1. Historical2. Present3. Potential future

viii. Site assessment to include detailed walk-through with building and infrastructure assessments.

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7.7. Environmental and Health Sampling DataEnvironmental and Health Sampling Data

a. Sampling and Analysis: Prepare a sampling and analysis plan(s) to include the justification for number, type, and location of samples collected, as well as required analysis of the samples. Sampling should be identified as either “confirmation” or “delineation.”

b. Sampling Results: Prepare a sampling results analysis to include a summary table of sampling results.

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8.8. Findings and ConclusionsFindings and Conclusionsa. Environmental Conditions: Identify

environmental conditions that have the potential for significant impacts to health or mission.

b. Concerns: Detail any site concerns.

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9.9. RecommendationsRecommendationsa. Usability of Site: Recommend using or not

using the site in question.b. Additional Assessments: Recommend any

further investigation and additional assessments required to fully address concerns.

c. Controls: Identify and recommend controls to address concerns where applicable.

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Properly conducted, an EBS Report will document the risks and contamination present at the proposed site. You can make decisions for using the property based on these known risks.

The EBS Report will also document the condition of the property prior to the use by the US Government and thereby limit the liability for remediation of contamination that was not caused due to US operations.

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Remember the steps involved in the EBS:Remember the steps involved in the EBS:1. Gather information and data.2. Analyze the data and information.3. Determine the environmental conditions of the

area.4. Prepare the EBS Report.5. Update the report as needed.6. Close-out the EBS.

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Environmental Baseline Survey Environmental Baseline Survey Report PointersReport Pointers

The thorough investigation of the property’s current and past use can help to identify areas needing further investigation.

A sampling plan will detail specific areas, the amount of contamination and identify areas needing further investigation.

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Environmental Baseline Survey Environmental Baseline Survey Report Pointers (Continued)Report Pointers (Continued)

The EBS close-out report is just as important as the initial EBS Report. The close-out shows the changes since the original EBS Report and clearly identifies the liability.

Any surveys of the adjacent properties can be critical to mitigating the future liability.

A thoroughly conducted EBS can limit personnel exposures to health hazards and the Army’s future liability for contaminated property.

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Environmental Baseline Survey Environmental Baseline Survey Report Pointers (Continued)Report Pointers (Continued)

Appendix B of the Environmental Baseline Survey Handbook for Contingency Operations has a sample EBS Report conducted for the Al-Asad Air Base, Iraq.

Appendix D of the Environmental Baseline Survey Handbook for Contingency Operations contains points of contact for more information concerning EBS surveys and reports.

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SummarySummary

Conduct a Risk AssessmentCollect Site Information and DataCollect Site SamplesAssess Site Environmental ConditionsPrepare an EBS ReportUpdate & Close Out an EBS Report