SLEEP AND

DREAMING

November 29, 2012November 29, 2012

Objectives: To develop an understanding of Sleep and Dreams.

Question: How many hours of sleep a night do you get? How many hours does the average teenager need?

Agenda: Notes/New Vocab & Obj.

Electroencephalogram EEG - brain wave activity

Electro-oculogram EOG - eye movement activity

Electromyogram EMG - muscle activity

SLEEP RESEARCH

WAKING EEG ACTIVITY Alpha wave

synchronous - regular 8 - 12 Hz (cps) high amplitude, low frequency characteristic of relaxed wakefulness

Beta wave

desynchronous - irregular 13 - 40 Hz (cps) low amplitude, high frequency

characteristic of behavioral arousal

NREM - 4 stages• Stage 1 - irregular EEG, slow eye movements

• Stage 2 - sleep spindles

SLEEPING EEG ACTIVITY

TWO STATES OF SLEEP

• Stage 3 - high amplitude delta waves appear

• Stage 4 - dominated by delta waves, 1 - 4 Hz

NREM sleep also known as • slow wave sleep - SWS• quiet sleep - physiological processes slow down

Final 5Final 5

What is the stage of sleep when we may experience hallucinations or a sense of falling?

REM SLEEP EEG - irregular beta waves reappear

REM sleep also known as • paradoxical sleep• dream sleep - most vivid dreams occur now

• and active sleep - physiological processes speed up

but you are

PARALYZED

NREM-REM cycles last about 90 min 1st half of night NREM REM

much stage 3 and 4, short REM periods

2nd half of night NREM REM

very little stage 3 and 4, longer REM periods

STAMP TEST Impotence Physical or psychological

disorder?

WHY DO WE SLEEP AND

WHY DO WE DREAM? Two major

hypotheses - Sleep is a restorative process

but what is restored? The body? NO

The brain? YesSleep deprivation increases SWS, not REM

Exercise that increases brain temperature increases SWS

an evolutionary relic-

formerly adaptive

response, no longer

needed, but built in

Circadian Activity endogenous 25 hr cycle entrained to 24 hr day by

suprachiasmatic nucleus

How much sleep do you need?

Answer - tremendous variability

Leonardo da Vinci

What are the effects of total sleep deprivation?

Peter Tripp - abnormal behavior

Randy Gardner - just sleepy

What are the effects of long sleep

periods?14 hours of darkness for 30 days

Humans sleep likechipmunks

0 Time - Hrs 14

%Time inSleep

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF

DREAMS?

Dreaming permits each and every one of us to be quietly and safely INSANE every night of our lives.

---- William Dement

CAN YOU INTERPRET

THISDREAM?

I was walking down the steps of the library, wearing my nightgown, cradling a bowl of raspberry Jell-O in my arms. At the foot of the staircase I could see the dim figure of my high school algebra teacher. His right arm was upraised and he was shouting at me, but I could not make out the words.

Suddenly, the scene shifted. I was traveling through a dense forest. The sun was setting and the forest deepened in darkness. I felt afraid. An unseen menace seemed to be following, but when I glanced back in fear, I saw one. I tried to run faster, but my legs would not respond. I was powerless to escape.

Freud - dreams are windows to the unconscious mind, dreams represent wish fulfillment - distinguish between manifest (actual) content and latent (hidden) content

Crick and Mitchinson - dreams erase information, we dream to forget

Hobson and McCarley - Activation/synthesis hypothesis - Dreams have no hidden meaning - simply by-products of brain activity

Winson - dreams process information into memory

Echida (spiny anteater) - no REM, large frontal lobes

Do Animals Dream?

Dogs and cats?

Do Animals Dream?

Dogs and cats? Likely

Do Animals Dream?

Dogs and cats? Likely Dolphins?

Do Animals Dream?

Dogs and cats? Likely Dolphins? ??????

Do Animals Dream?

Dogs and cats? Likely

Dolphins? ?????? No REM sleep

Do Animals Dream?

Dogs and cats? Likely

Dolphins? ?????? No REM sleep SWS alternates between hemispheres

SLEEP DISORDER

S

Sleep apnea - cannot sleep and breathe at the same time - may be related to sudden infant death syndrome - SIDS - controversial

Narcolepsy - attack of REM sleep,

often triggered by emotional arousal

1 in 5000 people

Therapies for Narcolepsy

Stimulant drugs such as amphetamine - adverse side effects

New Drug - Provigil - not yet approved by FDA - few side effects - not a stimulant -

Sleep walking (somnabulism) and talking - genetic component

Occurs during slow wave sleep

Night terrorsSudden arousal from slow wave sleep

Nightmares occur during REM sleep

Pseudoinsomnia Recurring dreams of insomnia

Insomnias

Drug-Induced Insomnias

Barbiturates lethal in overdose benzodiazepines - Halcion comparatively safe in overdose

lethal in combination with alcohol

SLEEPING PILLS

CAUSE INSOMNIA,

not normal sleep

Treatments for Insomnia

Melatonin Mild hypnotic effect Increases longevity?

Treatments for Insomnia

Exposure to bright light during morning hours

Where do you shine the light?

Eyes. Where else? Behind your knees

Tryptophan Precursor of serotonin, induces normal sleep

Carbohydrates, not proteins, increase brain tryptophan levels

Treatments for Insomnia

Eat graham cracker cookies before bedtime, not a glass of warm milk

Treatments for Insomnia

Develop good sleep habits

Two ExamplesTwo Examples Never sleep late on the weekends - always get up at the same time

Use your bed only for sleeping, nothing else!