skt syntax

Personal pronouns and determiners[edit]Main article:Sanskrit pronouns and determinersSanskritpronounsare declined forcase,number, and gender. The pronominaldeclensionapplies to a few adjectives as well. Many pronouns have alternativeencliticforms. The first and secondpersonpronouns are declined for the most part alike, having byanalogyassimilated themselves with one another. Where two forms are given, the second isencliticand an alternative form.Ablativesin singular and plural may be extended by the syllable -tas; thusmatormattas,asmatorasmattas. Sanskrit does not have true third person pronouns, but its demonstratives fulfill this function instead by standing independently without a modifiedsubstantive.There are four differentdemonstrativesin Sanskrit:tat,etat,idam, andadas.etatindicates greater proximity thantat. Whileidamis similar toetat,adasrefers to objects that are more remote thantat.eta, is declined almost identically tota. Its paradigm is obtained by prefixinge-to all the forms ofta. As a result ofsandhi, the masculine and feminine singular forms transform intoeasande.The enclitic pronounenais found only in a few oblique cases and numbers. Interrogative pronouns all begin withk-, and decline just astatdoes, with the initialt-being replaced byk-. The only exception to this are the singular neuternominativeandaccusativeforms, which are bothkimand not the expected*kat. For example, the singular femininegenitiveinterrogativepronoun, "of whom?", iskasy.Indefinite pronounsare formed by adding the participlesapi,cid, orcanaafter the appropriate interrogative pronouns. All relative pronouns begin withy-, and decline just astatdoes. The correlative pronouns are identical to thetatseries.In addition to the pronouns described above, someadjectivesfollow the pronominal declension. Unless otherwise noted, their declension is identical totat.eka: "one", "a certain". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothekam)

anya: "another".

sarva: "all", "every". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothsarvam)

para: "the other". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothparam)

sva: "self" (a reflexive adjective). (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothsvam)

Compounds[edit]Main article:Sanskrit compoundsOne other notable feature of the nominal system is the very common use of nominal compounds, which may be huge (10+ words) as in some modern languages such asGermanandFinnish. Nominal compounds occur with various structures, however morphologically speaking they are essentially the same. Each noun (or adjective) is in its (weak) stem form, with only the final element receiving case inflection. The four principle categories of nominal compounds are:[7]Dvandva(co-ordinative)

These consist of two or morenounstems, connected in sense with 'and'. Examples arerma-lakmaauRama and Lakshmana,rma-lakmaa-bharata-atrughnhRama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Satrughna, andpipdamlimbs, literally hands and feet, from pi = hand and pda = foot.Tatpurua(determinative)

There are manytatpuruas; in atatpuruathe first component is in a case relationship with another. For example, a doghouse is a dative compound, a housefora dog; other examples include instrumental relationships ("thunderstruck") and locative relationships ("towndwelling").Karmadhraya(descriptive)

A compound where the relation of the first member to the last isappositional,attributiveoradverbial; e.g., uluka-yatu (owl+demon) is a demon in the shape of an owl.Karmadhrayasare considered by some to betatpuruas.Bahuvrhi(possessive/exocentric)

Bahuvrhi compounds refer to a compound noun that refers to a thing which is itself not part of the compound. For example the word bahuvrhi itself, from bahu = much and vrhi = rice, denotes a rich personone who has much rice.Syntax[edit]Because of Sanskrit's complexdeclensionsystem theword orderis free.[8]In usage, there is a strong tendency towardsubject object verb (SOV), which was the original system in place in Vedic prose. However, there are exceptions when word pairs cannot be transposed.[9]Sanskritpronouns are declined forcase,number, and gender. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well.Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.

Contents[hide]1First- and second-person persons

2Third-person pronouns and demonstratives

3Enclitic pronouns

4Interrogative pronouns4.1Indefinite pronouns

5Relative and correlative pronouns

6Pronominal declension

7Bibliography

First- and second-person persons[edit]The first and second person pronouns are declined for the most part alike, having byanalogyassimilated themselves with one another.Note: Where two forms are given, the second isencliticand an alternative form. Ablatives in singular and plural may be extended by the syllable -tas; thusmatormattas,asmatorasmattas.First PersonSecond Person

SingularDualPluralSingularDualPlural

Nominativeahamvmvayamtvamyuvmyyam

Accusativemm, mvm, nauasmn, nastvm, tvyuvm, vmyumn, vas

Instrumentalmayvbhymasmbhistvayyuvbhymyumbhis

Dativemahyam, mevbhym, nauasmabhyam, nastubhyam, teyuvbhym, vmyumabhyam, vas

Ablativematvbhymasmattvatyuvbhymyumat

Genitivemama, mevayos, nauasmkam, nastava, teyuvayos, vmyumkam, vas

Locativemayivayosasmsutvayiyuvayosyumsu

Third-person pronouns and demonstratives[edit]Sanskrit does not have true third person pronouns, but its demonstratives fulfil this function instead by standing independently without a modified substantive.There are four different demonstratives in Sanskrit:tat,etat,idam, andadas.etatindicates greater proximity thantat. Whileidamis similar toetat,adasrefers to objects that are more proximal thantat.Thetatparadigm is given below.MasculineNeuterFeminine

SingularDualPluralSingularDualPluralSingularDualPlural

Nominativesstutttttnistts

Accusativetmtutnttttnitmtts

Instrumentaltnatbhymtistnatbhymtistytbhymtbhis

Dativetsmaitbhymtbhyastsmaitbhymtbhyastsyaitbhymtbhyas

Ablativetsmttbhymtbhyastsmttbhymtbhyastsystbhymtbhyas

Genitivetsyatyostmtsyatyostmtsystyostsm

Locativetsmintyostutsmintyostutsymtyostsu

eta, is declined almost identically tota. Its paradigm is obtained by prefixinge-to all the forms ofta. As a result ofsandhi, the masculine and feminine singular forms transform intoeasande.Theidamparadigm is given below.MasculineNeuterFeminine


Nominativeayamimauimeidamimeimniiyamimeims

Accusativeimamimauimnidamimeimniimmimeims

Instrumentalanenabhymebhisanenabhymebhisanaybhymbhis

Dativeasmaibhymebhyasasmaibhymebhyasasyaibhymbhyas

Ablativeasmtbhymebhyasasmtbhymebhyasasysbhymbhyas

Genitiveasyaanayosemasyaanayosemasysanayossm

Locativeasminanayoseuasminanayoseuasymanayossu

Theadasparadigm is given below.MasculineNeuterFeminine


Nominativeasauamamadasamamniasauamams

Accusativeamumamamnadasamamniammamams

Instrumentalamunambhymambhisamunambhymambhisamuyambhymambhis

Dativeamumaiambhymambhyasamumaiambhymambhyasamuyaiambhymambhyas

Ablativeamumtambhymambhyasamumtambhymambhyasamuysambhymambhyas

Genitiveamuyaamuyosammamuyaamuyosammamuysamuyosamm

Locativeamuminamuyosamuamuminamuyosamuamuymamuyosamu

Enclitic pronouns[edit]The enclitic pronounenais found only in a few oblique cases and numbers.MasculineNeuterFeminine


Accusativeenamenauennenateneennienmeneens

Instrumentalenenaenenaeney

Genitive/locativeenayosenayosenayos

Interrogative pronouns[edit]This section requiresexpansion.(June 2008)

Interrogative pronouns all begin withk-, and decline just astatdoes, with the initialt-being replaced byk-. The only exception to this are the singular neuter nominative and accusative forms, which are bothkimand not the expected*kat.For example, the singular feminine genitive interrogative pronoun, "of whom?", iskasy.Indefinite pronouns[edit]Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding the particlesapi,cid, orcanaafter the appropriate interrogative pronouns.Relative and correlative pronouns[edit]This section requiresexpansion.(June 2008)

All relative pronouns begin withy-, and decline just astatdoes. The correlative pronouns are identical to thetatseries.Theyatparadigm is given below.MasculineNeuterFeminine


Nominativeysyuyytyyniyyys

Accusativeymyuynytyyniymyys

Instrumentalynaybhymyisynaybhymyisyyybhymybhis

Dativeysmaiybhymybhyasysmaiybhymybhyasysyaiybhymybhyas

Ablativeysmtybhymybhyasysmtybhymybhyasysysybhymybhyas

Genitiveysyayyosymysyayyosymysysyyosysm

Locativeysminyyosyuysminyyosyuysymyyosysu

Pronominal declension[edit]This section requiresexpansion.(June 2008)

In addition to the pronouns described above, some adjectives follow the pronominal declension. Unless otherwise noted, their declension is identical totat.eka: "one", "a certain". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothekam)

anya: "another".

sarva: "all", "every". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothsarvam)

para: "the other". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothparam)

sva: "self" (a reflexive adjective). (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are bothsvam)

skt syntax

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