SKELETAL SYSTEMPrinciples of Health Science

Dr. Halbert

Adult human has 206 bones

Functions

• Framework

• Protection

• Levers

• Production of blood cells

• Storage of calcium

Parts of a long bone• Diaphysis: long shaft• Epiphysis: two ends of the bone• Medullary Canal: canal in the

diaphysis• Yellow marrow: fills the

medullary canal, mainly fat cells• Red marrow: produces blood

cells• Endosteum: membrane that

lines the medullary canal• Periosteum: membrane covering

outside of bone, contains blood vessels and osteoblasts

Axial Skeleton

• Forms the main trunk of the body

• Composed of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

• Forms the extremities

• Composed of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, legs

Cranium

• Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain

• Frontal bone (1)

• Parietal bone (2)

• Temporal bone (2)

• Occipital bone (1)

Fontanels

• “soft spots”

• Allows for enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs

Sutures

• Areas where cranial bones have joined together

Sinuses

• Air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice

Foramina

• Openings in the bone that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

Vertebrae

• Make up the spinal column

• There are 26 vertebrae

Ribs

• 12 pair

• Attach to thoracic vertebrae

True ribs

• First seven pair

• Attach directly to the sternum

False ribs

• The next 5 pair of ribs that do not attach to the sternum

Floating ribs

• The last two pair of false ribs that have no attachment to the front of the body

Sternum

• Breastbone– Manubrium– Gladiolus (body)– Xiphoid process

Shoulder Girdle

• Clavicles: collarbone

• Scapula: shoulder bone

Arm bones

• Humerus: upper arm

• Radius: lower arm bone on thumb side

• Ulna: larger bone of the forearm

Bones of wrist/hands

• Carpals: wrist bones

• Metacarpals: palm of the hand

• Phalanges: fingers

Pelvic Girdle

• Os coxae: hip bones– Ilium– Ischium– Pubis

Leg bones

• Femur: thigh bone

• Patella: kneecap

• Tibia & Fibula: lower leg

Ankle/Foot Bones

• Tarsals: ankle bones

• Metatarsals: instep of foot

• Phalanges: toes

Joints

• Joints: Where 2 or more bones come together

• Ligaments: connective tissue bands that help hold long bones together

Type of joints

• Diarthrosis: freely movable, example: knee, elbow

• Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable, example: ribs to thoracic vertebrae

• Synarthrosis: immovable joint, example:

cranium

Diseases

• Arthritis: inflammation of the joints

• Bursitis: inflammation of the bursa

• Sprain: twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint

• Dislocation: when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint

Other Diseases

• Osteomyelitis: bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism

Osteoporosis

• Softening of the bone caused by low calcium, hormone deficiency, sedentary lifestyle

• Prone to fractures

Ruptured disk

• Intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and puts pressure on the spinal cord.

Abnormal curvatures of spine

• Kyphosis: hunchback

• Lordosis: swayback

• Scoliosis: side to side curvature of the spine

Fractures

• Crack or break in a bone

Greenstick fracture

• When a bone is bent and split, causing an crack or incomplete break

Simple or closed fracture

• Complete break of the bone without damage to the skin

Compound or open fracture

• Bone breaks and ruptures through the skin, increasing the risk of infection

Comminuted fracture

• Bone fragments into more that two pieces

Spiral fracture

• Twists resulting in one or more fractures

Depressed fracture

• Broken piece of skull bone moves inward

Colles

• Caused by falling on an outstretched hand

• Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius

Image Citations• Slide 5: 1/7/06, skeltw2,

http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/images/skeltw2.gif• Slide 8: 1/7/06, Delmar Learning’s Medical terminology Image

Library, Second Edition. Version 1.0. ISBN: 1-4018-1009-8.• Slide 11: 1/7/06, Cranium,

http://web.utk.edu/~herrmann/110/bones/Cranium.gif• Slide 12: 1/7/06, https://waukeshamemorial.org/images/6baby-1.gif• Slide 13: 1/7/06, Normal skull of the newborn,

http://www.stronghealth.com/services/surgical/plastic/craniofacial/images/Skull1resize.gif

• Slide 14: 1/7/06, Sinusitis, http://images.healthcentersonline.com/allergy/images/article/Sinusitis.jpg

• Slide 15: 1/7/06, Foramina, http://a-s.clayton.edu/biology/biol1151L/lab05/skull_whole/foramina-small.jpg

• Slide 17: 1/7/06, The Ribs, • http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/ribs.type.jpg

Image Citations• Slide 18 & 19: 1/7/06, True Ribs,

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/ribs/fronttrue.jpg

• Slide 20: 1/7/06, Floating Ribs, http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/ribs/backfloating.jpg

• Slide 21: 1/7/06, http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/images/11b.gif• Slide 22: 1/7/06,

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/shoulder/clavicle.html

• Slide 23: 1/7/06, Bones of the arm, http://www.yoursurgery.com/procedures/longbonefracture/images/BonesArm.jpg

• Slide 24: 1/7/06, Bone and Joint Structure, http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/handkines/images/hand.gif

• Slide 25: 1/7/06, Pelvis, http://www.pdh-odp.co.uk/images/Pelvis.JPG

Image Citations• Slide 26: 1/7/06, http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/images/11e.gif• Slide 27: 1/7/06, Tarsal and metatarsal bones,

http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/foot.jpg• Slide 31: 1/7/06, Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Humerus,

http://www.thachers.org/images/Chronic_osteomyelitis.JPG• Slide 32: 1/7/06, What is osteoporosis?,

http://familydoctor.org/Images/136a.gif• Slide 33: 1/7/06, Ruptured Disc,

http://www.spine-inc.com/glossary-images/ruptured-mri-side.jpg• Slide 34: 1/7/06,

http://www.orthopaedics-scoliosis.com/images/srs/p-fig5ab.jpg• Slide 34: 1/7/06, http://www.losethebackpain.com/lordosis.jpg• Slide 34: 1/7/06,

http://www.scoi.com/images/scoi-scoliosis-main.jpg• Slide 37: 1/7/06, Closed fracture of the radius,

http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/LIF/LIF134/E501001.jpg• Slide 38: 1/7/06, fracture, injury, medicine,

http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/LIF/LIF134/E501002.jpg

Image Citations• Slide 40: 1/7/06, Spiral fracture of the femur,

http://catalog.nucleusinc.com/imagescooked/734W.jpg• Slide 41: 1/7/06, Colles fracture,

http://www.doctorsecrets.com/your-bones/colles-fracture.gif• Slide 42: The Mammalian,

Skeletonhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Skeleton.gif