Site Type of

site

Age Charcoal Heated lithics

TL on lithics (ka)

Burned bones Heated sediments

Hearths Comments Index of confidence

Source

Fuentenueva 3 (Spain) O 1.2-1.4 Ma --- --- --- --- --- --- 0 1Barranco Léon (Spain) O 1.2-1.4 Ma --- --- --- --- --- --- 0 1

Atapuerca Sima del Elefante, TE7-TE16 (Spain) C

1.2 to 0.78 Ma dispersed --- --- --- --- --- 32 artifacts 0 2, 3

Atapuerca Gran Dolina TD4-TD10 (Spain)

C c.990 to MIS11/9

rare particles in TD 6 (Aurora stratum)

--- --- no --- no 0 4, 5, 6

Vallparadis, unit 7 (Spain) O c. 800 ka --- --- --- --- --- --- 0 7Happisburgh 3 (England) O c. 800 ka --- -- --- --- --- --- 0 8Pakefield (England) O c. 700 ka --- --- --- --- --- --- 0 9Venosa Notarchirico (Italy) O 640 ± 70 ka --- --- --- no --- no date at the base of

the sequence0 10,11

Isernia (Italy) O 606 ± 2 ka --- --- --- ?? ?? no date by 40Ar/39Ar 0 11Treugol´naya Cave, layers 7a-4b (Northern Caucasus, Russia)

C MIS 15-11 --- --- --- --- --- no 40 ESR dates. Excavated area: 41 sq m, 395 artifacts

0 12

Kozarnika, layers 13-11a (Bulgaria)

C > 500 ka --- --- no --- --- no large but undefined number of artifacts, few data on context and taphonomy

0 13

Visogliano, layers 44-41 (Italy) E MIS 13 or 11 --- --- no --- --- no ESR dates. Excavated area 3.6 sq m., 2000 artifacts.

0 14

Boxgrove (England) O MIS 13 A, dispersed --- --- no --- no 0 15High Lodge (England) O MIS 13 A, dispersed --- --- no --- no 0 16Miesenheim I (Germany) O MIS 13 no 2 no no --- no 0 17

Arago, layers D-Q (France) C MIS 10-14 no no no no --- no 0 18Beeches Pit, beds 3b, 5 and 6 (England)

O MIS 11 --- yes, scatters of heated

flint

414 ± 30 yes, at temperatures 600 to 800º C

in bed 6

yes discrete areas of burnt sediments

3 19, 20

Schöningen13 I (Germany) O MIS 9-11 no yes >400 no --- --- heated natural flint pieces (cf.

0 21

Dataset S1. Fire and fireplaces in Pleistocene Europe from 1.2 Ma to c. 35 ka

Barnham)Schöningen 13 II-4, the spear site (Germany)

O MIS 9-11 --- --- --- --- under study under study charred wooden artefact

2 22

Vérteszöllös (Hungary) O MIS 9-11 no --- no large number of small fragments (2-4 cm) in concentrations.

--- small combustion

areas, 1-5 cm thick, according

to Vértes.

use of bone as fuel is likely but needs to be verified.

2 23

Bilzingsleben (Germany) O MIS 9-11 yes yes --- yes --- --- 2 24Barnham (England) O MIS 9-11 A, dispersed no 5 pieces of

natural flint--- --- no In this case TL is

not necessarily indicative of anthropogenic fire (SI text)

0 25

Lunel Viel (France) C MIS 9? dispersed --- no no --- one reported, doubtful

0 26,27

Terra Amata (France) O 380 ± 80 ka (ESR) 239 ± 40 ka (TL)

A, localized yes yes yes --- flat lense 3 28, 29

Petit Bost layer 2 (France) O MIS 9/8 --- yes 338 ± 43, 312 ± 23

--- --- --- both levels have been affected by solifluction and slope wash

1 30

Orgnac 3, layers 2, 6 (France) C then

E

MIS 9 and 8 --- --- --- yes, in concentrations in both levels

--- Ashes observed during excavation

Hearths are mentioned for other levels but never described in detail.

2 31, 32

Les Bosses (France) O MIS 8? --- yes c. 290, on 8 artifacts

no bones preserved

--- --- some dates are aberrant

1 33

Rozumice site C, layers 10, 7 and 4 (Poland)

O MIS 8 (OSL dates)

in hearths --- --- in hearths reported for one hearth in

layer 7

one reported in each layers

bone not preserved except for burnt bones in hearths.

2 34

Payre, units G, F (France) C end MIS 8, MIS 7

few and dispersed

pieces

yes at temperatures > 450º layer G

several dates on 12 samples

yes, 10.0 % of 29,671 bones < 5 cm and 0.3% of 3333 bones > 5 cm

no lens of ashes and burnt bones 1-2 cm thick and 30 cm diam. in

level G

use of bones as fuel occurs but is not systematic

3 35, 36

in layer F.

Grotte Vaufrey, layer VIII (France)

C MIS 7? localized no no yes, localized no no structured hearths

2 37

Maastricht-Belvédère Unit IV (Netherlands)

O MIS 7 A, localized yes 250 ± 22 no no discrete clusters of charcoal and of heated flints.

2 38, 39

Menez Dregan layer 4c-5 (France)

C MIS 7 A, dispersed yes 197 ± 25, layer 5 --- --- ? 2 40

Ehringsdorf (Germany) O MIS 7 yes --- no yes --- --- 2 41-43Campitello Quarry (Italy) O end MIS 7 --- --- --- --- --- --- birch bark tar on

two flakes, Fig. 1 and SI Text.

3 44

Biache-Saint-Vaast (France), layer IIa and D1

O MIS 7 rare particles in layer D1

yes, both layers

175 ± 13 for layer IIa

--- --- --- 1 45

Pech de l'Aze II, layer 7, levels b and c (France)

C MIS 6 or 8 "black ashes" --- --- --- yes several, documented by

photo and descriptions by

F. Bordes. Some stone-lined or

delimited.

2 46, 47

La Cotte de St. Brelade, layers C-D (Jersey Islands, U. K.)

E MIS 7-6 few dispersed yes 238 ± 35 yes no not preserved bone used as fuel 3 48

Bau de l'Aubesier, layer H-1 (France)

E MIS 7-6 A, charcoal and ashes

yes 169±17 191±15 yes yes 5 m² combustion area with repeated

episodes of fire use, in a layer 45

cm thick

3 49-51

Pontnewydd (England) C MIS 7-6 --- yes 200 ± 25 --- --- --- materials not in situ 0 52

Bolomor, Layers XIII, XI, IV, II (Spain)

C MIS 7-5e ashes in layer II

yes various TL dates yes in layer IV and XI, proving

cooking of tortoises and

birds

yes 3 in layer IV, 2 lined with stones

in layer XIII

3 53- 55

Port Pignot, fossil beach at 9-13 m asl (France)

0 end MIS 7-MIS 6

--- yes --- no bone preserved

heated stones built rectangular hearth

3 56

surrounded by stones

Grossoeuvre, two occupation levels in a doline (France)

E end MIS 7; MIS 5

--- yes 220 ± 12; 130 ± 8

--- --- --- 1 57

La Roche Gélétan (France) O MIS 6 --- yes 149 ± 11 --- --- several, some near one or two

large blocks

3 57

Lazaret cave (France) C MIS 6 A localized --- --- --- --- flat concentration 3 58Barbas I , layer C'3 (France) O MIS 6 --- yes 146 ± 29, 147±

28--- --- --- 1 59

Therdonne N3 (France) O MIS 6 yes yes 178 ± 11 --- --- --- 2 60Gouberville, two occupation levels (France)

O MIS 6 --- yes 187 ± 26; 128 ± 20

--- --- --- flint scatters, one affected by fire.

1 58

Combe Brune (Dordogne, France)

O MIS 6 --- yes 156.4 ± 11.7 --- --- no affected by solifluction

1 61

Moravský Krumlov IV (Czech Republic)

O MIS 6 A, Pinus --- --- 23 fragments --- no 2 62

Theopetra Cave, Unit II (Greece) C MIS 5e --- yes 124±16; 129±13 yes yes multisequence burnt layers, with

ashes

3 63, 64

Wallertheim A (Germany) O MIS 5e --- no no a cluster of 106 calcined and burnt small bone fragments. Another 33 bones are burned.

--- hearth inferred from the cluster of burnt bones

and wood phytoliths

3 65

Neumark Nord 2 (Germany) O MIS 5 yes yes 126 ± 6 --- no no 3 66Taubach (Germany) O MIS 5 yes,

concentrations --- --- yes --- --- 3 67

Villiers-Adam (France) O MIS 5 --- yes 100 ± 11 --- --- --- 1 68Moula-Guercy, level XV (France) C MIS 5 A, 184

particles--- --- --- --- 3 fireplaces hearths drawn but

undescribed2 69, 70

Grand Abri aux Puces (France) C MIS 5 A, charcoal and ashes

yes --- yes --- a 20 cm diameter area with charcoal and ashes,

micromorpho-logical analyses

2 71

in progress.

Grotte Vaufrey layer IV (France) C MIS 5 Burnt plant material

yes 120 ± 10 yes yes not preserved 2 72

Bau de l'Aubesier, layer IV (France)

E MIS 5 yes yes --- yes yes 52 m² combustion area

20 cm thick

3 50, 73

Kůlna, level 6-11 (Czech Republic) E MIS 5 A yes --- yes --- --- 3 74, 75Fresnoy-au-Val, series 2 (France)

O MIS 5 --- yes 106.8±7.5 --- --- --- 1 76Molinons, level A (France) O MIS 5 --- yes --- --- --- --- 10 burnt flints in

cluster1 77, 78

Tönchesberg 2B (Germany) O MIS 5 yes but poorly preserved

yes --- yes no many burnt bones and lithics in an area of 4

m².

2 79, 80

Remicourt (Belgium) O MIS 5 A --- --- yes --- many small fragments of burnt spongy bone.

2 81

Les Forets (France) O MIS 5 --- yes92.7 ± 4.5; 90.3 ± 5 --- --- --- 1 82

Riparo del Molare, levels 48 and 49 (Italy)

E MIS 5 yes --- --- yes, number unspecified

yes at the base of

combustion areas

several oval-shaped

accumulations of ashes and charcoal.

2 83, 84

Grotta Grande di Scario, level 8 (Italy)

C MIS 5 yes --- --- yes --- accumulation of charcoal and ash

about 1 m²

2 85

Les Canalettes, layers 2-4 (France)

E MIS 5 A, use of charcoal and lignite

yes 73.5 ± 6 yes burnt stones one delimited by stones in layer 3 and near a small hollow with ash and charcoal (=

ash dump)

outcrops of lignite at 10 km distance from the site

3 86, 87

Balver Höhle (Germany) C MIS 5 --- --- --- yes --- --- Most burnt bones 1-3 cm in size, bone used as fuel

2 88

Königsaue A & B (Germany) O MIS 5 A --- --- --- birch bark tar finds, 3 89, 90

(stratigraphy) Fig. 1 and SI text

Abri du Rozel (France) E MIS 5 d-c A --- --- --- --- one stone-lined hearth, many

lenses of ashes and charcoal in two occupation

levels

OSL on eolian sands, 115 ± 11; 102 ± 10

3 91

Grotta dei Moscerini (Italy) C MIS 5c to MIS 4

charcoal and ash lenses

--- --- burned bones and shells

--- charcal and ash lenses

mentioned in excavation

reports

burnt bones and shells described by Stiner 1995

2 92

Buhlen "Unten" (Germany) E MIS 5 --- heated rocks --- yes --- --- 2 93

Seclin, layers D7 and D4 (France) O MIS 5c

dispersed in D7 yes 95 ± 10; 91 ± 11

fauna not preserved --- --- 2 94

Pech de l'Aze IV layer 8 (France) C MIS 5c A, but reduced to small

fragments < 2 mm.

yes, 21.3% 99.9 ± 5.4 54.2% (12,510 / 23,070);

burned bone < 2 cm is 56.7%

(11,947 / 21,052);

burned spongy bone is only

19.1%

no many superimposed

and overlapping combustion

features in a 50-60 cm layer,

redistributed by trampling and

hearth-cleaning events

bone used as fuel but also burned for site maintenance

3 95, 96

Berigoule, levels I-II (France) O end MIS 5 yes yes, 30% of 30,000 > 3 cm in layer I, much fewer in level II

78 ± 7, mean of several dates

fauna not preserved

yes --- bones were not preserved

2 73, 97

Pié-Lombard (France) E end of MIS 5 --- --- 70.0 ± 7.7 --- --- 1 98Abri du Maras, layers 8-1 (France)

E end MIS 5 to 3

--- yes --- total for all levels is 45.9% for bones < 5 cm (n = 2121) and 3.2% of bones > 5 cm (n = 312)

--- --- bone used as fuel 3 36, 99

Buhlen "Oben" (Germany) E MIS 5a-3 --- yes --- yes (n = --- small bone 3 100

57,739) fragments, bone used as fuel?

Roc de Marsal (France) C MIS 5a to MIS 3

yes yes yes yes yes reported in layer 9 and other layers

Analyses in progress. In one level the high % of burned small spliinters and the low % of burned spongy bone suggest bone used as fuel but without selection of spongy elements so bone was also burned as a result of site maintenance.

3 101, 102

Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue (France) O MIS 5-4 yes yes --- --- --- reported: circular structures previously interpreted as hearths may have been caused by periglacial processes.

2 103

Baume Vallée (France) E MIS 5a --- yes 78.5 ± 7.5 --- --- --- 1 98

Lakonis (Greece) C MIS 5-3 yes yes ---

yes, 85% by weight for non-

identified fragments yes

large hearth complexes in Unit I (MIS 3),

with in situ burnt zones 3 104

Grotte de Cotencher (Switzerland)

C MIS 5-3 yes yes --- yes --- --- 3 105

Combe Grenal, France E MIS 5-3 yes yes 44.0 ± 4.5 yes 127 small hearths and 19

large ones (Binford 2007)

106, 107

Schafstall (Germany) C MIS 5-3 A, yes --- --- yes --- --- 2 108Göpfelsteinhöhle (Germany) C MIS 5-3 --- --- --- yes --- --- 2 108

Port Racine (France) O end MIS 5/MIS 4

yes yes 79.8 ± 7.8; 61.3 ± 6.2

--- --- several hearths, some reported as surrounded by stones

3 109

Sesselfelsgrotte, Layers M-G (Germany)

C MIS 5 to 3 yes yes 73.2 ± 11.7 56 ± 4.7

yes --- several fireplaces in G complex

3 110-112

Saint-Marcel, layers u-e (France) C MIS 5 (layer u) to 3

(layers h-g, e-f)

A, on charcoal in layer g. Only Pinus sylvestris of

105 samples.

yes --- yes, 6 to 27% for bones > 5 cm and 46 to 51% for< 5 cm

--- mentioned, but undescribed, in layers g-h (MIS

3)

use of bone as fuel and grease extraction. The latter is suggested by very small spongy unburned fragments and the almost complete absence of cancellous bone on limb ends and axial skeleton of red deer (the dominant species).

3 36, 99, 113

Beauvais, layers C1 and C2 (France)

O MIS 4/3 --- yes 55.6 ± 4, layer C2

yes --- about 1.5 sq m concentrations of

burnt bones in both layers

area excavated is 763 m2, % refits = 3.05 and 6.3% of stone artifacts and bones

2 68

Abri du Brugas layer 4 (France) E MIS 4/3 yes yes 63.0 ± 5.8 --- yes no 3 98, 114Vilas Ruivas (Portugal) O MIS 4/3 --- heated

stones50-60 ka (mean

of two dates)no yes two crescent-

shaped stone structures, a hearth inside one and two

hearths in the other.

2-3 115, 116

Baume des Peyrards, upper levels (France)

E MIS 4/3 --- --- --- yes, 8.7% of 12157 < 5 cm and 3.5 % of

--- noted in excavation

report

grease extraction 3 36, 99

2399 > 5 cm

La Combette, layer D, E, F/G (France)

E MIS 4/3 A, abundant from burning deadwood in layer D

yes 67 ± 10 to 43 ± 10 for the whole

sequence

yes in layers E and F/G but few spongy bones are

burned

yes in layer D 5 small in layer D, one partly

lined with stones

57.4 ± 4.3 IRSL on sediment

3 117, 118, 119, 120

La Roquette II, layers 2 and 3 (France)

C MIS 4/3 --- yes 57.2 ± 4.3 --- --- --- 1 98

Abric Romaní (Spain) E end MIS4 -MIS 3 (60 to

40 ka cal BP)

A yes --- yes yes small and large combustion structures in

levels I to O. 187 structures have

been analyzed in layers I to N.

3 121-125

Grotte XVI, Layer C, France C MIS 4 lenses of charcoal and ash derived from burning wood and grass

yes --- yes Six TL on heated

sediment: 58.8 ± 5.2 to 69.9 ± 3.9

overlapping palimpsests of hearths forming a combustion zone > 12 m2

3 82, 126, 127

Les Pêcheurs, sector 4, level 2 (France)

C MIS 4 some small charcoal pieces

yes --- Unclear (see comments). 21% (of 819 bones) are carbonized

(black)

yes a large (c. 3 m²) area of

dispersed ashes, burnt bones and limestone blocks

(disturbed by carnivores)

Frequencies of burnt bones need verification, as Daujeard (99) noted manganese on many bones. Small bone splinters have not been studied

2 128

Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, XIV-XI (France)

C MIS 3 yes --- --- yes --- reported Mousterian layers 3 129-131

Grotte du Bison, Arcy-sur Cure, layer I3 (France)

C MIS 3? --- burnt stones --- yes --- stone-delimited hearth 20x30 cm

diameter with burnt bones and

stones

Mousterian layers 3 129, 131

El Castillo Cave, layer 20 (Spain) C MIS 3; dated by AMS

43.3 ± 3.8 BP

yes --- --- yes, under the hearth

yes one hearth > 1 m in diam.

one other hearth observed in section in level 22

2 132

Gorham cave (Spain) C MIS 3 sequence

dated between 51

and 30-32 ka

yes, 14C AMS dates

--- --- --- --- partly reworked combustion

zones

identification supported by micromoprhological analyses

3 133, 134

Grotte Mandrin, level 6 (= top of layer E) (France)

E MIS 3 (c. 38/39 ka)

micro-charcoal

yes --- very high % of burned bone < 3 cm

yes not preserved use of bone as fuel is probable, needs more detailed study.

3 135, 136

Vanguard Cave, upper unit (Spain)

C MIS 3 (45-49 ka, 14C AMS

date and OSL)

yes, in hearth --- --- --- yes one 80 x 80 cm area of ash associated to marine shells and quartzite artifacts

3 137

Pech de l'Azé I, Layer 4 (France) E MIS 3 (44.5-48.1 14C cal

BP)

yes rare --- bones > 2.5 cm = 10.4%; bones < 2.5 cm = 46.0% (based on a

sample)

yes in features 3 combustion areas, c. 50 cm²,

2-3 cm thick

Bone probably used as fuel, mostly small shaft fragments, high % of calcined bones. Thin combustion lenses also identified by F. Bordes in layer 6 (39 ± 2 ESR).

3 138, 139

Axlor, level N (Spain) E MIS 3 --- --- --- --- --- combustion structures

reported in level N but

undescribed

? 140

Espagnac (France) O MIS 3 --- --- --- some small splinters in the upper levels

--- --- 1 82, 141

Fonseigner (France) E MIS 3 --- yes 50.2 ± 5.3; 52.8 ± 5.5; 56 ± 6.8

layers E, D

bone not well preserved

--- 1 lined with cobbles, in layer A, MAT but not

drawn or described in

1 98, 142

detailIoton, layer Ag (France) E MIS 3 yes, many 48.0 ± 3.0 --- --- --- 2 98Bockstein III (Germany) E MIS 3 yes --- --- yes yes yes possible use of

bone as fuel, many very small fragments

3 143

Mauran (France) O MIS 3, ESR dates, 65-45

ka

yes --- --- yes, both dispersed and in concentration

--- lens of charcoal 30 cm wide with burnt bones near

it

2 144

El Salt, layers XII-IX and VIII-V (Spain)

E MIS 3 yes and ashes Samples from layer X

indicate 26.7% (713 of 2675) and 70% (105 of 150) from

combustion structures

59.1± 8.9 (layer XII) to 28.7±.039

(layer V)

--- --- 30 superimposed

combustion structures in all

layers, especially in the lower one, documented by

photos, chemical and micro-

morphological analyses

3 145-147

Abric del Pastor (Spain) E MIS 3 --- --- --- 71 of 360 tortoise bones

(mostly carapace

plates) are burned

--- --- only analyses of tortoise bones have been published. Carapace plates may get burned if cooking is done by placing the animal upside down and using the carapace as a coking bowl.

2 148

Esquilleu Cave, units C and B (Spain)

C MIS 3 charcoal and wood ash partially

dissolved

yes yes, very abundant small fragments

yes A hearth in level 21 of Unit C, with

trampled ash and burnt bone dumps. Bone

possibly used as fuel .Phytolith

analyses indicate bedding near the hearths

Much of Unit C (70-90 cm thick) appears to be a palimpsest of accumulations of of ash and burnt materials on short-lived surfaces.

3 149, 150

and use of wood as fuel.

Mujina Pećina, level D2 (Croatia) C MIS 3 A, in both areas of burning

--- --- --- --- 2 localized areas of burning

AMS dates on charcoal from one of the burnt areas

1-2 151, 152

Piekary IIa, layers 7c-a (Poland) O MIS 3 reported in layer 7a

2.1 and 5.4 % in layers 7b and 7a; % not provided for 7c but five lithics were dated by TL.

53.0 ± 4.3 (layer 7c); 38.8 ±4.9

(layer 7b); 38.5 ± 1.9 (layer 7a)

--- --- ---- 2 153-155

Klissoura Cave, layers VI-XX (Greece)

C MIS 3 whitish and black ash

lenses reported in all layers of the

lower sequence, XVI

to XX

yes dating in progress

--- --- superimposed combustion structures evident in photos.

Micromophologic analyses are preliminary

the upper sequence VII-XV also has burnt remains but is disturbed by erosion and rain-wash

2 156

Feldhofer Grotte (Germany) C MIS 3 --- --- no yes, large numbers

--- --- 2 157

Hortus (France) C MIS 3 A, small (30 cm diam.) concentrations of charcoal and ash in 13 levels.

yes --- yes, in different levels, a few burnt at temperatures > 600º C.

--- --- 3 158

Cantalouette II (France) E MIS 3 --- yes c. 60 --- --- --- 1 82Jonzac, unit 8 Denticulate Mousterian, and unit 4 MTA (France)

E MIS 3 --- yes 49 ± 5; 39 ± 3 8% in Unit 4 --- --- 2 159

Saint-Brice-sous-Rânes (France) 0 MIS 3 --- yes c. 41 --- --- --- bifacial tool workshop

1 160

Grotte du Noisetier, Layer 1 (France)

C MIS 3 yes (C14 on charcoal)

yes in progress rare --- yes, two (one partly lined with

a limestone slab)

only briefly described in the reference

1 161

La Rochette, layer 7 (France) E MIS 3 --- --- --- yes --- ? AMS on burnt bones, 52.5 ± 3.4

2 162

BP

Castelcivita, Mousterian excavation levels 19, 20, 21, 26, 27 (Italy)

C MiS 3 A, 36 pieces identified

yes but undescribed

--- occur in level 20 and 28 but

undescribed

2 163

Oscurusciuto, units 7 and 9 (Italy) E MIS 3 --- yes no yes yes a 2 m wide, 15 cm deep hearth

in unit 7 with burnt bone and

lithics and rubefied

sediment. Several small

partly superimposed

hearths about 8 cm deep with

burnt bones and lithics in unit 9.

3 83, 164

Ranc de l'Arc, layers 4 and 5 (France)

E MIS 3 --- yes 46.1 ± 3.9 --- --- --- 1 98

Le Moustier, Layers G-J (France) E MIS 3 --- yes 31 burnt flints, 55.8 ± 5 to 40.3 ± 2.6

--- --- --- 2 82, 98

La Quina,coupe Nord, layers 8 and 6 (France)

E MIS 3 --- yes 44.5 ± 4.2 (layer 8); 43.0 ± 3.6 (layer 6a)

95% non-identifiable bone (10-5 mm in size) in both layers

--- --- bone used as fuel. The excavated area served as a dump for hearth cleaning.

3 139, 165, 166

Barbas III, layer C4 (France) O MIS 3 C 14 on charcoal

--- --- --- --- --- 43 ± 0.49 and 47.3 ± 2.3 cal

1 82

Saint-Césaire, layers 12-10 (EGP-EGPF) Denticulate Mousterian (France)

E MIS 3 --- yes 40,000 BP (average of 12

dates)

yes, 35.0% (7148/20436)

yes in layer EGPF but not

described

flint heated to > 450-500º C. The deficit of epiphyses and spongy bone and the high frequencies of burned fragments less than 2 cm (84%) indicatesuse of bone as fuel. Similar frequencies in the Aurignacian.

3 98,167, 168

Ripiceni Izvor, level III-IV (Romania)

O MIS 3 yes yes -- yes yes yes, numerous, with large ones (up to 8 m2, in

layer IV)

3 169-171

Gabasa Cave, level g (Spain) C MIS 3 --- --- --- high concentration

(64) in one square

--- --- no information on size of burnt pieces

1 172

Kabazi V, units II and III (Crimea, Ukraine)

E MIS 3 --- --- --- large quantities on burnt bones

in both units

--- reported in Unit 3 (layers E1-3)

but not described

Bone was highly fragmented (mostly < 2 cm) and probably used as fuel but NID not specified. Analyses are incomplete.

2 173, 174

Molodova I and V (Ukraine) O MIS 3 Yes --- --- --- --- reported but not described

2 175, 176

Ksiecia Jozefa, layer III (Poland) O MIS 3 charcoal and ashes across the excavated area (80 m²;

layer thickness is 5-

10 cm)

559 (2.5% of the entire

assemblage of 22 362 items) in clusters

--- --- concentrations of burnt stones

associated with hearths

29 hearths with a diameter of 50-70 cm, some

merging into a large charcoal zone 1 m in

diamter

hearths well documented by photos,charcoal, ashes, horizontal distributins of burnt items and many hundreds of chips

3 154

from thermal scars on flint artifacts

Divje babe 1, layers 6,8 and 10/11 (Slovenia)

C MIS 3 A, in hearths or nearby,

predominantly Pinus and

Picea

--- --- yes yes three in layer 8 with charcoal,

one is 1 m diam. in a depression

2 177

Roca dels Bous, level 10 (Spain) E MIS 3 yes yes --- yes yes six flat ellipsoidal lenses of

thermally altered sediment, about half m² in size, one ash dump and one larger hearth in a 20

cm deep hollow used at least

twice

interpreted as the result of several short-term occupations in a 30 cm thick layer

3 178

Higueral de Valleja Cave, layers VI to VIII (Spain)

C early MIS 3 Carbonized seeds,

pinecone scales and nutshells.

Wood phytoliths

might relate to collection of wood for fuel

yes c. 55 ka burnt bone fragments

--- --- this is a small 2 m² excavation

2 179

La Folie (France) O beginning of MIS 3

in concentration

yes 57.7 ± 2.4 bone not well preserved

yes an area of heated sediment with charcoal (2 x 0.65 m) and

stones is interpreted as a

leached and reworked fireplace

thin occupation level (10 cm) and very high number of refits (62.5%)

2 180

Champlost (France) O MIS 3 yes yes --- yes, small fragments, 0,5-4cm and many

yes concentration of ashes, burnt

bones and lithics

use of bone as fuel?

3 181, 182

<0,5 cm and burnt (50 cm diameter x 15

cm deep)

Abbreviations. MIS = Marine Isotope Stage (see SI Table 1); Ma = 1000.000 years Before Present; ka = 1000 years Before Present; TL = Thermoluminescence dating.--- = unreported; ? = unlikely or unclear or insufficiently described; yes = reported in some detail; no = reported as absent; A = charcoal analyzed by a botanist. Type of site: O, open air; C, cave; E, enclosed (doline, rock shelter). Hearths = structured, spatially defined features presenting a concentration of heated items (ash, charcoal, heated slabs, reddened sediment, charred bones, burnt artifacts); one attribute alone may be insufficient, it is the combination or the spatial concentration of at least some attributes that is significant. However it is not possible in many cases to know from a publication if lenses of ashes or charcoal are in situ accumulations or are dumps from cleaning of fireplaces. For our purposes both are evidence of fire use and management.Index of confidence: 0 = no evidence of fire; 1 = possible evidence but insufficiently described or no supporting evidence; 2 = good evidence of fire; 3 = clear evidence, supported by a combination of attributes, or taphonomic and micromorphological analyses. Structured or clearly delineated fireplaces may or may not be preserved. 1. Agusti J, Oms O, & Pares JM (1999) Calibration of the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition in the Continental Bed of the Guadix-Baza

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