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Useful Web sites for updating research: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) www.iaea.org International Database on Insect Disinfestation and Sterilization (IDIDAS) www.infocris.iaea.org/ididas Convention on Biological Diversity www.biodiv.org Department for International Development (DfID, UK) www.dfid.gov.uk Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org Insecta Ltd. www.insecta.co.uk International Finance Center (IFC) World Bank www.ifc.org International Plant Protection Convention www.ippc.int Investment Promotion Network (IPAnet) www.ipanet.met Islamic Development Bank (IDB) www.idb.org Office International des Epizooties www.oie.int Madeira Med http://www.gov-madeira.pt/sra/dra/servapoi/madmed/MadMed.htm Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency www.miga.org Okanagan Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Programme,

(OKSIR) Canada for codling moth www.oksir.org United Nations www.un.org United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) www.undp.org United States Agency for International Development www.usaid.gov USDA/APHIS www.aphis.usda.gov World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) www.wipo.int World Bank www.worldbank.org World Trade Organization www.wto.org

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9.2 Information on the authors Mary Megan Quinlan Megan Quinlan is an expert on the policies, institutional structures and methodologies of regulatory sciences for biological products and environmental impacts. After obtaining a Masters of Science in Tropical Crop Production, her work began with the US Department of Agriculture in Guatemala and later for the Central American region, where she designed and oversaw programs coordinating the Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Agency, Commerce Department and USDA in addressing technical barriers to trade and facilitating research on commodity treatments for fruit fly control. After leaving the government, she was a partner in a consulting firm working on bilateral agreements (e.g. for host research, pre-shipment inspection, quarantine treatments) and environmental impact assessment. She assisted private firms, industry associations, development projects and countries in compliance with technical regulations on biological and environmental issues. Most recently she turned her focus to country-wide reviews of plant health policy and international conventions and risk assessment through work for the International Plant Protection Convention, Convention on Biological Diversity and the Global Invasive Species Programme, along with projects under FAO and IAEA. She has participated in drafting standards to integrate environmental concerns into pest risk analysis. Throughout this career, Ms Quinlan has managed budgets and obtained funding for various collaborative projects. Through her extensive experience with state and national policy as well as business development, she is able to apply this knowledge and experience to future private involvement in production of sterile insects. Megan led the team for this current project report. John D. Mumford Professor John Mumford is Deputy Head of the department of Environmental Science and Technology at Imperial College London. He is an authority on economic, decision and policy analyses for pest and resource management risks. He has led international missions to determine pest management research, training and implementation priorities. He is responsible for research groups in environmental policy, law and management; renewable resource assessment; environmental chemistry; environmental physics and radiation decommissioning operations. He has been responsible for implementation and evaluation of integrated pest management programmes, particularly in plantation and large scale field crops in the tropics and for migratory and other public sector pest control programmes, such as eradication, suppression and quarantine. Jon Knight Dr Jon Knight has been involved in researching and developing the role that information technology can play in pest management for the past 14 years, as Senior Lecturer in Environmental Information Technology at Imperial College London. A significant part of this work has concentrated on identifying the needs of potential users through rigorous problem specification and investigation of likely requirements, using a variety of decision analysis techniques applied in participatory workshops. An array of computer based tools such as databases, expert or decision support systems and simulation models are then used in seeking solutions to problems such as selection of methods of control, timing of control and pest forecasting. An important component of this work has been the economic analysis of the control methods and programmes. He has experience of working and teaching in a number of other countries and has published papers in international journals.

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John Stonehouse Dr John Stonehouse is a research lecturer at the Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College London. He has worked for fifteen years in integrated pest management, agricultural development and environmental policy and management. He has field experience in Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean, and as an administrator for the European Commission in Brussels. In agricultural development, he has particular expertise in economic, social and management aspects of integrated pest management, including economic assessments, needs and stakeholder analyses and rapid and participatory rural appraisal (R/PRA). In environmental policy, he has experience in environmental risk assessment, the economic and ecological significance of mercury, and relations between the West and the Amazon region. Additional authors of annexes Ana Larcher-Carvalho Ana Larcher-Carvalho completed her PhD at Imperial College London, in 2002, in management of the Mediterranean fruit fly using the Sterile Insect Technique. She has studied several aspects of the planning and evaluation of SIT projects. For example, she spent one month in the rearing facility in Madeira and has a good insight into the technique. She advised the pilot project in the Algarve and followed the operations closely. She developed an economic analysis for the Pilot SIT project in the Algarve that she is elaborating on for use in other settings. During her PhD she also developed her business skills: she attended a Spin Out Workshop at the IC Management school and several other business related seminars. Ana was awarded a prize in the Imperial College London Business Ideas Competition where she presented the initial idea that led to the development of the proposal for a company, Biologika, to support the design, implementation and evaluation of SIT projects. During the development of this proposal she has had contact with several mentors who greatly increased her understanding of business. Akka Ait El Mekki Professor Ait El Mekki is Head of the Department of Rural Economics at Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture (ENA) de Meknès in Morocco. His scientific fields of interest include Agricultural and Agri-food Market Analysis, International Trade, Development Economics and Evaluation Studies. He has studied and trained in a number of countries including France, Canada and Belgium and can speak four languages. His wealth of experience in teaching and academic research is demonstrated by the large number of scientific publications he has authored throughout his career. With respect to business, he has been involved in several consultancy ventures sometimes working as high as government level. Rural economics being his speciality, last year he was privileged enough to become an Invited Professor at both the Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen in France and the Université Moulay Ismaël Meknès in Morocco. Mohamed Habib Dhouibi Professor Mohammed Habib Dhouibi is highly experienced in pest research and has published much work on the subject. In the past he has studied the ecology and integrated control strategies for the date moth. During a recent locust invasion in Tunisia, he was asked by the Minister of Agriculture to study and follow the efficiency of the chemical controls used throughout infested areas. He has worked on integrated control strategies for Ceratitis capitata on citrus as well as a range of other pests. He is well placed for this kind of project, having worked on various aspects of SIT for date moth since 1990.

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9.3 Acknowledgement of contributors A sincere thanks goes to Jorge Morales, Interregional Projects Manager, Director’s Office, and contracting officer for this project under the Department of Technical Cooperation, IAEA. His vision and support of this effort and his wise guidance in the process is greatly appreciated. While this project was under the guidance and auspices of Technical Cooperation, much of the technical expertise comes under the FAO/IAEA Joint Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture housed in IAEA. The authors received helpful information and extensive review from the Insect Pest Control Section of the Joint Division: Dr Jorge Hendrichs (Section Head), Dr Udo Feldmann (Technical Officer, Tsetse), Dr Marc Vreysen (Technical Officer, Tsetse/Screwworm), Dr Jean-Pierre Cayol (Technical Officer, Fruit Flies), Dr Arnold Dyck (Interregional Officer) and Dr Abdeljelil Bakri (Visiting Scientist). Similarly the authors received useful guidance and substantive input from the Entomology Unit, Joint FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, Dr Alan Robinson (Unit Head), Dr Gerald Franz (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Dr Carlos Caceres (Fruit Fly Rearing Technology) and Dr Andrew Parker (Tsetse rearing technology), who was particularly helpful. This support was crucial for the first effort to capture in writing the wide range and depth of expertise that the Joint Division represents, which includes both unpublished practical knowledge and scientific published information. Beyond all others, the authors wish to thank Dr Walther Enkerlin of the Insect Pest Control Section, technical officer for this project, for his continual support of this effort to bring together a range of information of value to private investors. Although the subjects covered here continued to evolve and change as the report progressed, we hope that readers will find Walther’s patience and persistence paid off. Professor Julius Novotny, Head of Forest Protection Dept, Forest Research Institute Zvolen and the National Project Leader for the SIT Feasibility Study, Government of the Republic of Slovakia, provided support in making contacts and obtaining information on the proposed sterile insect production facility and pilot project in Slovakia. The Legal Offices of WHO, particularly Ann Mazur, and of FAO, particularly Cristina Lería, provided useful information on UN experience with intellectual property protection. Wallace Kaufman assisted with his expertise on valuation and appraisal of businesses in many settings. Dr William Wint, Environmental Research Group Oxford, provided links for GIS-based models presented as maps in section 4.5. on tsetse control. Alexandra Shaw, a consultant with wide experience of the cost/benefit analysis of tsetse control, provided information on the budgetary, social and political aspects of tsetse management. Sarah Holden, of the UK Department for International Development, provided information and insight about the institutional and donor framework of tsetse management Philippe Vialatte, of the European Commission in Brussels, provided information on European Union and other donor activities and priorities in tsetse control. Professor Chris Schofield (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)) furnished information and insights into the wide-scale functioning of tsetse management programmes, and their options for their development. Dr Adrian Leach provided comments on the financial model and graphics support for other sections.

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The team of authors also thank Dr Tilly Collins, David Kenington and Ingrid Bates for research support and Annette Greathead for editing. Marta De Coronado of the Insect Pest Control Section also supported this work beyond any responsibilities as Senior Secretary.