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 Sistemi relativistici Corso di laurea magistrale 2014-15 F. Becattini

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Page 1: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Sistemi relativistici

Corso di laurea magistrale 2014­15

F. Becattini

Page 2: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Sommario lezione

●Insieme microcanonico completo per un sistema relativistico

●Gas ideale quanto­relativistico con momento angolare intrinsico fissato

Page 3: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Most general microcanonical ensembleMicrocanonical = 

ensemble of states of an isolated system, with all conserved quantities fixed

Pi must be a projector onto ALL CONSERVED QUANTITIES. But can we conserve 

energy­momentum and angular momentum at the same time? Not in Quantum Mechanics

We have seen that for non­abelian groups this means projecting onto an irreducible vectorof the full symmetry group

The full symmetry group for space­time is the orthocronous Poincare' group 

Page 4: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Construction of irreducible statesof Poincare' group (1)

We use the so­called method of induced representations and consider just the massive case.

First observe that four­momenta are commuting generators, therefore we can constructstates like

In order to identify the missing degeneracy indices, one notes that a given four­momentum is invariant under some subgroup of Lorentz transformations, defined as little group.

For massive particles, the little group is a group of rotations in the rest­frame of the particle,i.e. the frame where P = (M,0) (we do not consider massless case)

Therefore, the little group is momentum­dependent.

Page 5: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Construction of irreducible statesof Poincare' group (2)

Define Pauli­Lubanski vector

fulfilling these commutation relations

Decompose it along 3 space­like axes forming an orthonormal frame with P 

Page 6: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

The operators

are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra

is a Casimir of this algebra and it is also a Casimir of the full Poincare' algebra.

S3 and S2 can be diagonalized along with P  (eigenvalues λ and J(J+1)) 

NOTE   choosing

the eigenvalue of S3 is the component of the angular momentum in the

rest frame of the particle along the direction of particle momentum (helicity)(EXERCISE) 

 is the parity

Page 7: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Full projector for IO(1,3)↑

including a parity quantum number

Generalize integral expression 

BEWARE  Strictly speaking projectors can only be used for compact groups. The above expression is not idempotent (in fact P2 = c P  with c infinite)Yet, the same happen with the “projector” 

Page 8: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

General decomposition of Poincare' transformations

pure boost rotationI or translation

the exponent z=0 for identity and =1 for the reflection

Page 9: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Work in the rest frame, where P=(M,0)

vanishes unless gz is a pure rotation or a reflection because a boost 

changes the energy

Achieved effective reduction to

Page 10: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Final expression

provided that P=(M,0)

We have achieved factorization of energy­momentum and spin projectors in the rest frame

Page 11: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Ideal gas of particles with spin

Boltzmann statistics: straightforward extension of the single particle case

Quantum statistics: more complicated

Henceforth, we will confine ourselves to the Boltzmann case

Page 12: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Special case: sphere

Take advantage of the rotational invariance of the space integrals to reducegroup integration dimension

The proof is similar to the one for inner symmetries. If [P

V, R]=0 (spherical symmetry), the partition function is independent of

the third component λ and we can replace the matrix element with the trace 

Page 13: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Grand­canonical limitGrand­canonical partition function (for V large and J finite)

If also J is large, then

and

which corresponds to a classical limit were not for the presence of the traces

Page 14: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

   

Classical limit

It is obtained by reintroducing        in the formulae and taking the limit After some manipulations, one gets:

This is reasonable: in the limit of classical mechanics, angular momenta are commutingconserved vectors

Page 15: Sistemi relativisticitheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/files/lezione5.pdf · The operators are defined as the spin operators and form an SU(2) Lie algebra is a Casimir of this algebra and

Grand­canonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large

Saddle­point expansion for J and V large: introduction of a rotational potential (=angular velocity)

L

S

Macroscopic rotating systems:GCE with large J

J