simultaneous atomic absorption spectroscopic quantization … · 2017-05-14 · market (sb-16m to...

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017ISSN 2229-5518

IJSER © 2017http://www.ijser.org

Simultaneous Atomic Absorption SpectroscopicQuantization Survey of Toxic Metals in Poultry

Feed and Their Translocation in Various Tissuesof Chicken in Lahore Region of Pakistan

Jaweria Shamshad, Jawayria Najeeb, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry

Abstract— Addition of trace minerals in appropriate concentrations is an inevitable requirement for achieving the optimal growth and develop-ment of poultry birds. However, their excessive intake presents serious carcinogenic and toxic threats to the consumer’s health. For keeping this border-line concentration in check, investigation was carried out over feed, eggs, liver, leg and heart tissue samples of chicken and a mineral profile, highlightingthe concentration and translocation of trace mineral and electrolytes within the samples, have been built. Quantization of Aluminium, Cadmium, Chromi-um, Cobalt, Iron, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium was done by using techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry andflame photometry; and mean concentrations obtained were compared with allowed Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) set by EU standards. Data ac-quired showed an alarming increase of Lead and Antimony levels in samples while other minerals content fell quite low than the set limits. In fact, Ironand Chromium concentrations were so scarce to provide their nutritive value to the consumers. This study not only addresses the pivotal health con-cerns these toxic trace metals could have over consumers but also shed light over the existing nutritious value of commercially available poultry prod-ucts.

Index Terms— Atomic absorption spectroscopy, bioaccumulation, carcinogenic effects, chicken, chemical analysis ,metal toxicity, poultry feed.—————————— u ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION wing to the inexpensiveness and high accessibility rate ofcommercially produced broiler chicken in under devel-

oped countries, chicken’s meat and eggs are considered therespected source for obtaining high quality protein and otheressential minerals by layman [1]. In Pakistan, Poultry enter-prise has become the second fastest growing sector of decadedue to its economical, nutritional and eco friendlier progres-sion approach. Currently, gross revenue of Pakistan’s poultryindustry is around Rs. 564 billion and nearly 40% of total meatconsumption is being acquired from poultry products [2]. Thisphenomenal growth in poultry sector is however, disengagedwith the critical need of doing research regarding food safetyand feed safety issues related to poultry and investigations areneeded to be carried out to assess the risk it poses to humanhealth.

Poultry feed is crucial factor directly linked with the preva-lence of foodborne diseases that is causing tremendous con-cerns worldwide [3]. Metals, such as Aluminium (Al), Arsenic(As), Calcium (Ca), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg),Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) and Zinc (Zn) are the essentialcomponent of poultry feed because of their contribution in

————————————————

· Jaweria Shamshad is currently pursuing Ph.D degree program in University,of Punjab, Pakistan, PH-+923368780450. E-mail: [email protected]

· Jawaryia Najeeb is currently pursuing Master degree program in University,of Punjab, Pakistan,E-mail: [email protected]

· Mohammad Naeem is currently working as Senior Scientific officer in PakistanCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research, Lahore, Pakistan, Email:[email protected].

· Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry is currentlyProfessor of Emeritus in Universi-ty,of Punjab,Lahore, Pakistan,.E-mail: [email protected]

avoiding anemia and premature hatching, for proper exten-sive feather growth and killing of gastric parasites in Chicken[4].Excessive dietary consumption of these vital metals couldpose serious toxic and carcinogenic threats not only to poultrychicken but also among the human beings which are ultimate-ly consuming them. Even small concentrations of non-essential trace elements like Antimony (Sb), Cadmium (Cd),Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni) or Lead (Pb) havebeen reported to induce adverse effects on humans [5]. More-over, most of the Poultry farms in Pakistan are located aroundurban areas. Thus, metal adulteration due to industrializationis also needed to be considered while devising dietary feedcomposition for the chickens, as food consumption has al-ready been recognized to be the cause of ninety percent expo-sure of mankind to trace metal contamination [6].

Health-risk assessment by developing the trace metal pro-file has been done by several researchers in different countries,e.g. Bangladesh [7], China [8], Egypt [9], India [10], Nigeria[11], Taiwan [12] and Turkey [13] etc. In Pakistan, an appre-ciable and inspiring work on heavy metal contamination hasbeen done distinctively on poultry eggs and meat [14, 15].Thepresent research was carried out for simultaneous quantiza-tion of selected trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sband Zn) and electrolytes (Ca, Mg, Na and K) in the chicken’sfeed, meat, eggs and tissues of heart, liver and kidney withsamples collected from five representative poultry farms lo-cated in and around the Lahore, Pakistan. To the best of re-searcher’s knowledge, this is the first comprehensive tracemetal study conducted exclusively on the poultry feed withthe correlation of its translocation in the several tissues of thechicken done in our country. Aside from the quantization oftrace elements giving us a special prospect on health-risk as-

O

791

IJSER



sessment in poultry field, the information acquired could alsobe valuable for improving the existing nutritive conditions inPakistan.

2 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION2.1 Materials and InstrumentsReagents used for analysis were of analytical-grade stand-ards. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),Nitric acid (HNO3), Per-chloric acid (HClO4), Sulfuric acid(H2SO4) and salts/oxides/bulk form of metals (used for thepreparation of standard solution) were purchased from Sig-ma-Aldrich (Germany). Perkin-Elmer® AAnalyst 100 Atom-ic absorption spectrometer and Flame photometer AE-SFP 40A&E Lab® (UK) were used during experimentation. Glasswares used were of Pyrex brand. For solution preparationand rinsing, Ultra purified deionized (grade 1) water wasused. All measurements were taken at room temperature.

2.2 Sampling and sample indexingEleven samples of several kinds of commercially availablepoultry brands (Grower, Breeder layer, Pre-breeder, Breederstarter, Broiler starter, Breeder layer, Broiler grower, Broilerfinisher, Layer, Layer chick and Breeder grower) from na-tionally distributing feed company i.e. Big Bird were ac-quired and named as sample SF-1 to SF-11 respectively. Plas-tic bags were used for sample conservation. Three samplesof chickens egg specified as sample SE-12 to SE-14 from var-ious markets (Iqbal Town, Model Town and MuhammadNagar) in Lahore city along with four set of meat’s sampleseach containing muscle, liver and heart tissues of chickenrespectively from Model Town (SM-15m to SM-15h), BarketMarket (SB-16m to SB-16h), Johar Town (SJ-17m to SJ-17h)and Wapda Town (SW-18m to SW-18h) were collected andanalyzed. Iceboxes were used for sample storage andpreservation.

2.3 Sample treatmentOven-drying of 3g of feed samples at 1040C was done for en-suring the removal of water. Samples were milled for uni-formity in size and afterwards were digested in aqua regia(HNO3 and HCl in 1:3 respectively). Obtained clear solutionwas separated by filtration and stored. For egg samples, yolkwas removed and white was homogenized by mixing. 10gweighed sample was treated with aqua regia and 30% v/vH2O2 solution was added during digestion for nitrogen diox-ide removal. Digested clear solution was preserved in 50mlvolumetric flask. Decomposition of tissue’s sample was doneby applying wet digestion in open system technique [16].Washed organs (liver, heart and leg muscles) were sliced bystainless steel knife and 3g of sample was introduced in longneck digestion flask. At the same time, 30mL mixture ofHNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4 in ratio 4:1:1 was introduced andassembly was heated up to 800C for 2-3 hours. After that ex-tract was cooled up to room temperature, 20mL double distil-lated and demineralized water was added and was againheated for four hours up to 1500C. Clear solution was separat-ed and stored. Volume of all the samples was brought to 50mL

with Ultra-pure water.

2.4 Opted analytical methodMineral concentration within each sample was identified byusing Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and Flame emis-sion photometry (FEP). Standard calibration curve and stockpreparation was done by following the approved method ofAmerican Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) [17].99.99% pure Aluminium metal in HCl, granules of Sb metal inHCl along with small spiking of HNO3 in mixture, CadmiumSulfate in HNO3, Calcium Carbonate in HNO3, Cobalt metalstrip in HNO3, Potassium dichromate in HCl with moderateheating, 99.99% pure iron metal wire in HCl, Pb metal inHNO3, Magnesium Carbonate in HNO3, Ni metal strip inHNO3 and Zn metal granules in HCl were used as standardmaterials for Al, Sb, Cd, Ca, Co, K, Fe, Pb, Mg, Ni and Zn re-spectively. Materials were used as received for experimenta-tion. All these standard materials were then diluted with ul-tra-pure water to make 1000ppm stock solutions which werefurther diluted into various concentrations for attaining cali-bration curve for these metals for performing AAS. SodiumChloride and Potassium Chloride dissolved in distilled waterwere diluted up to one liter to get stock solution of Na and Kfor its further usage in FEP. Functioning parameters for bothAAS and FEP used are given in Table 01 and 02 correspond-ingly.TABLE 01 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER FUNCTION-

ING PARAMETERS

TABLE 02 FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETER FUNCTIONINGPARAMETERS

StatisticsOne Way ANNOVA was applied over the obtained data forperforming multiple comparisons Turkey’s test by usingGraph Pad Prism (Version 7.00) software. Significant differ-ence among the mean values of elements was calculated andanalyzed as done by several researchers[9], [15].

792

IJSER



3.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONMinerals and electrolyte quantization studied for Aluminium,Antimony, Cadmium, Calcium, Cobalt, Chromium, Iron,Lead, Magnesium, Nickel, Potassium, Sodium and Zinc invarious samples have been summarized in graphical form (asshown in Fig.1 and .2) while elements are individually dis-cussed below.

Fig.1 Mineral quantization in samples of A) feed B) eggs C) leg D) liver E)heart of chicken

Fig.2 Electrolyte quantization in samples of A) feed B) eggs C) leg D) liverE) heart of chicken

3.1. Trace metals quantizationAluminium has been termed as a non-essential dietary ele-ment associated with various pathological illnesses in humanslike Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and kidney fail-ure etc. [18],[ 19]. Aluminium concentration normally reaches up to 0.1mg/kgin poultry as reported by Leblanc et al. whereas maximumpermissible limit (MPL) for Al is 1mg/kg [20]. Data acquiredindicates Al content to be much lower as compared to MPL in

all samples.Aluminium quantity was found to be0.0237±0.02mg/kg,0.0065±0.00mg/kg,0.017±0.02mg/kg,0.055±0.10mg/kg and 0.04±0.06mg/kg in feed, eggs, leg muscle, liv-er and heart muscles respectively. Maximum amount of Alu-minium i.e. 0.209mg/kg was observed in liver sample. Thislow concentration of Aluminium is not only in accordancewith the fact that exceeding Al amount in feed causes general-ized growth repression and progressive decline in bonestrength in chicken but also comparable with the results re-ported by Uluozlu et al. [21],[22].As a non-essential global contaminant inducing carcinogeneticand genotoxic effects in humans, Antimony and its com-pounds are principally addressed in the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) as hazardous material [23],[24]. Max-imum permitted amount of Sb in poultry specified products is1mg/kg [25]. Antimony was not detected in any of collectedfeed and eggs samples while leg, liver and heart tissues werefound to be contaminated with 0.002±0.00mg/kg,1.315±1.60mg/kg and 0.001±0.00mg/kg respectively. This isan alarming situation as Sb in liver gravely exceeds the MPL.Further investigation of water and soil in the farms are re-quired for the specification of the Sb source as several re-searchers have indicated ground water utilized for poultryproduction to be playing a fundamental hand in Antimonycontamination such as Coetzee et al. [26].Nutritive value of Cadmium for animals and humans isquite negligible. Demineralization of bones, anemia and kid-ney failures are the few diseases that are generally associatedwith its excessive usage [27]. MPL of Cd in poultry producthas been reported to be 0.05mg/kg [28]. Evaluation of poul-try feed and eggs indicated the absence of Cadmium in allcollected samples. However, concentration of0.003±0.00mg/kg, 0.009±0.00mg/kg and 0.038±0.05mg/kg ofCd were found to be deposited in leg, liver and heart mus-cles correspondingly. Fortunately, the obtained results werefar below the MPL and reinforce the suitability of poultryfeed and chicken for human use. Skalicaka et al. also ac-quired the same results in this regard [29].Chromium metal exists at a borderline of essentiality andnon-essentiality as Cr(III) is an essential dietary element re-quired for carbohydrate-lipid metabolism while Cr(IV) is aknown carcinogen [30]. Hence, the delicate balance regard-ing its concentration should be carefully kept in check. Max-imum allowed amount for chromium specifically in poultryproduct is 1mg/kg [25]. Mean concentrations of0.047±0.11mg/kg, 0.007±0.00mg/kg, 0.030±0.01mg/kg,0.041±0.013mg/kg and 0.034±0.01mg/kg were recorded infeed, eggs, leg, liver, and heart muscles separately. Literatureon Chromium quantization also supports the study’s find-ings that obtained value was far less than MPL even to pro-vide the nutritional prospect to consumers [20],[31].The only vital functionality known of Cobalt for humans isbeing a critical component of Cobalamin also known as Vit-amin B-12 [32]. Necrosis relating to stomach and esophagealmucosa along with brain edema was reported owing to Coexcessiveness [33]. Highest permissible limit of Cobalt infeeding stuff was found to be 2mg/kg [34]. Amount of Co-

793

IJSER



balt ranged from 0.008-0.13mg/kg in collected samples withfeed, eggs, liver, leg, and heart tissues recording a concentra-tion.of.0.012±0.00mg/kg,0.008±0.00mg/kg,0.096±0.03mg/kg,0.027±0.07mg/kg and 0.099±0.02mg/kg respectively. Maxi-mum accumulation of Cobalt was shown in liver and hearttissues of chicken i.e. 0.1mg/kg which also supported byUluozlu et al. [22].Iron is considered among one of the most abundant essen-tially important trace mineral having very high tolerancelimit in dietary feeds and livestock owing to its characteristiclimited adsorption and bioavailability in food chain. Meanconcentration of Fe in feed samples was detected to be0.099±0.11mg/kg which is quite less as compared to the con-tent detected by Combs [35]. Egg’s sample contained0.604±0.00mg/kg while tissues of leg, liver and heart mus-cles had 0.111±0.04mg/kg, 0.087±0.04mg/kg and0.099±0.04mg/kg respectively which are quite lower than itsspecified Maximum Hygienic value i.e. 500mg/kg [34].Accumulation of excessive lead in food chain owing to Pbdeposition from atmosphere into dietary accessories is one ofthe fundamental causes of Lead poisoning occurring at analarming level among children worldwide. Apart from thatits agglomeration within human body also adversely affectsthe cardiovascular tissues and kidney cells [36]. MPL of Pbin feeding stuff as per decided by the EC Regulation law629/2008 was 0.1mg/kg [34]. Evaluation confirms the ab-sence of Pb in the samples of chicken’s leg and heart mus-cles. However; chicken’s feed, eggs and liver tissue samplespossessed the mean concentration of 0.846±0.34mg/kg,0.033±0.05mg/kg and 0.495±0.18mg/kg respectively. Thelead content in feed and liver samples gravely exceeds theMPL and is needed to be monitored.Critical evaluation of Nickel essentiality and toxicity estab-lishes it to be rather non-essential element regarding dietaryusefulness and a carcinogenic toxic material in respect ofepidemiological issues [37]. Maximum permissible limit forNickel is proposed to be 1mg/kg [25]. Research conductedindicated the presence of mean concentrations of0.016±0.02mg/kg,0.007±0.00mg/kg,0.013±0.05mg/kg,0.006±0.00mg/kg and 0.006±0.02mg/kg in feed, eggs, leg, liver,and heart samples respectively. All the samples evaluatedshowed lower concentration of Ni than the maximum per-missible limit which is also in correspondence with the find-ings of Miller et al. [31].Zinc is known for its essentiality as a biochemical catalyticsubstance involved in several transcription cycles as en-zyme’s component and also involved in sustaining the me-chanical integrity of DNA. Its deficiency causes severe brainimpairment among humans[38]. The Maximum allowed lim-it for Zn in feeding materials is established to be 20mg/kg[15].Mean concentrations of 0.060±0.01mg/kg, 0.010±0.00mg/kg,0.086±0.02mg/kg, 0.092±0.01mg/kg and 0.099±0.00mg/kgwere detected in feed, eggs, leg, liver, and heart samplesrespectively which are way below than required value thusnot even fulfilling the purpose of providing its nutritive val-ue.

3.2. Electrolyte quantizationElectrolytes of Sodium, Calcium, Potassium and Magnesiumwere studied in the collected samples. Since these are essentialcomponents for both humans and chicken, they are requiredin very higher concentrations than trace minerals. Also, nomaximum permissible has been reported in literature for thesemetals [14].Sodium-Potassium pumps are involved in the formation ofimpulses travelling back and forth along the neuron betweenreceptors and effectors with brain and spinal cord acting as itsprocessing unit. Potassium and Sodium are also responsiblefor formation of trans-membrane potential and buffering ofbody fluids. Aside for being a fundamental cation involved inmuscle activity, Calcium is deposited in bone and teeth, thusproviding structural support and mechanical integrity to both.Magnesium also normalize mineral balancing and ATP pro-duction within the body [39].Mean concentrations of electrolytes (13.944±1.48mg/kg,2.47±0.40mg/kg,6.727±1.54mg/kg,8.827±1.61mg/kg.and.7.902±0.67mg/kg.for.Na;.3.657±0.47mg/kg,0.290±0.053mg/kg,1.416±1.08mg/kg,.2.275±0.426mg/kg and.1.982±0.45mg/kg.for.Ca;8.426±0.89mg/kg,1.565±0.30mg/kg,4.243±1.31mg/kg,5.476±1.09mg/kg and 4.47±1.10mg/kg for K; 2.136±1.01mg/kg,0.105±0.00mg/kg, 0.146±0.071mg/kg, 0.204±0.08mg/kg and0.169±0.043mg/kg for Mg) were calculated in feed, eggs, leg,liver, and heart tissue samples respectively.

3.3. Statistical analysisStatistical data acquired showed that there exists significantdifference among the entire different mineral’s content eval-uated in the different samples. Following specified symbolswere used for each trace mineral in each sample for indicat-ing its significant difference with other metal: Al=β, Cd=α,Co=σ, Cr=Δ, Fe=p, Ni=Ƞ, Pb=Ʌ and Sb=ω whereas in case ofelectrolytes these terms were used: Na=σ, Ca=Ƞ and K=p.Extent of significant difference was indicated by the numberof the symbols as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Extent of significance difference in mineral content in samples of A)feed B) eggs C) leg D) liver E) heart of chickenIn feed samples; Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe and Ni showed significantdifference of (p<0.0001) when compared with Pb concentra-tion and in turn Pb also showed significant difference of(p<0.0001) against Sb and Zn. When descriptive statistics wasapplied over the eggs samples, significant difference of

794

IJSER



(p<0.0001) was found in Al, Cd, Co and Cr against Fe while Fealso showed the same significant difference against Ni, Pb, Sband Zn. Multiple comparison done on leg muscle samples alsoshowed significant difference which are comparable with theabove results. However, Al vs. Zn was found to be (p<0.001),Cd vs. Zn was (p<0.0001), Co vs. Zn and Cr vs. Zn establishedp value of (p<0.01), Ni vs. Zn gave (p<0.001), Pb and Sb vs. Znshowed a difference of (p<0.0001) while Fe vs. Zn concentra-tions showed no significant difference respectively. Cd, Cr andNi presented the significant difference of (p<0.05) against Sbin liver samples. Co vs. Ni, Co vs. Sb, Fe vs. Ni, Fe vs. Sb, Fevs. Pb, Ni vs. Zn and Sb vs. Zn all displayed the significantdifference of (p<0.05) among each other in heart samples.When electrolyte concentrations were compared (as shown inFigure 4), Feed samples exhibited a difference of (p<0.0001) inNa against Ca, K and Mg, K vs. Mg and Ca vs. K while(p<0.01) was observed when Ca was compared with Mg. Sig-nificant increase in the p value was observed in eggs samplesduring each comparison. Leg muscles also showed significantdifference against each other. Ca against K and Na against Kwere significantly different with (p<0.01) while Ca and Mgdidn’t show any significant difference against each other inliver samples. Heart samples also showed significant differ-ence among the mean concentrations of all electrolytes.

Fig. 4 Extent of significance difference in electrolyte content insamples of A) feed B) eggs C) leg D) liver E) heart of chicken

4.0 CONCLUSIONIdentification and isolation of toxic metals is quite difficulttask owing to the presence of these materials in trace concen-trations in environment. However, their profiling and quanti-zation is an essential undertaking needed to be addressed asthey directly or indirectly affects the human’s health by bioac-cumulation and agglomeration. Research conducted high-lights the mean concentrations of trace minerals and electro-lyte not only with in different feeding materials but alsoamong the several tissues of Chicken. Aluminium, Cadmium,Chromium, Cobalt, Iron, Nickel and Zinc showed the concen-tration quite lower than that of Maximum Permissible limit.However, Lead and Antimony showed higher concentrationthan MPL. Increase in Pb concentration could be attributed to

its swift depositing ability that has dangerously enhanced itsability to bio-accumulate in the food chain. Furthermore, An-timony is a carcinogenic element and it’s amassing in liversamples gravely heightens the probability of occurrence ofcarcinogenic diseases in humans. Electrolyte concentrationswere all found to be in accordance with the previously report-ed concentrations in academic literature.

4 4.1. RECOMMENDATIONSFollowing are the few suggestions that seemed noteworthyduring the conduction of this research.

· Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) of the hazard-ous trace minerals should be specified on nationallevel by the Federal Government of Pakistan asdone by several other countries[7], [34].

· Mineral profiling of water, soil and food should bedone to estimate the health risk coefficient withinthe country.

· Lead accumulation indicated towards increase inpollution in the environment. That problem also re-quires attention.

· In case of Antimony, further studies should be con-ducted for identification of its source.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTCollege of Earth and Environmental Sciences and AppliedChemistry Research Centre of PCSIR are honourablyacknowledged for providing financial aid and research facili-ties for carrying out the research.

REFERENCES[1]. Windhorst, H.-W., A projection of the regional development of

egg production until 2015. World's Poultry Science Journal,2008. 64(03): p. 356-376.

[2]. Memon, N.A., Poultry: Country’s second-largest industry. Ex-clusive on Poultry, 2012.

[3]. Carbas, B., L. Cardoso, and A.C. Coelho, Investigation on theknowledge associated with foodborne diseases in consumers ofnortheastern Portugal. Food control, 2013. 30(1): p. 54-57.

[4]. Gupta, G. and W. Gardner, Use of clay mineral (Montmorillo-nite) for reducing poultry litter leachate toxicity (EC 50). Journalof hazardous materials, 2005. 118(1): p. 81-83.

[5]. Cheng, Q. and H. Dong, Solvent sublation using dithizone as aligand for determination of trace elements in water samples.Microchimica Acta, 2005. 150(1): p. 59-65.

[6]. Fries, G.F., A review of the significance of animal food productsas potential pathways of human exposures to dioxins. Journal ofanimal science, 1995. 73(6): p. 1639-1650.

[7]. Islam, M.S., et al., Propagation of heavy metals in poultry feedproduction in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific andIndustrial Research, 2007. 42(4): p. 465-474.

[8]. Jiang, X., R. Dong, and R. Zhao, Meat products and soil pollu-tion caused by livestock and poultry feed additive in Liaoning,China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011. 23: p. S135-S137.

[9]. Mahmoud, M. and H. Abdel-Mohsein, Health risk assessmentof heavy metals for Egyptian population via consumption ofpoultry edibles. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2015. 3(1): p. 58-70.

[10]. Surtipanti, S., et al., Determination of Heavy Metals in Meat,Intestine, Liver, Eggs, and Chicken Using Neutron ActivationAnalysis and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. 1995.

795

IJSER



[11]. Okoye, C., C. Ibeto, and J. Ihedioha, Assessment of heavy metalsin chicken feeds sold in south eastern, Nigeria. Advances inApplied Science Research, 2011. 2(3): p. 63-68.

[12]. Chen, S.-S., et al., Trace elements and heavy metals in poultryand livestock meat in Taiwan. Food Additives & Contaminants:Part B, 2013. 6(4): p. 231-236.

[13]. Demirbaş, A., Proximate and heavy metal composition in chick-en meat and tissues. Food chemistry, 1999. 67(1): p. 27-31.

[14]. Mariam, I., S. Iqbal, and S.A. Nagra, Distribution of some traceand macrominerals in beef, mutton and poultry. Int. J. Agric.Biol, 2004. 6: p. 816-820.

[15]. ul Islam, M.S., M. Zafar, and M. Ahmed, Determination ofheavy metals from table poultry eggs in Peshawar-Pakistan.Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2014. 3(3): p.64-67.

[16]. Vandecasteele, C. and C.B. Block, Modern methods for traceelement determination. 1997: John Wiley & Sons.

[17]. Kim, I., et al., Basic Performance Evaluation of the EcotoxicityDetection Device for Heavy Metals. Journal of Korean Society ofEnvironmental Engineers, 2012. 34(12): p. 828-834.

[18]. Narin, I., M. Tuzen, and M. Soylak, Aluminium determinationin environmental samples by graphite furnace atomic absorp-tion spectrometry after solid phase extraction on AmberliteXAD-1180/pyrocatechol violet chelating resin. Talanta, 2004.63(2): p. 411-418.

[19]. Shokrollahi, A., et al., Selective and sensitive spectrophotomet-ric method for determination of sub-micro-molar amounts ofaluminium ion. Journal of Hazardous materials, 2008. 151(2): p.642-648.

[20]. Leblanc, J.-C., et al., Dietary exposure estimates of 18 elementsfrom the 1st French Total Diet Study. Food additives and con-taminants, 2005. 22(7): p. 624-641.

[21]. Rath, N., et al., Factors regulating bone maturity and strength inpoultry. Poultry Science, 2000. 79(7): p. 1024-1032.

[22]. Uluozlu, O.D., et al., Assessment of trace element contents ofchicken products from Turkey. Journal of hazardous materials,2009. 163(2): p. 982-987.

[23]. Castorina, R. and T.J. Woodruff, Assessment of potential risklevels associated with US Environmental Protection Agency ref-erence values. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003.111(10): p. 1318.

[24]. Wu, F., et al., Health risk associated with dietary co-exposure tohigh levels of antimony and arsenic in the world's largest anti-mony mine area. Science of the Total Environment, 2011.409(18): p. 3344-3351.

[25]. Choi, Y., International/National Standards for Heavy Metals inFood. Government Laboratory (Australia), 2011.

[26]. Coetzee, C.B., N. Casey, and J. Meyer, Quality of groundwaterused for poultry production in The Western Cape. WATER SA-PRETORIA-, 2000. 26(4): p. 563-568.

[27]. Järup, L. and A. Åkesson, Current status of cadmium as an en-vironmental health problem. Toxicology and applied pharma-cology, 2009. 238(3): p. 201-208.

[28]. Li, Y.-x., et al., Cadmium in animal production and its potentialhazard on Beijing and Fuxin farmlands. Journal of hazardousmaterials, 2010. 177(1): p. 475-480.

[29]. Skalická, M., et al., Cadmium levels in poultry meat. Veterinar-ski Arhiv, 2002. 72(1): p. 11-17.

[30]. Tarley, C.R., et al., Characteristic levels of some heavy metalsfrom Brazilian canned sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis). Journalof food composition and analysis, 2001. 14(6): p. 611-617.

[31]. Ysart, G., et al., 1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures toaluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercu-ry, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc. Food Additives & Contami-nants, 2000. 17(9): p. 775-786.

[32]. McDowell, L.R., Minerals in animal and human nutrition. 2003:Elsevier Science BV.

[33]. Barceloux, D.G. and D. Barceloux, Cobalt. Journal of Toxicology:Clinical Toxicology, 1999. 37(2): p. 201-216.

[34]. Van Paemel, M., et al., Technical report submitted to EFSA:Selected trace and ultratrace elements: Biological role, content infeed and requirements in animal nutrition–Elements for risk as-sessment. 2015.

[35]. Conrad, H.R., D.R. Zimmerman, and G.F. Combs, NFIA litera-ture review on iron in animal and poultry nutrition. 1980.

[36]. Control, C.F.D. and Prevention, Screening young children forlead poisoning: guidance for state and local public health offi-cials, in Screening young children for lead poisoning: guidancefor state and local public health officials. 1997, CDC.

[37]. Denkhaus, E. and K. Salnikow, Nickel essentiality, toxicity, andcarcinogenicity. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 2002.42(1): p. 35-56.

[38]. Black, M.M., Zinc deficiency and child development. The Amer-ican journal of clinical nutrition, 1998. 68(2): p. 464S-469S.

[39]. Marieb, E.N. and K. Hoehn, Human anatomy & physiology.2007: Pearson Education.

796

IJSER

simultaneous atomic absorption spectroscopic quantization … · 2017-05-14 · market (sb-16m to...

Documents