NWC TP 6660

Simple Techniques for PredictingSympathetic Detonation and Fastand Slow Cookoff Reactions of

Munitionsby

Jack M. Pakulak, Jr.

0 0 Ordnance Systems Department

JUNE 1988

NAVAL WEAPONS CENTER"CHINA LAKE, CA 93555-6001 DTI•

-.. I""ELECTEAUG 3 11988

E

Approved for puwic release; distribution is unlimited.

88 8 St 080."i

Naval Weapons Center

FOREWORD

This report describes simple techniques, which have been developed over many years,that can be used as tools to predict a munition's reaction to several stimuli. An explcsive'sresponse to shock-to-detonation transition (sympathetic detonation) can be predictec fromlarge-scale gap test data. The techniques for predicting fast or slow cookoff time and severityof a reaction use laboratory data on the explosive, transient heat flow equations, and small-scale cookoff bomb test results for the reaction.

, The study has been performed by the Naval Weapons Center (NWC), China Lake,Calif., over more than a decade, with data inputs from many programs. The work wassupported by the Naval Air Systems Command under AIRTASK A540-540)A/008-0/7000000001.

This report has been reviewed for technical accuracy by Toshio lnouye.

Approved by Under authority ofM. E. ANDERSON, Head J. A. BURTOrdnance Systems Department Capt., U.S. Navy8June 1988 Commander

Released for publication byG. R. SCHIEFER

"- Technical Director

NWC Technical Publication 6660

Published by ..................................... Tcchnical Information DepartmentC olla tion .................................................................. 9 leavesFirst printing ............................................................ 220 copies

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6o NAME 0F PERFORMtINGORGANIZATION 6b. OPFiCE SYMBOL ?a. NAME Of MONITORING ORGANIZATION4

tK ArJURE SS (CIJýY. Biak. andJ ZIP Cuo&) 7b. AOOMIS (CAiY. S1110andl ZP Cud.1)

qChina Lake, CA 93555-6001

do NAMI: 01ý kUNDINGIWPNSOIIING ORGANIZATION SBI OF 1ICL SYMBOL. 9. PROCUREMENT iNSTRUMENr IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

bc ADRES (C1Y. htt. U)I ZP C-d10. SOURCE 0f FUNDING NUMBERS

PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIEI*EtEMENT NO NO. NO. NO

SIMPLE TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING SYMPATHETIC DETONATION AND FAST AND SLOWCOOKOFF REACTIONS OF MUNITIONS (U)

12 PIEFSONAI AUfHOR(S)

Pakulak, Jack M., Jr.

13. TYPE 0f REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14.7DATE O0F REPORT (YewMonth,.Day) ~ IS PAGI; COUNT

Summary T Fromn 1975 To 1987 1988, June j 16Tb SuFitPP~kMNIAIYNOlATION

I I COSATI Cooks 18. SUBJECT TERMS I(:qnhnu. oft mn~iea "id iaumawry and idvmtilý by blockh ,.n"abam

*HELD GROUP $ UB.GROUP - Fast cookoff, slow cookoff, isothermal cookofT, predictive techniques

-WASiIATI~ii~. i vi.ui ~ .,btWdi..l~ wb~~ a,,ba

(U) This report describes simple techniques, which have been developed over many years, that can be used aspredictive tools. A simple data plot of given munition diameter versus large-scale gap test data on a given explosiveis used to predict its response to shock-to-detination transition. The techniques for predicting fast or slow cookofTtime and severitý' of a reaction use laboratory data on the explosive, transient heat flow equations, and small-scalecookoff bomb (SCB) test results for the reaction.

20. IIST IHbUtIUN.AVAiLAkiltITY 01 AdaTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SLCURI1 CLASSIfICA lION

CUNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED [@jSAME AS RPT. Q DTIC USERS UnclassifiedIld INAM& 101 ttSPON'iU&L N~iNUViU1AI 22b T kLE PHONE (mciw4ud Area C~.d4 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL

Jack M. Pakulak, Jr. 619-939-7292 3262

83 APR edition may be used until exhausted. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEDDFORM 1473. 84 MAR All other editions are obsolete. UNCLASSIFIED

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S.. .... .. .. . .a. t- ag,-,I•

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UTIO

Introduction..................................................( IPredictive Methods and Techniques............................................ 3

PreictngSympathetic Detonation......................................... 3Predicting Fast Cookoff Time.............................................. 4

PrditigSlow Cookoff Time ............................................. 6PreictngSeverity of Cookoff Reactions..................................... 6

Application.......................................................................'7

Comments .... I............................................................ 8

References ............................................................... 13

Acronyms..................................................... .......... 14

Figures:1. Plot of Acceptor ID vs. Initiated Shock Pressure Data........................ 92. Plot of DSC Peak Data for PBXN- 106 Expelosive ........................... 10

Tables:1 . Calculated Shock Pressure in Acceptor HE rat Separation Distance Listed for

Sympathetic Detonation Tests..........................................1I12. Selected Initiation Shock Pressure Values for Several

DW ~~~~Explosives and Propellants ............................................ 1I1N91% ~~3. Sympathetic Detonation Test Data...................................... 12M0 ~4. DSC Data for Thermal Decomposition of PBXN-106 Explosive................ 12

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author is grateful to the System Safety Branch (NWC Code 3687) for their* support of the effort described in this report.

NWC TP 6660

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to describe selected methods and techniques used topredict three major items: (1) sympathetic detor~ation of two similar munition rounds at zeroor near zero separation distance, (2) time to cookoff for a munition round under fast or slowcookoff test condition, and (3) the severity of the cookoff reaction. These methods and

* techniques are described in greater detail later in this report.

The operation in predicting a given event and examples of its use are given in thisreport. The discussion encourages use of these tools to screen existing and candidateexplobives for application to a specific munition. The method could also be used to determineor evaluate the shock and thermal behavior of a given munition in regard to safety aspects ofits use and storage.

PREDICTIVE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

* PREDICTING SYMPATHETIC DETONATION

Sympathetic detonation involves the explosion or detonation of an explosive(acceptor) induced by the detonation of another explosive device (donor). The donor may beidentical to the acceptor or it may be a different device altogether. Because munitions of the

* same type are usually stored together, it is typical to test identical donors and acceptors,although it might be possible to learn more about the sensitivity of cased explosives if astandard donor were used in all sympathetic detonation testing. In this report, the acceptorreaction is limited to a detonatidn, and the spacing between the donor and the acceptor is zeroor neair zero. Only one each of like donor and acceptor munition rounds is considered, and thedonor fill is considered to have an explosive output similar to H-6 or Composition B explosive.

The development of an empirical method for predicting sympathetic detonation in atest is based on the calculated shock pressure at the interface between the high explosive andthe munition case wall of the acceptor as developed by the donor munition. The induced shockpressure in the acceptor munition at zero or near zero separation distance was found for fourdifferent munition types. The calculated values for the 105 mm projectile were obtained from

* Reference 1; the calculated values for the Mk 81 and Mk 82 general purpose (GP) bombs Lrefrom Reference 2. Data on the Mk 40 warheaid are from Reference 3. The information is listed

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in Table I with their calculated data and plotted in Figure I as inside diameter (inches)versus induced shock overpressure (kbars) in the acceptor.

The threshold for detonation of the explosive in the acceptor munition can beestimated from the large-scale gap test (LSGT) data (Reference 4); the data used are listed inTable 2. Gap pressure data from other sources, which use a larger acceptor charge diameter,are also included. These are the expanded large-scale gap test (ELSGT) (Reference 5) and8-inch diameter heavily confined gap test (8-inch LSGT) (Reference 6). These larger scale gaptests were developed for measuring more shock-insensitive explosives.

Experimental data from sympathetic detonation tests from sources given inReference 7 and related sources are listed in Table 3. The shock data given on. each explosiveare plotted ir Figure 1. The calculated line in Figure I is the predicted separation between ago and a no go in a sympathetic detonation test. The experimental data indicate that thepredi!:ted separation line is reasonably accurate. Exceptions will occur when the explosiveoutput is well below the output of the H-6 or Composition B, such as the TNT/aluminum/waxmixture in Table 3. Then the apparent initiation pressure will also drop in value, as noted inFigure 1.

Using gap pressure data for a specific explosive can give a rough idea of whatmaximum munition size can be used and not initiate in a sympathetic detonation test. Theplot in Figure I can be used in a limited manner on a new explosive. The graph is meant to beonly a guide in the development or application of an explosive.

PREDICTING FAST COOKOFF TIME

A method used to predict the time to cookoff in a fnel fire for a munition is brieflydescribed below.

Heat from the fuel fire is transferred to the warhead by free convection and radi-tion,and transferred within the munition by radial conduction into the liner material and theexplosive. According to Reference 8, a simple equation for heat transfer through a unit areahas, on integration, yielded Equation 1. Use Equation I to determine the cookoff time of anexplosive-filled munition in a fuel fire.

fn(T f- T)/(T f- Ti) -- )

where

4L Tf = flame temperature, K* T = temperature, K, at time, t, seconds

Ti = ambient temperature at time of test, Kstee. = equation constant determined from laboratory Jata

. values as determined from laboratory data -are listed below for selected case thicknesses of"steel. These values have been verified for a fuel fire condition. Other values of 3 can be

S determined from Equation I or from a log f versus log steel thickness plot.

04

[dlNWC TP 6660

Case thickness, inch P, I/second

0.500 0.00180.250 0.00370.125 0.00700.063 0.014

Once the [I value versus steel thickness of the munition has been calculated,determine or select the flame temperature of the fuel fire. A typical value would be about1300F. Next, using Equation 1, determine the heating rate from 500 to 600 K at the insidesurface of the munition case. This is an approximate temperature range where someexplosives (e.g., RDX), have a maximum exothermic peak in this heating range.. Once theheating rate has been determined, the actual exothermic peak temperatue for a givenexplosive can be determined from laboratory data (e.g., differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) thermal patterns for the specific explosive in question). Normally, the DSC patternsare determined at a series of selected constant heating rates. An example of this type of datais given in Table 4 on PBXN-106 explosive. The data presentation consists of a plot of logheating ratef/,T 2 versus l/ 11,, as described in Equation 2.

tn(heating roteXE (T!,R) = en A(BIRTI") (2)

whereheating rate = K/s

Tm= exothermic peak absolute temperature, KA = frequency factor, I /sE = activation energy, kcal/molR = 1.987 cal/mol-K

From this plot the activation energy, E, and frequency factor, A, can be calculated.An example of such a plot is given in Figure 2 from the DSC data in Table 4. The value of T,corresponding to the heating rate as determined above, is used to determine the time, t, fromEquation 1. This is the predicted time to cookoff in a fuel fire for a bare case without internalliner material or external coating material. This time to cookoff does not include the time forthe fuel fire to reach a "constant" temperature. There is usually a warm-up time of about 15seconds for the fire to reach 800 K. Since almost all munitions have an internal liner of some

*O type, Equation 3 describes the time-temperature relationship:

en t = fn t + CN

wheret' = time, in seconds, at liner/explosive interfacet = time, seconds, from Equation IC = constant for liner material, I/milN = thickness of liner material, mil

The value of t' is the predicted time to cookoff for a given munition using an internal linermaterial This is an empirical equation and does not consider chemical or phase changes thatmay occur in the liner material.

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PREDICTING SLOW COOKOFIF TIME

A method hai been developed to predict the time to cookofi for a munition undergoingthe slow cookofT test. The slow cookolT test has three steps in Its operation. These are (I) theinitial warm-up time to the soak temperature, (2) the Ume -t oak temperature, and (3) thetime to cookolTat a,1.3 K/hour heating rate. The temperature at cookoff ý%n be estimated onthe explosive used in the munition after the explosive has been evaluated using Equation 2and a plot of the DSC data of the explosive in question has been obtained. These terms areseen in Equation 4:

t f+ tr+ i (4)

wI.ereL" = totel time, hourst' = warm-up time, hourst' =- sak time, hours, at a preselected temperatureV = time to ookoffat 3.3 K/hour

The predicted time to cookoff can be estimated using Equation 4. In an air-type oven,the warm-up time, t', takes about an hotvr to reach the soak temperature, but may requiredays for a large munition. The soak temperature is usually 60 K below the predicted cookofftemperature. The time held at this preselected soak temperature Is based on the size andmass of the munition. For example, a munition weighing a couple hundred pounds could besoaked about 8 hours. This does not mean that the entire munition is at soak temperature,but that the munition case is at or near the soak temperature. After the coak period is over,the oven temperature is raised at a ramap rate of 3.3 K/hour until cookoff occurs.

PREDICTING SEVERITY OF COOKOFF REACTIONS

ThIR section encourages the use or a small-scale .ookoff bomb (SCB) as a tool to assessthe severity of the cookofT reaction by examining the SCB case and witness plate damagecaused by the explosive when subjected to external heat. Criteria are provided in Reference 9for rating each test result as a burn, deflagration, explosion, or detonation based on the degreeof damage sustained by the test fixture.0

The SCB experimental arrangement, materials, and procedures are given inReference 9. The series of heating rates used in this study on severity of a cookoff reactionwere approximately 2 K/second (similar to a bare munition case in a fuel fire), 0.2 K/second(similar to a thermally protected munition in a fuel fire), and 3.3 K/hour (the heating raterequired for slow cookoff). The SCB tests can empirically demonstrate the cookoff reaction ofthe full-scale tests of munitions.

The SCB test fixture has been in use since 1968 with many hundred of test performed. For example,the SCB applications with other explosives and propellants in References 10 and 11 have shown good correlation toresulta from full.scale tests.

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APPLICATION

An application of the methods and technki.ej% described in this paper in made usingPBXN-106 explosive. This in a nonalsimaniaed PDX-based explosive intended for -fragmentation munitions such as mlnsile warheads and prejectiles. This exploaive has beentested in several projectiles and - 600-pound GP bomb.

The projectile. of intereat is the Mk 64. which has been studied in a series ofsym,.,athetic detonation testW. With a LSOT value of30 kbars, the prediction line ir Figure Iwould predict i non-reaction in the M' *4 projectile. The experimental data gave a non-resction for this series of testing,

The predicted fast cookoff time is determinud in the following manner. The Mk 645"/54 projectile has a 0.65-inch-thick steel case wall with a 125-mil-thick internal linermaterial. The 0 value was ,lukermined for 0,66-inch-thick steel from a log-log plot of the Pvalues versus steel thicknesses given above. The 0 value was 0.0014 I/mil. UsingEquation 1, the heating rate was about 62 K/minute between 500 and 600 K, as shown below.

t = Ien(1300-500)/(1300-3'.x)V0.0014 = 159secondst = [en(1300- 600)/01300- 300)l/0.0014 = 255 secondsHeating rate = (60)!',d00 - 500)/(255 -- 159)1 = 62 K/minute

At this het;ng rate, the peak reaction temperature is first estimated from the datr inTable 4 at 50 Krhainute. Using thiP estimate at 539 K and the plot in Figure 2, the estimatedtemperature is 544 K. On re- iýntering this temperature at this heating rate, ,he finalpredicte-d temperature is 543 K. At this temperature, a bare and unlined projctile wouldle via a predicted fast cookoff time of 199 seconds (Equation 1).

t = [en(1300 - 543)( 300 - 300)1/0.0014 = 199 seconds

This projectile u~s a 121-mil-thick liner material of Imly.oprylene/polyethylene,which has a C value of 0,0017 1/mil. Using Equation 2,

ent'= tn(199) + (0.0017)(125)C = 246 + warm-up time of 15 secondsPredicted time - 261 secondsTime measured - 262 seconds (average of four tests)

(Mata range = 249-271 second:)

This technique of predicting the time to cookoff for a munition in a fuel fire can be done byusing Equations I and 2 and data such as that given in Figure 2. This prediction is based onlaboratory data.

The slow cookoff predicted time depends on the time to reach soak temperature, thetime held at the soak temperature, and the time to reach the cookoff temperature at3.3 K/hour. In the slow cookoff test, the Mk 64 projectiles were conditioned at 366 K for 8hours prior to commencing the controlled temperature. The predicted cookoff temperature isdetermined in a manner similar to a fast cookoff calculation. Divide the 3.3 K/hour by 3600

NWC TP6

followed by the lowest Vmperature squreed in Table 4 (461 X 461), which would yield a valueof 4.3 X 10-0/s.K. T 1 is would correspond to a temperature of 451 K. Using this temperatureof 451 in the same manner, a final temperature of 452 K is obtained for a heating rate of3.3 K/hour. The predicted Unti to cookoffwould be:

Predicted time = (462- 366)/3.3 = 26 hoursTotal time = 26 + 8 = 34 hours

Since the data for cookoff time were not available, the predicted cookoff temperaturewas compared to the experimental value. The re,*dieted temperature at cookoff for thisheating rate of 3.3 K/hou.' was 452 K. The exrw•.imental value for the PBXN-106 explosivehad an average value of 428 K for both Mk "165 and Mk 64 projectiles. A thermal, stabilityproblem has been detected during aging at elevated temperatures In related studies.

Tho.cookoff reaction of PBXN-10v has been tested at NWC only once in a SCB under':onditions similar to a fast cookoff test. The 0ookoff reaction was mild, but. under heavierconfinement, the cotuioff reaction has been more severe. The fat cookoff test results were abunching reaction with both Mk 165 and Mk 64 n.Mk.tiles. The most violent slow cookoffreaction of a projectile was an explosion (Reference 7).

The use of these predictive techniques with other explosives and propellants are givenin References 10 and 11. The laboratory results were used to predict the temperature ofcookoffand the time to cookoff of full-scale test iteme or munitions.

COMMENTS

The techniques and methods given in this paper can be used to evaluate a new orexisting explosive in regaii0 to sympathetic detonation with similar munitions as the donorand thne acceptor. Figure 1 is only a crude estimate of the pressure at the acceptorceae/explosive interkie as developed by the donor. When the donor explosive has a lowereddetonation preswuve value, as in the case of the wax being added to TNT-based formulations,this will red-ce the pressure at the acceptor case/explosive interface.

The application of these techniques and methods for predicting the time andtemperature for fast and slow cookoff tests have been in use for many years with good results.They are simple and easy to use. They are a guide to estimate the cookoff time for a munitionthat may have changes in explosive fill or liner material.

The SCB and similar test fixtures have been in use for almost 20 years. The main useis in the development of new explosives and liner materials to help assess the severity of thecookoff reaction. The level of confinement can be changed to match more closely the munitionbeing studied. The help here is in matching a given explosive formulation to a specificmunition.

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NWC TP 6660

16 1 r - IIIo CALCULATED SHOCK PRESSURE IN ACCEPTOR HEo NONREACTED

*REACTED14

12

*1 -to3

0

6

4~0 000S2 0

00 20 40 60 so 100 120GAP SHOCK PRESSURE, kbar

FIGURE 1. Plot of Acceptor ID vs. Initiated Shock Pressure Data.

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P_

10-4

10

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10--9 FIGUE2 lto IS Pea DaaI~KEpoie1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3

3 1

NWC TP 6660

TABLE 1. Calculated Shock Pressure in Acceptor HE atSeparation Distance Listed for Sympathetic Detonation Tests.

Size. in." Induced acceptor

"St item Donorlacceptor shock pressure. ReferenceOD ID SD explosive kbars:j- -

M1, 105 mm 4.1 3.3 0.0 Composition S 240.4 I 42"0.8 361.2 Y 38

Mk 81 bomb 9.0 8&2 0.1 6-I 58 2Mk82bomb 10.8 9.9 0.7 54 2Mk 40 warhead 16.S 1S.0 0.0 1066 2

9.3 40.5 311.7 28.0 315.3 17.2 3

a OD a outside diameter; ID a inside diameter, SD separation distance from munitionsurface to munition surface.

b Estimated from data in Reference 3.

TABLE 2. Selected Initiation Shock Pressure Values forSeveral Explosives and Propellants.

Shock pressure. kbarsaHigh explosive Density. - -

or propellant g/cm 3 LSGT ELSGT 0-in. LSGT

TNT 1.62 44(C) -15(C) 14(C)Tritonal 1.72 46 (C) 15(C)AFX-1100 1.59 ... 50 (C)Destex 1.61 51 (C)TNT/NQ ... ... 42 (C)TNT/aluminum/wax ... ... 54 (C)RDX 1.64 7(P)

N Composition A-3 1.50 1S(l)Composition 9 1.72 19 (C) 12(C)1H-6 1.75 30(C) 13 (C)RDX/NQ/PU ... -80 (C)

0Ammonium picrate 1.55 36(H4)PBXN-103 1.88 54 (C)POXN-106 1.64 30 (C)POXN-107 1.65 41 (C)PBXN-109 1.66 24(C)POXC-117 1.76 32 (C)PBXW-113 1.67 27(C)PRXW-114 1.70 27 (C)PBXW-115 1.79 47(C)POX(AF)-108 1.56 21 (C)"N-12 1.54 86(P)

"C Th estiPpeed ; 13 k hydralu lica l petressed, Iro the stticaLSGT data on TNT, Tritonal and Composition B.

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TABLE 3. Sympathetic Detonation Test Data.

Munition type OD ID. in. donore Aetvptorexplowve deamation

Mk 165 76 mm 2.0 Composition A-3 Yes76 mm 2.0 PGXN-106 No

MI projectile 105 mm 3.3 Composition I YesHEP projectile 105 mm 3.8 Composition A-3 YesMk 64 5"/54 3.5 Compostion A-3 Yes

Composition 8 YesH4 Yes

Exp•osive D NoPBXN-103 NOPBXN-106 NOPUXN-109 NoPBXC-117 NoPSXW-113 NoPBXW-114 No&4P1XW-115 No

POX(AF)-108 YesSteel cylinder 5 inch 4.5 N-12 No

1 155mm 4.7 Composition 6 Yes155mm 4.7 TNT Yes

Mk 81 bomb 9.0 inch 8.2 Tritonal Yes$.2 H-6 Yes8.2 PBXN-107 Yes

Mk 82 bomb 10.8 inch 9.9 Tritonal YesS9.9 RDX/NQIPU No

9.9 H4 Yes9.9 TNT/aluminum/wex No

'One test reacted at a standoff distance of 3 inches.

TABLE 4. DSC Data for ThermalDecomposition of PBXN-106 Explosive.

Heating Peak Heatingrate. temp., Temp., rate/K2

K/mm K 1/K x 103 x 107

0.1 461 2.170 0.07850.2 467 2.143 0.1530.5 479 2.087 0.3631.0 4b4 2.048 0.7002.0 496 2.010 1.355.0 505 1.980 3.37

10.0 514 1.946 6.3120.0 524 t.909 12.250.0 539 1.857 28.7

100.0 556 1.798 53.9

12

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REFERENCES

I. R. Frey and J. Starkenberg, Ballistics Research Laboratory. "Evaluation of NewFormulations for Resistance to Sympathetic Detonation," in Minutes of the WorkingParty for Explosives Technical Meeting. AFATL, Eglin AFB, 29-31 July 1986.(UNCLASSIFIED.)

2. Naval Weapons Center. "Propagation of De•tonation in Mk 81 and Mk 82 Bombs," byR.G.S. Sewell. China Lake, Calif., NWC, 12 September 1978. (NWC memo Reg.3835/RGSS:mla; UNCLASSIFIED.)

3. M. M. Swisdak. "Tomahawk (BGM-109 B/C-2) Sympathetic Detonation Testing andHazard ARC Determination," in Minutes of the 22nd Explosive Safety Seminar, Vol. 2,Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board, 1986, pp. 2165. (PublicationUNCLASSIFIED.)

4. Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The NOL Large Scale Gap Test. I11. Compilation ofUnclassified and Supplementary Information for Interpretation of Results, by D. Price,A. R. Clairmont, Jr., and J. 0. Erkman. White Oak, Md., NOL, March 1974. (NOLTR74-40, publication UNCLASSIFIED.)

5. Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory. The Expanded Large ScaleGap Test, by T. P. Liddiard and D. Price. , Silver Spring, Md., NSWC, March 1987.(NSWC TR 85-32, publication UNCLASSIFIED.)

6. Foster, Forbes, Gunger, and Craig. "Eight-Inch Diameter, Heavily Confined Card GapTest," in Minutes of the 8th Symposium (International) on Detonation, Air ForceArmament Laboratory, July 1985. (Publication UNCLASSIFIED.)

7. Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahigren Lnboratory. Results of Large-ScaleVulnerability Tests in Plastic-Bonded Explosives, by W. Houchins and W. Smith.Dahlgren, Va., NSWC, March 1986. (CPIA Publication 446, Vol. 1, publicationUNCLASSIFIED.)

8. Lindon C. Thomas. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer. Englewood Cliff, N.J., PrenticeIIHall,1980. Pp. 99-109.

9. Department of Navy Explosives Safety Board. "USA Small-Scale Bomb (SCB) Test," byJack M. Pakulak, Jr., Naval Weapons Center, in Minutes of the 21st Explosives SafetySeminar, Volume 1, Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board, 28-30 August1984, Houston, Tex., pp. 539-548. (Publication UNCLASSIFIED.)

10. Naval Weapons Center. Thermal Analysis and Cookoff Studies of the Cast Explosive

PBXW-115, by Jack M. Pakulak, Jr. China Lake, Calif., NWC, May 1987 (NWC TP6773, publication UNCLASSIFIED.)

11. Naval Weapons Center. Thermal Analysis and Cookoff Studies of Harpoon CastExplosive, by Jack M. Pakulak, Jr., and Jeffery M. Clark. China Lake, Calif., NWC,November 1987 (NWC TP 6799, publication UNCLASSIFIED.)

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ACRONYMS

DSC differential scanning calorimetryDTG derivative thermogravimetryELSGT expanded large-scale gap testGP general purposeHE high explosiveLSGT large-scale gap testNQ nitroguanidinePBX plastic-bonded explosivePU polyurethaneRDX cyclotrimethylenetrwitramineSDT shock-to-detonation travisitionSCB small-scale cookoff bombSSCB super-small-scale cookoffbombTNT trinitrotoluene

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10 Naval Air Syatem CommnAIR-OS (1)AIR-Sa0 (1)AZR-54ft2 (1)AIR-5la043C (1)A33t-932 (1)AIRt-932G (1)AXR-932T (1)

7 Chief of Naval OPe~atioma* 0~PI-351i(1

01-41.W (1)01-507 (1)

01-967D (1I Chief of Navel 2eerb Arlinston

OOSR-USIF, R. Miller (1)OCOR-213 (1)

1 Navel Facilities -~inein- Coumd, Alexandria (NAYFAC-03239 S. N. Huley)11 Naval sea SýVtsm Co

SUA-ME (1)SK&-62 (1)SWA-62D (1STA-62V (1)SIA-62Y13 (1SKrA-62Z (1)

SLA-621 (1)SIrA-6622 (2)

1 Camuaz in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (Cofe 325)1 Comider, Third Fleet, San Frinisco

*~ ~ Icmrodsr Savwinth Flat, 5=i Frzacisco1 David Taylor Research Canter, Betbeeda (Code 17440)1 Navel Air Deval w - Center, Mmmiagter (Cods 613)1 Naval Civil fiuinswift Laboratory, Port 3Mý (Coda L31)1 Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory, lear City (Code 112.2)2 Naval I~losivae Ordnanse Disposal Facility, India Head (Code IM)

2Naval Rnellienrcheaort

Code 2037, P. wo(1Coe5",Thnical Librartyo S(1io

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