Simple SentencePRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9)

2012-04-24/25

NO MORE

THE PENULTIMATE TOPIC BEFORE THE FINAL EXAM

SIMPLE SENTENCE

LET’S PRACTICE WHAT WE HAVEN’T LEARNED…

SIMPLE SENTENCE - EXERCISES

BASIC INFORMATION

SENTENCE TYPES

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION = based on the NUMBER AND TYPE of CLAUSES in a sentence:

SENTENCE

SIMPLE COMPLEX COMPOUND

VERB CLASSES

• One of the properties of verbs is VALENCY.• VALENCY is the number of obligatory elements

that a particular verb takes.• On the basis of VALENCY verbs can be divided

into five types.

VERB CLASSES

VERBS

INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE

INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE

monotransitive

ditransitive

complex transitive

ON THE BASIS OF VERB CLASSES

CLAUSE TYPES

CLAUSE TYPESVERBS CLAUSE TYPES

INTENSIVE/LINKING VERBS

1. SVCs

2. SVA

EXTENSIVE

INTRANSITIVE 3. SV

TRANSITIVE

MONOTRANSITIVE 4. SVO

DITRANSITIVE 5. SVOiOd

COMPLEX TRANSITIVE 6. SVOCo

7. SVOA

THE SINGLE VERB ELEMENT OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE IS ALWAYS A

FINITE VP.

SO, THESE ARE THE 7 TYPES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

CLAUSE TYPES• Naturally, OPTIONAL ADVERBIAL may be added to

sentences of any type:(Luckily) the sun is (already) shining.I (definitely) must send her a birthday card (tomorrow).The S, V, O and C are OBLIGATORY sentence

elements, whereas the A can be either OBLIGATORY or OPTIONAL. The A is obligatory in the SVA and SVOA clause types:

John often goes to the cinema. S(A)VA She kept the children in bed during the storm.

SVOA(A)

PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (a-f)

S V A

S V O Co

S V O Co

S V Oi Od

S V O or S V O (A)

S V Cs

PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (g-k)

S V Cs

S V (A) Oi Od

S V Cs

S V Cs or S V Cs (A)

S V Cs

PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (l-o)

S V O or S V O (A)

S V Cs

S V Cs

S V Cs or S V Cs (A)

CLAUSE TYPES: important note

• Sometimes, A VERB MAY BELONG TO MORE THAN ONE CLASS, which is called MULTIPLE-CLASS MEMBERSHIP:

She made [her children] [a chocolate cake]. SVOO She made [a chocolate cake]. SVOShe made [them] [extremely happy]. SVOCoANOTHER NOTE: If deleting an adverbial changes the

meaning of the verb completely and/or the verb class, the adverbial is considered to be obligatory:

Frankenstein lives. Vs. Frankenstein lives [in London].

PAGE 142 – exercise 2 (a - b)

I HOPE THEY HAVE SAVED A TABLE BY THE WINDOW FOR US.

MAY I ASK A FAVOUR FROM YOU?

PAGE 142 – exercise 2 (a - b)

CAN I PLAY A GAME OF CHESS WITH YOU?

HER GREAT-AUNT LEFT A FORTUNE TO HER.

WE WISH A VERY HAPPY NEW YEAR TO ALL OUR FRIENDS.

PAGE 142 – exercise 3 (a - d)

OBLIGATORY (complex transitive verb, V + Co)

OBLIGATORY (intensive verb, V + Cs)

OBLIGATORY (monotransitive verb, V + Od)

CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“explain” can be both transitive and intransitive)

PAGE 142 – exercise 3 (e - i)

CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“tell” can be both monotransitive and ditransitive)

OBLIGATORY (intensive verb, V + Cs)

CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“fly” can be both transitive and intransitive)

OPTIONAL

OPTIONAL

PAGE 143 – exercise 4 (a - e)

NO OPTIONAL ELEMENTS

NO OPTIONAL ELEMENTS

EITHER THE FIRST OR THE SECOND, BUT ONE HAS TO STAY

AMBIGUOUS, EITHER “FOR EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY” IS OPTIONAL, OR “A PRESENT FOR EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY” IS ONE BIG OBJECT

PAGE 143 – exercise 4 (f - j)

“FOR YEARS” IS OBLIGATORY BECAUSE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

EITHER THE FIRST OR THE SECOND, BUT ONE HAS TO STAY

PAGE 143 – exercise 5 (a - e)

V Cs = INTENSIVE

V Oi Od = DITRANSITIVE

V O Co = COMPLEX TRANSITIVE

V O (A) = MONOTRANSITIVE

V A (A) = INTENSIVE

PAGE 143 – exercise 6

1) S + V (DITRANSITIVE) + Oi + Od2) S + V (COMPLEX TRANSITIVE) + Od + Co

1) S + V (MONOTRANSITIVE) + Od2) S + V (INTENSIVE) + Cs

BASIC INFORMATION

NEGATION

GENERAL TYPES OF NEGATION

• CLAUSE NEGATION – the whole clause is syntactically treated as negative:– She’s not an attractive woman in any respect(, is she?)

• LOCAL NEGATION – one constituent (but not necessarily a clause element) is negated:– She’s a not unattractive woman in some ways. (NOT: in any respect)

• PREDICATION NEGATION – very rare, applies only after certain auxiliaries (often depends on pronunciation):– They may not go swimming. [=They are allowed not to go swimming]

NEGATION IS REALIZED THROUGH USE OF NEGATIVE ITEMS.

NEGATION via NEGATIVE ITEMS• The clause can be negated:– EITHER BY NEGATING THE VERB, – OR BY NEGATING OTHER SENTENCE ELEMENTS.

• Depending on what sentence element is being negated, it is necessary to use different negative items:– VERB NEGATION: the negative particle NOT is always used: He

does not dring. She is not a model wife.– NEGATION OF OTHER SENTENCE ELEMENTS can be achieved

using DIFFERENT NEGATIVE ITEMS:• Words negative in form and meaning: no, none, never, not• Word negative in meaning only (not negative in form): rarely, seldom,

scarcely, barely, little, few• VERBS, ADJECTIVE, PREPOSTIONS with IMPLIED NEGATIVE MEANING:

refuse, deny, fail; reluctant, unaware; without, against; unless

NEGATION: SCOPE OF NEGATION• The SCOPE OF NEGATION is the stretch of language

OVER WHICH THE NEGATIVE MEANING OPERATES AND WHERE NON-ASSERTIVE ITEMS MUST BE USED.

• The SCOPE OF NEGATION EXTENDS FROM THE NEGATIVE ITEM TO:– THE END OF THE CLAUSE (NOT NECESSARILY THE END OF

THE SENTENCE),– THE END OF THE NEGATED PHRASE (IF ONLY A SINGLE

PHRASE IS NEGATED), OR– THE BEGINNING OF THE FINAL ADJUNCT.

• WHY IS THIS SUCH A BIG DEAL?

The POSITION OF THE NEGATIVE ITEM may drastically INFLUENCE THE MEANING OF THE WHOLE

SENTENCE:

SCOPE OF NEGATION

• She definitely didn’t speak to him.= It is definite that she didn’t speak to him.

• She didn’t definitely speak to him.= It is not definite that she spoke to him.

PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (a-d)

THERE AREN’T ANY STUDENTS IN THE CLASSROOM YET.

I WOULDN’T LIKE TO GO ANYWHERE FAR AWAY.

WE CANNOT BE FRIENDS ANY MORE/ANY LONGER.

HE HAS NEVER/RARELY GIVEN ME ANY USEFUL ADVICE.

PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (e-h)

YOU CAN’T PARK EITHER ON THE LEFT OF RIGHT HERE.

THE WEATHER DOESN’T SEEM ANY BETTER.

SUSAN WILL NEVER MANAGE TO DO ANYTHING USEFUL.

THERE WAS NO CHANCE ANYBODY WOULD COME.

PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (i-l)

BILL WAS UNENTHUSIASTIC TO READ ANY OF THE BOOKS.

NO PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED LIKE THAT.

LITTLE OF THE FOOD WAS BAD.

THEY WON’T GO SHOPPING.

PAGE 146 – exercise 10

(REALLY,) I (REALLY) DON’T (REALLY) UNDERSTAND.

THAT (SIMPLY) IS (SIMPLY) NOT ACCEPTABLE.

I (DEFINITELY) DON’T (DEFINITELY) KNOW (DEFINITELY) WHAT ….

(EVEN) HE (EVEN) DOESN’T (EVEN) TRY (EVEN).

BASIC INFORMATION

SENTENCE TYPES AND DISCOURSE FUNCTION

Sentence types and discourse functions

PAGE 146 – exercise 11 (a-d)

WHAT IS HER NAME?

WHERE DOES SHE COME FROM?

DID SOMEONE CALL HER LAST NIGHT?

CAN’T YOU GIVE US ANY HELP?

PAGE 146 – exercise 11 (e-h)

YOU’VE GOT YOUR CAMERA WITH YOU?

SHALL WE TRAVEL BY BUS OR TRAIN?

HASN’T SHE GROWN!

IS THAT A REASON FOR DESPAIR?

THE ENDThank you for your time!