simple inheritance, pedigrees, & karyotypes pedigrees similar to family trees graphica graphic...
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Simple Inheritance, Pedigrees, & Karyotypes
Pedigrees
•Similar to family trees
•A graphicgraphic representation of genetic inheritance
Pedigree Symbols
Female
Male
Carrier
Female
Affected
Female
Carrier
Male
Affected
Male
Mating
Example of Pedigree
Simple Recessively Inherited Disorders
• Disorder only seen if two recessivetwo recessive alleles are inherited.
Cystic Fibrosis
• Leads to excess amounts• of mucus in the digestive and respiratory tract• Can be treated
Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Proteins on blood are changed, thus changing the shape of the blood
• Abnormal red blood cells they are shaped like a sickle, or half –moon.
Tay-Sachs Disease
•Leads to lipidslipids accumulating in the central central nervous systemnervous system
•Children with disease can can not controlnot control their bodily functions (muscles)
Tay-Sachs Diseaseproblem breaking down lipids; change diet to fix
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Body can’t break down an enzyme found in milk; causes nerve damage
• PKU children appear normalappear normal at first• Leads to the build up of the amino
acid: phenylalaninephenylalanine • Can lead to mental retardationmental retardation
Albinism
• lacking melanin in skin
Dominantly Inherited Traits
•Trait or Disorder seen if one dominant allele inherited
Different Dominantly Inherited Traits
• Free Earlobes
• Hitchhiker’s Thumb
Cleft ChinWidow’s Peak
Polydactyly – presence of more than 5 fingers and toes
Huntington’s Disease
• Dominantly Inherited
• Neurological disorder that Neurological disorder that causes causes lack of muscular controllack of muscular control
• Onset around age 30
Sex-Linked Traits
• Traits determined by genes carried on
the sex chromosomes (X-chromosome)
• Ex: colorblindness, hemophilia,
muscular dystrophy
Red-Green Color Blindness
• Common in males
• People who have red-green color blindness can’t differentiate these two colors
What
Colors
Do
You
See?
Hemophilia
• More common in males
• Causes a problem with blood clotting
Carrier: anindividual heterozygous for a specifictrait…(carriesthe trait can pass to theiroffspring)
Chromosomal Mutations
• Mutation: change in the DNA• Nondisjunction: chromatids or
homologous chromosomes stick together instead of separating…they do not disjoin or come apart
• Trisomy: has one extra chromosome
• Monosomy: missing one chromosome
Nondisjunction
•Turner Syndrome – XO (missing sex chromosome)Klinefelter’s Syndrome XXY
malesXYY Condition
•Down Syndrome – trisomy 21 (extra chromosome on 21st)
Tests to Detect Inherited Disorders
AmniocentiesisUltrasoundFetoscopy
Karyotypes
• Chart of chromosomes used to diagnosis chromosomal disorders.
• Chromosomes are arranged in order from the largest to the smallest
• Also used to determine gender
Example Karyotype