signal and system lecture note 1
DESCRIPTION
By Assist. Prof. Dr. Rong RanTRANSCRIPT
Signals and Systems (C010-6)
Assist. Prof. Dr. Rong Ran
2015.fall
What is a signal?
A signal is a quantitative description of a physical phenomenon, event or process. Electrical current or voltage in a circuit .
Daily closing value of share of stock last week.
Audio signal.
A signal is a function, usually of one variable of time. However, in general, signal can be functions of more than one variable, e.g., image signals.
Signal Types
In this class we are interested in two types of signals: Continuous-time signal x(t), where t is a real-valued variable denoting time.
We use parenthesis (.) to denote a continuous-time signal.
Discrete-time signal x[n], where n is an integer-valued variable denoting the discrete samples of time. We use square brackets [.] to denote a discrete-time signal.
Decimation & Expansion
Two standard discrete-time signal processing operations Decimation
M is called the decimation factor.
Expansion
L is called the expansion factor
Question 2
Suppose x(t) is periodic. Is y(t)=x(at) periodic if a>0? And what is the fundamental period of y(t)?
Suppose x[n] is periodic. Is y[n]=x[mn] periodic ? And what is the fundamental period of y[n]?
Even and odd signals
Definition A continuous-time signal x(t) is even if x(-t)=x(t), and it is odd if x(-t)=-x(t);
A discrete-time signal x[n] is odd if x[-n]=x[n], and it is odd if x[-n]=-x[n].
Discrete-time Impulse and step func-tions
The discrete-time unit impulse signal is defined as
The discrete-time unit step signal is defined as
It can be shown that
Continuous-time impulse and step function
The dirac delta function is defined as
The unit step function is defined as
Fundamentals of systems
A system is a quantitative description of a physical process which transforms signals (“input”) to signals (“output”).
System Properties
Memoryless : A system is memoryless if the output at time t (or n) depends only on the input at time t (or n). y(t)=2x(t) ?
y[ n]=4x[n]?
y[n]=x[n-1]?
Invertible : A system is invertible if distinct input signals produce distinct output signals To show that a system is invertible, one has to show the inversion formula
To show that a system is not invertible, one has to given a counter example
Cont.
Causal : A system is causal if the output at time t (or n) depends only on inputs at time (s<=t) (i.e., the present and past) y[n]=x[n-1] ?
y[n]=x[n]+x[n-2] ?
y[n]=x[-n] ?
y(t)=x(t)cos(t+1) ? Memoryless?
Stable
Cont.
Time-invariant : A system is time-invariant if a time-shift of the input signal results in the same time-shift of the output signal. That is, if