Short history of scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) research in Latvia with notes onhistorical records of Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954) and species described byBiruta Rasiņa

Arturs Stalažs*

Unit of Plant Pathology and Entomology, Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, Graudu iela 1, Dobele, Dobeles nov., LV-3701,Latvia

(Received 16 January 2014; accepted 13 March 2014)

Although yew scale insects Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954) have been known in the fauna of Latviafor more than 35 years already, this species has been recently reported as the first record for Estonia and Latvia. Histori-cally, P. pomeranicum was first recorded in Latvia in 1972 by Amands Rupais. As there are no reasons for not trustingRupais, this article presents a comprehensive bibliographical list of P. pomeranicum in the fauna of Latvia. To date,P. pomeranicum is confirmed for Latvia from two sites – Salaspils and Saulkrasti. Other literature data onP. pomeranicum in Latvia are general, without exact information on its distribution. Additionally, the history of scaleinsect research in Latvia is reviewed and the destiny of scale insect material including the species described by BirutaRasiņa is discussed.

Nesenai pasirodė pranešimas, kad kukmedžių skydamariai Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954) Estijoje irLatvijoje pastebėti pirmą kartą, tačiau iš tikrųjų Latvijos faunoje ši rūšis yra užregistruota prieš daugiau kaip 35 metus.Iš šios vabzdžių rūšies tyrinėjimų istorijos yra žinoma, kad pirmą kartą Latvijoje P. pomeranicum užregistravo AmandsRupais 1972 metais ir pagrindo juo nepasitikėti nėra. P. pomeranicum Latvijoje buvo aptikti tik dviejose vietovėse – Sal-aspilyje (Salaspils) ir Saulkrastuose (Saulkrasti). Kiti mokslinėje literatūroje publikuoti duomenys apie P. pomeranicumyra bendro pobūdžio, be tikslios informacijos apie paplitimą. Straipsnyje apžvelgta skydamarių tyrimų Latvijoje istorija,aptariama skydamarių tyrimo medžiagos, įskaitant Birutės Rasinos (Biruta Rasiņa) aprašytas rūšis, likimas, pateiktas išsa-mus P. pomeranicum registravimo Latvijoje bibliografinis sąrašas.

Keywords: Acanthococcus; Atrococcus; Greenisca; Pseudococcus; Trionymus; type material

Introduction

Although the diversity of scale insects has been studiedin Latvia since the first part of the twentieth centuryalready (Jons (John) 1928, 1930, 1931; Spuris 1966,1974), the full list of all species in the Latvian fauna hasnever been published. It was only recently that Malum-phy and Ostrauskas (2008, 2013) attempted to preparethe first checklists of scale insects of Latvia. The firstchecklist containing 57 species (Malumphy andOstrauskas 2008) is based mainly on the works pub-lished by B. Rasiņa, with no other publications issued inLatvia being cited. As Malumphy and Ostrauskas (2008)did not make reference to publications by other authors,some scale insect species, e.g. Parthenolecaniumpomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954), are not included in thechecklist. The second checklist containing 64 species(Malumphy and Ostrauskas 2013) was prepared withoutliterature citations and therefore it is not possible toverify historical data. Moreover, Malumphy and Ostraus-kas (2013) reported P. pomeranicum to be the first recordfor Estonia and Latvia. Both checklists include speciesliving in the wild and indoors. To date, according to theinformation from 62 reviewed literature sources

published since the first part of the twentieth century, 69species are known in the Latvian fauna of scale insects(in the wild and indoors) (A. Stalažs, unpublished data).In the current paper, I present additional material on Lat-vian scale insects and the history of their research aswell as the amendment to mistakes introduced inMalumphy and Ostrauskas’ publications (2008, 2013).

History of scale insect research in Latvia

Some brief information on the history of scale faunaresearch in Latvia was already mentioned by Rasiņa andSpuris (Rasiņa 1955; Spuris 1956, 1966, 1974). The firstinformation on two scale insects species in Latvia datesback to the eighteenth century (Rasiņa 1955). The firstdetailed studies of the Latvian scale insect fauna werecarried out by Jons (John) (1928, 1930, 1931). In thefirst part of the twentieth century, the information onsome scale insect species was also included in reports ofLatvian Institute for Plant Protection (today Latvia PlantProtection Centre) (Anonymous 1937, 1938, 1939), andin reviews of cultivated plant pests (Eglītis et al. 1931,1933, 1937, 1943; Ozols 1948). Since the middle of the

*Email: arturs.stalazs@lvai.lv

© 2014 Nature Research Centre

Zoology and Ecology, 2014Vol. 24, No. 3, 256–260, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21658005.2014.909156

twentieth century, notable contributions to scale insectresearch have been made by Rasiņa (1955, 1957, 1959,1960, 1966, 1972) and Vainovska, Rasiņa, and Rasiņa(1983). The diversity of scale insects as pests of culti-vated plants was also studied by other scientists. Rupaisworked in the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Lat-vian SSR (today National Botanical Garden of Latvia)and studied pests of ornamental woody plants, especiallysucking insects (Spuņģis 2008b). Together with his col-leagues, he published several articles and books whichalso contained some information on scale insects (Rupais1959a, 1959b, 1960a, 1960b, 1962; Baumane et al.1972; Rupais 1976, 1981, 1999; Velce and Rupais1979). Some of Rupais’ works include data on pests ofornamental woody plants in neighbouring countries – Es-tonia, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Region of the Rus-sian Federation. Priedītis (1965, 1971, 1995) studied thediversity of apple pests and reported six scale insectsincluding Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret,1873). Ozoliņa (1984) studied pests of roses occurring inthe National Botanical Garden and reported Aulacaspisrosae (Bouché, 1833). In his review of pine and sprucepests in forests, Ozols (1985) lists three scale insect

species – Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank, 1776),Leucaspis lowi Colvee, 1882 and Physokermes piceae(Schrank, 1801). A total of 13 scale insect species havebeen reported from the territory of the Gauja NationalPark (Pilāts 2007) and Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus,1758) has been reported to be inhabiting habitats ofraised bogs (Spuņģis 2008a). Recently, after a longerbreak, targeted studies on the Latvian fauna of scaleinsects have been undertaken by Malumphy and Ostraus-kas (2008, 2013). However, only some records are avail-able on a great number of scale insect species and theirdistribution characteristics are not clear. Some speciesassociated with woody plants, especially pests of differ-ent fruit plants, have been reported or studied for manytimes and their citations in publications exceed 10 times(Table 1).

P. pomeranicum in Latvia

P. pomeranicum is highly specialised and is associatedwith yews (Taxus) (Rupais 1976, 1981, 1999; Malumphyand Ostrauskas 2013). P. pomeranicum was first reportedfor the Latvian fauna by Rupais (1976) (Figure 1) withthe earliest records dating back to 1972. Malumphy andOstrauskas (2008) did not include P. pomeranicum in thefirst checklist of the Latvian fauna of scale insects. The

Table 1. Scale insects of the Latvian fauna mentioned more than 10 times (source: A. Stalažs, unpublished data).

Species Recorded citations

Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) 47Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché, 1844) 37Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1758) 34Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret, 1875) 17Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus, 1758) 17Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758) 15Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801) 14Gossyparia spuria (Modeer, 1778) 13Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893) 13

Figure 1. Drawings of P. pomeranicum in the original A. Ru-pais’s study (Rupais 1976, 265).

Figure 2. P. pomeranicum on yew (Taxus sp.), Salaspils,National Botanical Garden of Latvia (© Photo: R. Strelčūns2011 in Rupais, Stalažs, and Strelčūns [2014], reproduced bypermission of RPD Science, Latvia).

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occurrence of P. pomeranicum in Salaspils (the territoryof the National Botanical Garden) was confirmed in2011 (Figure 2). The distribution of P. pomeranicum inother parts of the country is not documented, and theonly information available on the species distribution isgeneral – “rare” (Rupais 1976, 1999).

Bibliographical data on P. pomeranicum in Latvia

P. pomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954)Rupais (1976, generally: rare; Salaspils – highly

dense populations in 1972 and in 1973); Rupais (1981,

1999, rare); Plīse (2007); Malumphy and Ostrauskas(2013) (Saulkrasti); Rupais, Stalažs, and Strelčūns (2014).

Scale insects described by Biruta Rasiņa and thedestiny of type material

Rasiņa (1966, 1971) described a total of eight scale insectspecies (Table 2). Three of the names given to these spe-cies by Rasiņa are junior synonyms – Pseudococcus alfre-dii Rasiņa, 1966 = Atrococcus paludinus (Green, 1921),Pseudococcus borchsenii Rasiņa, 1966 = Atrococcus

Table 2. Scale insects described by B. Rasiņa.

Pseudococcidae

Atrococcus zirnitsi (Rasiņa, 1966)(Rasiņa, 1966): 15Original designation: Pseudococcus zirnitsiType locality: Pūre (Latvia), 12 June 1950, under the stone near ant heap entranceType material: LostStatus: Valid species namePseudococcus alfredii (Rasiņa, 1966)(Rasiņa, 1966): 4Type locality: Tērvete (Latvia), 25 July 1952, on Rubus saxatilisType material: LostStatus: Synonym of Atrococcus paludinus (Green, 1921)Pseudococcus borchsenii (Rasiņa, 1966)(Rasiņa, 1966): 7Type locality: Vaivari, Jūrmala (Latvia), 4 August 1948, on Melampyrum pratenseType material: LostStatus: Synonym of Atrococcus cracens Williams, 1962Trionymus latvicus (Rasiņa, 1966)(Rasiņa, 1966): 10Original designation: Pseudococcus latvicusType locality: Sloka (Latvia), 7 July 1953, on Poaceae gen. sp.Type material: LostStatus: Verification is neededTrionymus paludicola (Rasiņa, 1966)(Rasiņa, 1966): 12Original designation: Pseudococcus paludicolaType locality: Babīte (Latvia), 5 August 1948, on moss in bogType material: LostStatus: Verification is neededTrionymus pseudoperrisii (Rasiņa, 1971)(Rasiņa, 1971): 3Original designation: Pseudococcus pseudoperrisiiType locality: Bārta (Latvia), 13 August 1948, on Luzula pilosaType material: LostStatus: Verification is neededEriococcidaeAcanthococcus baldonensis (Rasiņa, 1966)(Rasiņa, 1966): 18Type locality: Baldone (Latvia), 3 August 1948, on the berry of Vaccinium vitis-idaeaType material: LostStatus: Valid species nameGreenisca baltica (Rasiņa, 1966)(Rasiņa, 1966): 21Type localities: Jūrmala (Latvia), 4 August 1948, on Festuca rubra; paratypes: Sloka (Latvia), 2 July

1952, on Festuca rubra, Engure (Latvia), 2 July 1952, on Elymus arenarius, Vīnakalns,Sabile (Latvia), 9 August 1947, on Sedum acre (?)

Type material: LostStatus: Synonym of Greenisca glyceriae (Green, 1921)

258 A. Stalažs

cracens Williams, 1962, Greenisca baltica Rasiņa, 1966=Greenisca glyceriae (Green, 1921). All Rasiņa’s typematerial has been lost (I. Lielmane and R. Rancāne,personal communication) and neotype designation of thevalid species is necessary. Type localities are shown inFigure 3.

The validity of three species – Trionymus latvicus(Rasiņa, 1966), Trionymus paludicola (Rasiņa, 1966)and Trionymus pseudoperrisii (Rasiņa, 1971) is question-able as type material is lost and original descriptions andfigures are incomplete. Moreover, the genus Trionymusitself needs revising at least within the range of the Palae-arctic region. The third species, T. pseudoperrisii, seemsto be a junior synonym of the widespread polymorphicTrionymus perrisii (Signoret, 1875), because the differ-ences pointed out by Rasiņa (1971) do not exceed thelimits of the usual individual variability in mealybugs(I. A. Gavrilov-Zimin, personal communication).

AcknowledgementsThe author would like to express gratitude to the followingpeople: Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin for helpful comments, IrēnaLielmane and Regīna Rancāne for the provided information onthe destiny of B. Rasiņa’s scale insect collection. This studywas partly supported by the Grants: ERAF No. 2010/0317/2DP/2.1.1.1.0/10/APIA/VIAA/142 and ELFLA No. 211211/C-120.

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Figure 3. Type localities of scale insect types and paratypesfor taxons described by B. Rasiņa. 1 – Bārta (Pseudococcuspseudoperrisii), 2 – Sabile (G. baltica), 3 – Pūre (Pseudococcuszirnitsi), 4 – Engure (G. baltica), 5 – Sloka, Jūrmala (G. baltica,Pseudococcus latvicus), 6 – Vaivari, Jūrmala (P. borchsenii), 7 –Jūrmala (G. baltica), 8 – Babīte (P. paludicola), 9 – Baldone(Acanthococcus baldonensis), 10 – Tērvete (P. alfredii).

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