short cut and autotrophic nitrogen removal from liquid wastes · short‐cut and autotrophic...
TRANSCRIPT
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1
DICADICAEnvironmental section
Short‐cut and autotrophic nitrogen
Ficara E
removal from liquid wastes
Malpei F., Canziani R., Scaglione D., Teli A.
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Summary 2
•N emissions: environmental and sanitary concerns
•Biological N removal technologies•Biological N removal technologies
•The past: The N old style N cycle conventional WWTP
•The present: New processes innovative WWTP
oThe BRAIN projectoThe BRAIN project
•The future: cold anammox, N recovery
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N emissions: environmental and sanitary concerns 3
ENVIRONMENTAL:
• N in water bodies:• N in water bodies: eutrophication toxicity to aquatic organisms toxicity to aquatic organisms
• N in gaseous emissions:NH3 f fi ti l t d f ti NH3: precursor for fine particulate secondary formation
N2O: green house gas (GWP ≈ 300)
SANITARY:• Nitrate favour formation of toxic compounds in the intestinal
tracktrack• blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia)
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N emissions: Legislation 4
• DIRETTIVA NITRATI 91/676/CEE
LEGISLATION: protection of water quality from excess nitrogen
European • Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC• DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 152/99: Disposizioni sulla tutela delle
d ll'
National
acque dall'inquinamento• LEGGE REGIONALE 37/93: Norme per il trattamento, la maturazione e l’utilizzo dei reflui zootecnici”
• Decreto MIpaf 7 aprile 2006 Criteri e norme tecniche per laNational • Decreto MIpaf 7 aprile 2006: Criteri e norme tecniche per la disciplina regionale sulle attività di utilizzazione agronomica degli effluenti di allevamento e delle acque reflue
D 5868 d l 21/11/2007 P d’A i Ni i
Regional
• D.g.r. 5868 del 21/11/2007: Programma d’Azione Nitrati • D.g.r. 2208 del 14/09/2011: Programma d'Azione Nitrati 2012 per le zone vulnerabili
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Sensitive areas across Europe 5
‐ Sensitive areas :
Nitrogen removal technologies (biological)‐ Nitrogen removal technologies (biological)
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N emission limits 6
• 152/99, Allegato 5, Tabella 2:
Max N concentration in treated wastewaters:‐ Max N concentration in treated wastewaters:10 mg/L for larg plants (>100.000 IE)
15 /L f di l t (10 000 100 000 IE)15 mg/L for medium plants (10.000‐100.000 IE)
• Max N load to land spreading: 170 kgN/ha/y
Need for Nitrogen removal technologiesg gfrom N‐reach wastewaters
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7Conventional WWTPs – the old N‐cycle
Implementing the conventional cycle:
NITRIFICATION ammonia o idation firstN‐fixation
•NITRIFICATION: ammonia oxidation first to nitrite and then to nitrate Chemolitotrophic aerobic bacteria Chemolitotrophic aerobic bacteria AOBAOB
N2NH4
pp(AOB ammonia oxidising bactera +(AOB ammonia oxidising bactera +NOB NOB Nitrite oxidising Bacteria)Nitrite oxidising Bacteria)
AOBAOB
NOBNOB
NO2‐
•DENITRIFICATION Nitrate/nitrite reduction to N2 with concomitant
NOBNOBNO3
‐
oxidation of biodegradable organic compounds Heterotrophic facultative bacteria (denitrifiers)Heterotrophic facultative bacteria (denitrifiers)
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8Conventional WWTPs
Implementing the conventional cycle:
Nitrification: 2 NH3 + (3+1) O2 2 NO3‐ + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
Denitrification: 2 NO3‐ + 8g COD + 2 H+ N2 + 3g SLUDGE
2 NH ‐ + 4 O + 4 COD N + 3g SLUDGE
N‐fixation
N22 NH3 + 4 O2 + 4 COD N2 + 3g SLUDGE
Needs: Aeration energ
AOBAOB
NH4
‐ Aeration = energy‐ Degradable organic compounds
(BOD)NOBNOB
NO2‐
(BOD)Sludge production (disposal costs)
NO3‐
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9Conventional WWTPs
DENITRIFICATIONNitrification+
BOD OXIDATIONS/L
BODNH3
BODNH3
NO3‐ NO3
‐
air
NO3‐
NH4+
DigesterNH4 S/L
Sludgedisposal
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10Conventional WWTPs
Cortegrande WWTP treating Robecco WWTP treatingCortegrande WWTP treating piggery wastewater
Robecco WWTP treating domestic wastewater
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11Conventional WWTPs
Sequencying batch reactors (Time instread of spacial sequence)
Implementing the conventional cycle: the activated sludge unit
Influent
idle
Waste sludge
Fill Mixing
Effluent
Air
Anoxic (mix only) or aerobic (+ air)
Draw
Settling
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The ‘new’ nitrogen cycle 12
Anammox bacteria, the new players!Order: PlanctomycetalesCharacteristic feat reCharacteristic feature:
intracellular compartment, ladderanes
Genetic Diversity:Brocadia Kuenenia (fresh water: several WWTP’s)‐Brocadia, Kuenenia (fresh water: several WWTP’s)‐Scalindua (marine conditions: Black sea, Golfo dulce)
Anaerobic & Autotrophic (extremely low growth rate)Minimal doubling time = 1 week
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The ‘new’ nitrogen cycle 13
Anammox bacteria, the new players!• 1979: Predicted in (based on thermodynamics + evolution)• 1988 Pilot at Gist brocades Delft ith “ ne pected nitro en loss”• 1988: Pilot at Gist brocades Delft with “unexpected nitrogen loss”• 1995: Discovered by Mulder/Kuenen in Delft• 1998: description of anammox bacteria• 2002 First full scale anammox reactor
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The ‘new’ nitrogen cycle 14
Anammox bacteria, the new players!
Catabolism: NH + + NO ‐ N + 2 H OCatabolism: NH4+ + NO2 N2 + 2 H2O
Anabolism: CO2 + 2 NO2‐ CH2O + 2 NO3
‐
NH4+ + 1.3 NO2
‐ + 0.066 HCO3‐ + 0.15 H+
1 N + 0 3 NO ‐ + 2 H O + 0 066 CH O N1 N2 + 0.3 NO3‐ + 2 H2O + 0.066 CH2O0,5N0,15
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15The ‘new’ treatment options
NITRITATION + DENITRITATION
DENO2 PROCESS
PARTIAL NITRITATION + ANAMMOX
PARNIT + ANAMMOX
N‐fixation
N2NH
N‐fixation
N2
ANAMMOX
NH4 NH4
NO2‐
NO2‐
Objective: stop the nitrification at the first step (AOB)
NO3‐
NO3‐
1.5 times cheaper than
NOBNOB NOBNOB
the first step (AOB) ‐25% O2 need and ‐40% C need
conventional biological treatments
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16The ‘new’ versus the ‘old’
PARNIT + ANAMMOXNitritation: NH3 + 1.5 O2 NO2
‐ + H+ + H2O3 2 2 2
Anammox: NO2‐ + NH3 + H+ N2 + 2 H2O
2 NH3‐ + 1.5 O2 N2
NITRIFICATION + DENITRIFICATION2 NH ‐ + 4 O + 4 COD N + 3g SLUDGE1.5 times cheaper than conventional
b l l
2 NH3‐ + 4 O2 + 4 COD N2 + 3g SLUDGE
biological treatments
The field of applicability is still to be fully defined: pp y yAnammox are sensitive microrganisms …
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17The WWTP ‘upgrade’
APPLICATION IN SIDE STREAM TREATMENT
DENITRIFICATIONNitrification+
BOD OXIDATIONS/L
BODNH3
BODNH3
NO3‐ NO3
‐
NO3‐
N2
air
NO3‐
NH4+
N2
DigesterPARNITAnammox
NH4 S/L
Sludge disposal
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The biogas contest: AD + anammox = green wedding? 18
Anaerobic digestion is largely applied in Pianura Padana
Digestate is rich in N (ammonium) LAND SHORTAGE to comply withDigestate is rich in N (ammonium) LAND SHORTAGE to comply withthe Nitrate Directive 91/676/EEC
Technological solutions to reduce nitrogen load are neededg g
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Biotechnologies for the nitrogen reduction from digestates by applying innovative processes and to promote economic andapplying innovative processes and to promote economic and environmental sustainability of biogas production
Biotecnologie per la Riduzione dell’Azoto dai digestati con processi INnovativi eBiotecnologie per la Riduzione dell Azoto dai digestati con processi INnovativi e per promuovere la sostenibilità economica ed ambientale della produzione del biogas
•Funded: MiPAF Italian Ministery for Agricolture and Forestry •Time table: Started: July 2010, End: December 2012C di t POLIMI C f C P f F M l i•Coordinator: POLIMI, Campus of Cremona, Prof. Francesca Malpei•Partners: POLIMI, University of Florence, Prof. Claudio Lubello
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Task 2 @pilot scale
Task 1Technological tasks
DENO2 Nitritation+ Denitritation
Task 1
Agrowastes Centrifuge
Solids to composting
Task 3: Anammox@LabAnaerobicdigester
Task 4: @pilot scaleTask 5: LCA e economic evaluations
Partial Nitritiation
Task 6: Transferability – SWOT analysis, transferability of industrial‐scale;Task 7: Involvement of stakeholders
20
+ Anammox
Task 7: Involvement of stakeholders, disclosure and publication.
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The BRAIN project 21
Technical research objectives:
• Evaluation of DENO2 process stability andefficiency (PILOT) when treating the liquidfraction of agricultural digestatefraction of agricultural digestate
• Evaluation of complete autotrophic process(Partial Nitritation + ANAMMOX) long termt bilit (PILOT LAB/PILOT) t ti th li idstability (PILOT + LAB/PILOT) treating the liquidfraction of agricultural digestate
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Experimentation – context 22
screw pressf +
Flotation
PIGGERY WASTE
Conventional WWTPfarm
(20.000 pigs)
PIGGERY WASTE32 ‐ 100%VS (60±12%)
ENERGY CROPS0 ‐ 51%VS (15±16%)
Anaerobicdigester
Centrifuge
POULTRY MANURE
g
0 ‐ 37%VS (15±11%) FIELD
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Experimentation – context 23
PIGGERY WASTE32 ‐ 100%VS (60±12%)
ENERGY CROPS0 ‐ 51%VS (15±16%)
Anaerobicdigester
Centrifuge
POULTRY MANURE
d geste
Range Mean ± St. dev.
Digested supernatant
POULTRY MANURE0 ‐ 37%VS (15±11%)
Range Mean ± St. dev.
N‐NH4 mgN/L 619 ‐ 1 616 1 151 ± 251COD mg/L 1 325 ‐ 7 500 2 634 ± 1 178
/ /COD/N g/g 0.9 ‐ 6.3 2.2 ± 1.2High variability due to:‐ variations in piggery waste productionchanges in substrates fed to AD‐ changes in substrates fed to AD
‐ unstable digester efficiency
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DENO2 PROCESS – Pilot plant 24
Buffer tank
SBR reactor Typical parameters
Vmax SBR 660 680 LControl system
Vmax SBR 660‐680 LTemperature 25‐30°C
pH (min – max) 7.5 – 8.5
Dissolved oxygen 0.5 mg/L O2
Cycle Length 6 hours
Feed +Anoxic AerationAnoxic Post‐aerationSettling+DischargeCycle phases
1.25 3.00 0.80 0.20 0.75
0 00 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00
Period VI (169‐204)
Settling+DischargeCycle phases
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Time [h] Cext (acetate)
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DENO2 PROCESS – Operation & Results 25
ParameterPeriod 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6
I start upInfluent variation
II start upSteady state
Influent variation
T 25°C
Exp. days 0 ‐ 28 29 ‐ 78 79 ‐ 105 106 ‐ 134 135 ‐ 168 169 ‐ 204
NLR (gN/Lreact/d) 0.50 ± 0.12 0.34 ± 0.06 0.31 ± 0.08 0.44 ± 0.03 0.44 ± 0.10 0.52 ± 0.04HRT (d) 2 ‐ 3 3 ‐ 4 2 ‐ 4 2 2 2‐3
SRT (d) 4 ‐ 5 3 ‐ 4 20 ‐ 40 20 ‐ 25 25 ‐ 30 18 ‐ 25
Eff. N rem (%) 63±19 32±25 54±16 77±19 66±7 80±12
Stable NOB activity suppression: rapidly achieved, 80‐85 % NO2/NOx produced
Working at high SRT (20‐25d) allowed to cope with influent variability (COD/N):NH4 removal from 60‐70% to 90‐95%
DENO2 process in SBR configuration is a technically feasible option to treat liquid fraction of agricultural digestate despite the high influent variability
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DENO2 PROCESS – process insight 26
N2O emissions
Sampling
Feed +Anoxic AerationAnoxic Post‐aerationSettling+Discharge
gas‐bag
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time [h]
• Off‐gas sampling during the first 60min of aeration• GC determination of NO concentration• Mass balances to compute the relevance of N2O emissions
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DENO2 PROCESS – Results 27
Off‐gas sampling during the first 60min of aeration
Feed +Anoxic AerationFeed +Anoxic AerationAnoxic Post‐aerationSettling+Discharge
Factors related to high N2O emissions N O emitted:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Time [h]
(Kampschreur et al. 2009, Wunderlin et al. 2012):
‐ Low C/N during denitrification (1.6‐1.3)‐ High nitrite concentration
N2O emitted:17‐24% of the N removed
Under non limiting BOD High nitrite concentration‐ Low dissolved oxygen concentration‐ Rapidly changing operating conditions
gavailability:3% of the N removed
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28Complete autotrophic treatment
i dPILOT
NITRITATION/DENITRITATION
Digestedsupernatant
LABANAMMOX
PILOT PILOTPARTIAL NITRITATION ANAMMOX
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PARNIT 29
Same pilot plant
•Parameters:HRT = 2.0 d, NLR = 0 5‐0 6 gN/L/dNLR = 0.5‐0.6 gN/L/d6 h cycle (45 min FILL, 3.5 h AEROBIC REACT (included FILL), 30 min
h )SETTLE+DRAW, 1 h IDLE)
•Ammonium oxidation controlled by reducing the influent alkalinity•Ammonium oxidation controlled by reducing the influent alkalinity(acid dosage) to obtain the optimal ratio:
Alk : N‐NH + = 1 : 1Alk : N‐NH4 = 1 : 1
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PARNIT results 30
Influent characteristics
TKN mg/L 1590 ±10%NH4 N /L 1225± 16%NH4‐N mg/L 1225± 16%
CODsol mg/L 2348 ± 50%BOD5sol mg/L 500 ± 48%BOD20 sol mg/L 620 ± 37%
pH ‐ 8,1 ± 1%Conductivity (mS/cm) 14,7 ± 8%
VSS mg/L 274 ± 45%TSS mg/L 326 ± 54%
Alkalinity mgCaCO3/L 6333 ± 11%Alkalinity mgCaCO3/L 6333 ± 11%
NH4/alk mol/mol 0,70± 13%
• Variability of the content and degradability of organic compoundsVariability of the content and degradability of organic compounds
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PARNIT results 31
PARNIT effluent
BOD degradation
IN OUTIN OUTCODsol mg/L 2348 ± 50% 1324 ±35%BOD5sol mg/L 500 ± 48% 25 ±60%BOD sol m /L 620 ± 37% 49± 53%BOD20sol mg/L 620 ± 37% 49± 53%
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PARNIT results 32
PARNIT effluent: NITROGEN
IN OUTTKN mg/L 1590 ±10% 486 ±35%
N‐NH4 mg/L 1225± 16% 452 ±28%N‐NO2 mg/L n.d. 570±27%
5,00
6,00g/
N‐NO3 mg/L n.d. 13± 30%
2 00
3,00
4,00
‐NO2/N‐NH4
0 00
1,00
2,00N‐
N‐NO2/N‐NH4 = 1.26Suitable to feed
Anammox reactor 0,000 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time (days)Time (days)
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ANAMMOX Lab‐reactors 33
inoculum FEED:
•synthetic medium + DENO2 effluent DENO2 effluent + NH4Cl, NaNO2
Parameter SBR MBRVolume (L) Min: 5 ‐Max: 6.8 6.2
12h = 9h FEED + 2.5h Flux: 5 L /m2/hOperating conditions REACT + 5min SETTLE +
25min DRAW+IDLEGas scouring: 5 L/minRelaxation : 2:1 min
Initial biomass concentration (gSV/L) 2.8 2.4HRT (d) 2.5 ±0.5 2HRT (d) 2.5 ±0.5 2
SRT (d) from 60 to 150 [average 75]
from 100 to 300 [average 225]
Ni L di R NLR ( N L 1 d 1) 0 51 0 18 0 43 0 10Nitrogen Loading Rate NLR (gN L‐1 d‐1) 0.51 ±0.18 0.43 ±0.10
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ANAMMOX Lab‐reactors 34
Loading plan
Experimental period (d)
DENO2 effluent (% v/v)
0‐43 00 43 044‐52 1053‐69 Summer break (biomass at 4°C)70 84 070‐84 085‐90 1091‐106 25107‐116 40119‐162 70163‐169 100170‐172 0
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ANAMMOX Lab‐reactors 35
Reactors monitoring:
Activity batch tests in the reactor to estimate the maximumActivity batch tests in the reactor to estimate the maximum nitrogen removal rate (NRRmax) of SBR and MBR
100
150NO2 NH4 NO2+NH4
50
100
mgN
L‐1
00 20 40 60 80 100
t (min)
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Anammox removal efficiency 36
100
120
%)
NH4+NO2 removal efficiency SBR
MBR
40
60
80NRR
/NLR
(%
0
20
0 10 25 40 70 100
N
% DENO2 effluent in the feed
• Similar removal efficiency
• Increased ΔN‐NO2/ Δ N‐NH4 when operating at 100% real WW 2/ 4 p g(increased COD load, denitrification)
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Results – Anammox removal stoichiometry 37
2 0
SBR NO2/NH4 SBR NO3/NH4
MBR NO2/NH4 MBR NO3/NH4
1 01,21,41,61,82,0
ratio
[‐]
Theoretical
0 00,20,40,60,81,0
molar r Theoretical
stoichiometricratios
0,00 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
time (d)
• Lower ΔN‐NO2/ Δ N‐NH4 in MBR (O2 permeation, nitritation)• Increased ΔN‐NO2/ Δ N‐NH4 when operating at 100% real WW 2/ 4 p g(increased COD load, denitrification)
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Results – NRRmax 38
SBR MBR
100%
120%
ater 5
6
d‐1]
% real waste water NLR NRRmax
100%
120%
ater
2
2.5
d‐1]
% real waste water NLR NRRmax
SBR MBR
40%
60%
80%
% re
al waste wa
2
3
4
, NRR
max [g
N L
‐1
40%
60%
80%
% re
al waste wa
1
1.5
2
, NRR
max [g
N L
‐1d
0%
20%
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
time (d)
0
1
NLR
,
0%
20%
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
time (d)
0
0.5
NLR
time (d) time (d)
Maximum Nitrogen Removal Rate (NRRmax):• Initial decrease in SBR (detachment & wash‐out of active anammox bacteria from granules)• Increase with increasing % of real WW up to 70% (to 5.6 gN L‐1 d‐1 in the SBR and of 2.0 gN L‐1 d‐1 in the MBR)Fi d @ 75% l WW ( f 4 d @ 15°C f d)• First drop @ 75% real WW (after 4 days @ 15°C, no feed)
• Second drop @ 100% real WW
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ANAMMOX lab 39
ANAMMOX – lab
Second experimental campagn on SBR only
FEED: PARNIT effluent + synthetic wastewater
NLR % real ww
70%80%90%100%
0,70,80,91,0
w/d
Since february 2013 NO DILUTION of
20%30%40%50%60%
0 20,30,40,50,6
% real ww
NLR gN
/L/
PARNIT effluent
0%10%20%
0,00,10,2
0 50 100 150 200 250time (days)time (days)
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ANAMMOX lab 40
ANAMMOX ‐ lab
Nitrogen removal efficiency
80%
90%
100%
0 8
0,9
1,0
%)
N removal efficiency % real ww fraction
50%
60%
70%
80%
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
ww fractio
n
al efficiency (%
20%
30%
40%
0,2
0,3
0,4
% re
al w
N re
mov
a
0%
10%
0,0
0,1
0 50 100 150 200 250time (days)
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ANAMMOX lab 41
ANAMMOX ‐ lab
Anammoxmaximum activity measurement
80
100
4
5
603
w fractio
n
(gN/L/d)
402
% re
al ww
NRR
max (
0
20
0
1
0 50 100 150 200 250time (days)
Progressive adaptation
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ANAMMOX @ pilot scale 42
SBR mixing provided by liquid and gas recirculation
C
AnammoBuffer (gas accumulation)
Compressor
Anammox reactor (150L)
probespH, ORPconductivity
PLC / signals
Influent buffer tank
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ANAMMOX reactor (PILOT scale) 43
Removal ratios
60%2,0NO3/NH4 NO2/NH4 % real ww
40%
50%
1 21,41,61,8
wwol
N‐NO2/N‐NH4 Measured= 1,32±5%
h
20%
30%
0,60,81,01,2
% re
al w
mol/mStoichiom.= 1,32
0%
10%
0,00,20,4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
N‐NO3/N‐NH4 Measured= 0,14±49% Stoichiom.= 0,26
time (days)
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ANAMMOX reactor (PILOT scale) 44
ANAMMOX pilot: IN and OUT
NH4 in NO2 in NH4 outNO2out NO3outNH4 in NO2 in NH4 outNO2out NO3out
700
800
900NO2 out NO3 out
700
800
900NO2 out NO3 out
500
600
700
gN/L 500
600
700
gN/L
200
300
400mg
200
300
400mg
0
100
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
100
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350tempo (giorni)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350tempo (giorni)Time (days)
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BRAIN ‐ CONCLUSIONS 45
PARNIT: Stable process producing an effluent suitable foranammox reactor feeding (despite high influent variability)
Anammox:
•PARNIT effluent can be treated by Anammox bacteria alsoPARNIT effluent can be treated by Anammox bacteria alsowithout dilution (granules help)
•Nitrogen removal efficiency between 85 e 93%g y
Ready for optimization and scale‐up!
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The future: anammox in the main stream? 46
Aerated tankParnit +anammox
Settler Settler
S/LS/LAerated tank S/L
PARNIT
DigesterS/LPARNIT
Anammox
Sludge disposal
Low temperatureLow temperatureLow Concentrations
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References 1/2 47
l l l ( ) f f•Scaglione D., Tornotti G., Teli A., Ficara E., Canziani R., Malpei F. (2012). Nitrification Denitrificationvia Nitrite in a Pilot‐Scale SBR Treating the Liquid Fraction of co‐Digestated Piggery/Poultry Manure and Agro‐Wastes. Accepted for IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery 2012: Trends in NRR. September 23‐25, 2012. Harbin, China.
•Scaglione D., Tornotti G., Ficara E., Canziani R., Malpei F. (2012). Nitrification denitrification via nitrite in a pilot‐scale SBR treating the liquid fraction of co‐digested piggery/poultry manure and agro‐wastes. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, 9th Ed. ‐ SIDISA 2012 ‐ Sustainable Technology for Environmental Protection, 26 ‐ 29 June, Milan, Centro Congressi Fondazione CARIPLO, ISBN 978‐88‐903557‐1‐4, Session Nutrient Removal, paper ID 1134, p. 1‐8; http://www.sidisa2012.dreamgest.net/pdf/1134.pdf.
•Canziani R., Ficara E., Scaglione D., Teli A., Tornotti G., Malpei F. (2012). Autotrophic nitrogen removal from digested agro‐wastes Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sanitary andfrom digested agro wastes. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, 9th Ed. ‐ SIDISA 2012 ‐ Sustainable Technology for Environmental Protection, 26 ‐ 29. June, Milan, Centro Congressi Fondazione CARIPLO, ISBN 978‐88‐903557‐1‐4, International IWA Session on “Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal: from Research to Applications”, paper ID 1428 p 1‐8;ID 1428, p. 1 8;
•Scaglione D., Lotti T., Ficara E., Caffaz S., Canziani R., Lubello C. and Malpei F. (2010). Anammox enrichment in conventional sludge samples via a simple fed‐batch procedure with activity measures. Proceedings: IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition, 19–24 September 2010 Montréal, Canada, P t P #460 1 8 CD RPoster Paper #460, pp. 1‐8, on CD‐Rom.
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References 48
•D. Scaglione, E. Ficara, V. Corbellini, A. Teli, R. Canziani and F. Malpei (2014) Treatability of digestedpiggery/poultry manure by anammox bacteria. In: Proceedings 2nd IWA Specialized InternationalConference, ecoSTP2014 ‐ EcoTechnologies for Wastewater Treatment, Technical, Environmental &Economic Challenges, Verona, Italy, 23‐27 June 2014, p. 61‐65.g , , y, , p
•D. Scaglione, G. Tornotti, A. Teli, E. Ficara, R. Canziani, F. Malpei (2013) Advanced bioprocesses for Nremoval from the liquid fraction of co‐digestated piggery/poultry manure and agro‐wastes. Platformpresentation. Proceedings of international IWA 13th World Congress on Anerobic Digestion:“Recovering (bio) Resources for the World Santiago de Compostela (ES) 25 28 June 2013 p 1 4Recovering (bio) Resources for the World. Santiago de Compostela (ES) 25‐28 June 2013. p. 1‐4.
•Scaglione D., Teli A., Ficara E., Canziani R., Malpei F. (2012). Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation of Partially Nitrified Supernatant from Piggery and Poultry Manure Digestion. Accepted for IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery 2012: Trends in NRR. September 23‐25, 2012. Harbin, China.
•Scaglione D., Tornotti G., Teli A., Ficara E., Canziani R., Malpei F. (2012). Nitrification Denitrificationvia Nitrite in a Pilot‐Scale SBR Treating the Liquid Fraction of co‐Digestated Piggery/Poultry Manure and Agro‐Wastes. Accepted for IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery 2012: Trends in NRR. September 23‐25, 2012. Harbin, China.