2018

Edmund G. Brown, Jr.Governor

Mark S. GhilarducciDirector

California Governor’sOffice of Emergency Services

CALIFORNIASTATE HAZARD

MITIGATION PLAN

2018 STATE OF CALIFORNIA HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

PREPARED BY:

California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services3650 Schriever Avenue

Mather, CA 95655www.caloes.ca.gov

WITH VALUABLE INPUT FROM:

California State Hazard Mitigation Team Members

AND WITH SUPPORT FROM:

California Polytechnic State UniversityCity and Regional Planning Department

Faculty Advisors and ConsultantsSan Luis Obispo, CA 93407

SEPTEMBER 2018

TEAM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION TEAM

The Director of the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) wishes to thank the members of the State Hazard Mitigation Team (SHMT) for their guidance and support in the development of the 2018 State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Additionally, the contributions of representatives of federal, state, tribal, and local governments, non-governmental and community-based organizations, and the public and private sectors were invaluable. A list of all agency or organization SHMT members is included in Appendix A.

CAL OES EXECUTIVE STAFF

Mark Ghilarducci Director

Grace Koch Chief Deputy Director

Christina Curry Deputy Director

CAL OES HAZARD MITIGATION MANAGEMENT

Julie Norris Chief, Mitigation and Dam Safety Branch

Jennifer Hogan State Hazard Mitigation Officer Chief, Hazard Mitigation Grants Division

CAL OES MITIGATION PLANNING DIVISION

Adam Sutkus Chief, Mitigation Planning Division

Ken Worman Program Manager II

SHMP Lead Coordinator/Senior Emergency Services Coordinator

Megan Walton

LHMP Program Lead/Senior Emergency Services Coordinator

Victoria LaMar-Haas

Drew Hammond Emergency Services Coordinator

Carly Landry Emergency Services Coordinator

Karen McCready-Hoover Emergency Services Coordinator

CAL OES HAZARD MITIGATION ASSISTANCE BRANCH

Steven Larson Program Manager I

Ron Miller Staff Services Manager I

Jason Williams Staff Services Manager I

Emily Winchell Staff Services Manager I

CAL OES DAM SAFETY PLANNING DIVISION

Jose Lara Program Manager I

A SPECIAL THANK YOU GOES TO ALL ADDITIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION STAFF, CAL OES DIRECTORATES, AND OTHER

STAKEHOLDERS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE 2018 SHMP!

2018 SHMP CAL POLY STATE UNIVERSITY SUPPORT TEAM

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Michael R. Boswell, Ph.D., AICP

Project Director (March 2017-September 2018),

Project Advisor(September 2016-March 2017),

CRP Department Chair

City and Regional Planning Department

W. David Conn, D.Phil

Meg Henry

FACULTY SUPPORT ADVISORS

Project Director (September 2016-March 2017), Professor

Project Manager

City and Regional Planning Department

City and Regional Planning Department

William J. Siembieda, Ph.D., AICP

Adrienne I. Greve, Ph.D.

Kenneth C. Topping, FAICP

Chris Dicus

Robb Moss Ph.D., P.E.

Project Advisor, Professor

Project Advisor, Professor

Senior Advisor

Project Advisor, Professor

Project Advisor, Professor

City and Regional Planning Department

City and Regional Planning Department

City and Regional Planning Department

Natural Resources Management & Environmental Sciences Department

Civil and Environmental Engineering Department

CONSULTANTS

Paula Schulz

Carol Schuldt

Natalie Macris

GRADUATE STUDENTS/RESEARCH ASSISTANTS

State Liaison Consultant

GIS Consultant

Plan Editor

Natural Hazards Mitigation

City and Regional Planning Department

Urban & Environmental Planning

Kylie Hensley

Kaitlyn Marines

Carol Ziesenhenne

Jesse Carpentier

Caitlin Miller

Natalia Robles

Soroush Aboutalebi

John Holder

Yliana Ortega

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 – Introduction.....................................................................................1

Purpose of the Plan........................................................................................................................................11.1Vision and Mission ..................................................................................................................... 21.1.1California – What’s at Stake? ..................................................................................................... 21.1.2

What is Hazard Mitigation? ....................................................................................................... 51.1.3FEMA Review Responsibilities ................................................................................................... 51.1.4

Plan Overview: How to Use the 2018 SHMP ..................................................................................................61.2Quick Access to the SHMP by Topic Grouping........................................................................... 61.2.1

2018 SHMP Chapters ................................................................................................................. 71.2. 2

Approach for Hazards Identification and Risk Assessment........................................................ 81.2.3What’s New in the 2018 SHMP?.............................................................................................. 101.2.4

Essential Terminology ..................................................................................................................................141.3Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability, and Disaster ................................................................................. 141.3.1Hazard Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery ................................................... 161.3.2Sustainability and Resilience.................................................................................................... 171.3.3Climate Change Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation .................................................. 181.3.4

Institutional and Legal Context ....................................................................................................................191.4Federal Laws, Institutions, and Policies ................................................................................... 191.4.1

California Laws, Institutions, and Policies................................................................................ 201.4.2Local Government Laws, Institutions, and Policies.................................................................. 231.4.3Private Sector Emergency Management and Hazard Mitigation ............................................ 231.4.4

SHMP Adoption by the State........................................................................................................................271.5

2018 SHMP Assurances................................................................................................................................291.6

Chapter 2 – The Planning Process......................................................................31

Cal OES SHMP Coordination Role.................................................................................................................312.1

Preparing the 2018 SHMP Update...............................................................................................................342.22018 Plan Update Process ....................................................................................................... 342.2.1

Coordination Among Agencies and Departments ................................................................... 392.2. 2

Outreach to Stakeholders ........................................................................................................ 462.2.3

Integration and Coordination with Other Planning Efforts..........................................................................512.3Hazard-Specific Mitigation Plans – Primary Hazards ............................................................... 512.3.1Related Mitigation Planning Efforts......................................................................................... 512.3.2General Plan Guidelines........................................................................................................... 522.3.3Local Hazard Mitigation Planning ............................................................................................ 532.3.4SHMP Integration with Emergency Management ................................................................... 532.3.5

PAGE ICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

State of California Emergency Plan.......................................................................................... 542.3.6Mitigation Efforts and Disaster Recovery ................................................................................ 552.3.7The National Preparedness System ......................................................................................... 562.3.8

Integration with Climate Adaptation Efforts ...............................................................................................572.4Climate Change and Emergency Management........................................................................ 572.4.1Emergency Management Steps in Safeguarding California Plan: 2018 Update ...................... 572.4.2

Adaptation Planning Guide Update and Senate Bill 246 Climate Change Adaptation ............ 582.4.3General Plan Guidelines Supporting Climate Adaptation ........................................................ 582.4.4Senate Bill 379 (2015) – Land Use: General Plan Safety Element............................................ 592.4.5Regional Climate Adaptation Collaboratives ........................................................................... 592.4.6

SHMP Review, Evaluation, and Implementation .........................................................................................622.5Cal OES SHMP Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibilities..................................................... 622.5.1SHMP Implementation and Maintenance Plan ....................................................................... 622.5.2Agencies and Stakeholders Responsible for Implementation ................................................. 632.5.3Reviewing Progress on Achieving Mitigation Goals ................................................................. 632.5.4

Chapter 3 – California’s Mitigation Framework: Goals, Objectives, Strategies, and Priorities ....................................................................................................65

Creating a Strategic Framework for Mitigation...........................................................................................653.1

Vision and Mission .......................................................................................................................................663.2

2018 SHMP Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................................673.3Reducing Life Loss and Injuries ................................................................................................ 673.3.1Minimizing Physical Damage and Service Interruptions.......................................................... 693.3.2Protecting the Environment .................................................................................................... 703.3.3Promoting Integrated Mitigation Policy .................................................................................. 713.3.4

Types of State Mitigation Strategies............................................................................................................733.4Direct vs. Indirect Strategies .................................................................................................... 733.4.1Mandatory vs. Voluntary Strategies ........................................................................................ 733.4.2

Overview of Strategies for Implementing State-Local Mitigation Capabilities ............................................753.5

California State Strategy 1: Support Legislative Efforts that Formalize California's Comprehensive 3.6Mitigation Program .................................................................................................................................................75

California State Strategy 2: Strengthen Inter-Agency Coordination Actions, Including State, Regional, 3.7Tribal, and Local Linkages........................................................................................................................................79

California State Strategy 3: Broaden Public and Private Sector Mitigation Linkages ..................................843.8

California State Strategy 4: Assist Local and Tribal Governments in Implementing Land Use Guidance and 3.9Best Practices for Reducing Vulnerability within High Hazard Zones. .....................................................................85

California State Strategy 5: Incorporate Climate Change into Local, Tribal, Regional, and Statewide 3.10Hazards Profiles, Risk Assessments, and Mitigation Plans ......................................................................................89

California State Strategy 6: Enhance Collaboration on the Development and Sharing of Data Systems and 3.11GIS Modeling............................................................................................................................................................90

PAGE IICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

California State Strategy 7: Support and Coordinate Monitoring of Progress on State Goals and Objectives3.1293

California State Strategy 8: Establish a Mitigation Registry for Communicating Progress .........................933.13

California State Strategy 9: Expand Mitigation Project Loss Avoidance Tracking Through the State 3.14Mitigation Assessment Review Team (SMART) system ...........................................................................................94

State Priorities..............................................................................................................................................953.15State Priority Determination.................................................................................................... 953.15.1Priorities Using Federal Hazard Mitigation Funding ................................................................ 963.15.2

State Mitigation Capabilities .......................................................................................................................983.16Legal Foundations of State Capability...................................................................................... 993.16.1Types of State Capability.......................................................................................................... 993.16.2

Comprehensive Multi-Agency Mitigation Action Program ........................................................................1013.17Multiple Funding Sources ...................................................................................................... 1013.17.1Coordination of Mitigation Actions ....................................................................................... 1023.17.2

Chapter 4 – Profiling California’s Setting .........................................................103

State Assets at Risk ....................................................................................................................................1034.1Population, Economy, and Infrastructure.............................................................................. 1054.1.1

Growth Patterns and Trends.................................................................................................. 1104.1.2Natural Environment ............................................................................................................. 1174.1.3

California’s Disaster History.......................................................................................................................1224.2Statewide Disaster Loss Findings ........................................................................................... 1224.2.1Primary Sources of Disaster Losses........................................................................................ 1254.2.2

Catastrophic Vulnerabilities................................................................................................... 1254.2.3

Risk Factor: Climate Change ......................................................................................................................1284.3What is Climate Change? ....................................................................................................... 1284.3.1Projected Impacts .................................................................................................................. 1294.3.2California’s Climate Change Assessment Program ................................................................ 1304.3.3Climate Change and the 2018 SHMP ..................................................................................... 1334.3.4Climate Change Mitigation Efforts......................................................................................... 1334.3.5Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives .................................................................................. 1374.3.6

Environmental Justice, Equity, and Hazard Mitigation in California..........................................................1584.4Social Vulnerability ................................................................................................................ 1584.4.1

Health Equity ......................................................................................................................... 1604.4.2

Hazard Events and Disproportionate Impacts on Environmental Justice Communities and Socially 4.4.3Vulnerable Populations ......................................................................................................................... 160

Statewide GIS Analysis of Vulnerability to Hazards ............................................................... 1644.4.4

Planning, Policy, and Action Implications .............................................................................. 1734.4.5California’s Actions to Address Social Vulnerability and Equity Needs ................................. 1734.4.6

PAGE IIICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 5 – California Local Hazard Mitigation Planning .................................181

California’s Role in Implementing FEMA’s LHMP Program ........................................................................1815.1Cal OES LHMP Technical Assistance and Training Program ................................................... 1825.1.1

The LHMP Submittal and Review Process.............................................................................. 1855.1.2LHMP Maintenance: Implementation and Evaluation........................................................... 1875.1.3Way Forward for the Cal OES LHMP Program ....................................................................... 1895.1.4

Analysis of California LHMPs .....................................................................................................................1915.2LHMP Preparation Trends...................................................................................................... 1915.2.1

LHMP Identified Hazards and Risks........................................................................................ 1945.2.2

LHMP Planning and Mitigation Trends and Effectiveness ..................................................... 1995.2.3

Hazard Mitigation Planning Resource Guide for Local Jurisdictions ..........................................................2045.3Integration of Local and State Mitigation Efforts .................................................................. 2045.3.1

Local Mitigation Planning Resources ..................................................................................... 2055.3.2

Local Coordination and Mitigation Capabilities..................................................................... 2185.3.3

Guide to Community Planning and Hazard Mitigation .......................................................... 2325.3.4

Chapter 6 – Earthquakes and Geologic Hazards: Risks and Mitigation.............243

Earthquake Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment .........................................................................2436.1Identifying Earthquake Hazards............................................................................................. 2436.1.1

Profiling Earthquake Hazards................................................................................................. 2486.1.2

Assessment of State Earthquake Vulnerability and Potential Losses .................................... 2536.1.3Assessment of Local Earthquake Vulnerability and Potential Losses .................................... 2746.1.4Current Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Efforts ...................................................................... 2966.1.5Additional Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Opportunities ...................................................... 3386.1.6

Landslide and Other Earth Movement Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment................................3416.2Identifying Landslide Hazards ................................................................................................ 3416.2.1

Profiling Landslide Hazards .................................................................................................... 3426.2.2

Assessment of Landslide Vulnerability and Potential Losses................................................. 3506.2.3

Current Landslide Hazard Mitigation Efforts ......................................................................... 3556.2.4

Volcano Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment ...............................................................................3626.3Identifying and Profiling Volcano Hazards ............................................................................. 3626.3.1

Assessment of Volcano Vulnerability and Potential Losses ................................................... 3686.3.2

Current Volcano Hazard Mitigation Efforts ........................................................................... 3726.3.3

Additional Volcano Hazard Mitigation Opportunities ........................................................... 3746.3.4

Chapter 7 – Flood Hazards: Risks and Mitigation.............................................375

Riverine, Stream, and Alluvial Flood Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment ....................................3767.1Identifying Riverine, Stream, and Alluvial Flood Hazards ...................................................... 3767.1.1Profiling Riverine, Stream, and Alluvial Flood Hazards .......................................................... 3777.1.2

PAGE IVCALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Assessment of State Flood Vulnerability and Potential Losses.............................................. 3857.1.3Assessment of Local Flood Vulnerability and Potential Losses.............................................. 3937.1.4Current Riverine, Stream, and Alluvial Flood Hazard Mitigation Efforts ............................... 3987.1.5Additional Flood Hazard Mitigation Opportunities ............................................................... 4307.1.6

Sea-Level Rise, Coastal Flooding, and Erosion Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment .....................4387.2Identifying Sea-Level Rise, Coastal Flooding and Erosion Hazards ........................................ 4387.2.1Profiling Sea-Level Rise, Coastal Flooding and Erosion Hazards ............................................ 4397.2.2Assessment of Sea-level Rise, Coastal Flooding, and Erosion Vulnerability and Potential Loss4457.2.3Current Sea-Level Rise, Coastal Flooding, and Erosion Hazard Mitigation Efforts ................ 4537.2.4

Tsunami and Seiche Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment .............................................................4647.3Identifying Tsunami and Seiche Hazards ............................................................................... 4647.3.1Profiling Tsunami Hazards ..................................................................................................... 4657.3.2Assessment of State Tsunami Vulnerability and Potential Losses ......................................... 4717.3.3Assessment of Local Tsunami Vulnerability and Potential Losses ......................................... 4717.3.4Current Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Efforts........................................................................... 4757.3.5Additional Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Opportunities........................................................... 4807.3.6

Levee Failure and Safety, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment ....................................................................4827.4Identifying Levee Hazards ...................................................................................................... 4827.4.1

Profiling Levee Hazards.......................................................................................................... 4857.4.2Assessment of Levee Failure Vulnerability and Potential Losses........................................... 4897.4.3Current Levee Failure Hazard Mitigation Efforts ................................................................... 4907.4.4

Dam Failure and Safety Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment ......................................................4987.5Identifying Dam Hazards – Failures and Overtopping ........................................................... 4987.5.1Profiling Dam Hazards – Failures and Overtopping ............................................................... 4987.5.2Assessment of Dam Failure Vulnerability and Potential Losses ............................................ 5007.5.3Current Dam Failure Hazard Mitigation Efforts ..................................................................... 5017.5.4Additional Dam Failure Hazard Mitigation Opportunities ..................................................... 5067.5.5

Chapter 8 – Fire Hazards: Risks and Mitigation................................................507

Wildfire Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment ...............................................................................5078.1Identifying Wildfire Hazards .................................................................................................. 5078.1.1

Profiling Wildfire Hazards ...................................................................................................... 5088.1.2

Assessment of State Wildfire Vulnerability and Potential Losses.......................................... 5278.1.3Assessment of Local Wildfire Vulnerability and Potential Losses .......................................... 5368.1.4Current Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Efforts............................................................................ 5408.1.5Additional Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Opportunities............................................................ 5648.1.6

Urban Structural Fire Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment ..........................................................5658.2

PAGE VCALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 9 – Other Hazards: Risks and Mitigation ............................................573

Other Climate and Weather-Influenced Hazards.......................................................................................5739.1Agricultural and Silvicultural Pests and Diseases................................................................... 5759.1.1Air Pollution ........................................................................................................................... 5819.1.2Aquatic Invasive Species ........................................................................................................ 5929.1.3Avalanches ............................................................................................................................. 5959.1.4

Droughts and Water Shortages ............................................................................................. 5969.1.5Energy Shortage and Energy Resiliency ................................................................................. 6219.1.6

Epidemic/Pandemic/Vector Borne Disease ........................................................................... 6339.1.7

Extreme Heat ......................................................................................................................... 6439.1.8

Freeze .................................................................................................................................... 6569.1.9Severe Weather and Storms .................................................................................................. 6609.1.10

Tree Mortality ........................................................................................................................ 6659.1.11

Sociotechnical/Technological Hazards.......................................................................................................6769.2Hazardous Materials Release................................................................................................. 6769.2.1Oil Spills.................................................................................................................................. 6869.2.2Natural Gas Pipeline Hazards................................................................................................. 6969.2.3Radiological Accidents ........................................................................................................... 7059.2.4Train Accidents Resulting in Explosions and/or Toxic Releases ............................................. 7129.2.5

Well Stimulation and Hydraulic Fracturing Hazards .............................................................. 7239.2.6Threat and Disturbance Hazards ...............................................................................................................7269.3

Terrorism ............................................................................................................................... 7269.3.1

Cyber Threats......................................................................................................................... 7349.3.2

Civil Disorder In California ..................................................................................................... 7429.3.3

Chapter 10 – Grants Management Capabilities and Enhanced Planning Efforts.......................................................................................................................743

Integration with Other Planning Initiatives ...............................................................................................74410.1Legislative and Policy Integration .......................................................................................... 74410.1.1

State Agency Integration ....................................................................................................... 74510.1. 2

SHMP Integration with State and Regional Planning Initiatives ............................................ 74610.1.3

Financial Integration .............................................................................................................. 74910.1.4Integration with FEMA Programs .......................................................................................... 75010.1.5

Commitment to a Comprehensive Mitigation Program.............................................................................75510.2

Effective Use of Available Mitigation Funding...........................................................................................75910.3

Overview of FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance Programs Administered By Cal OES .............................76310.4Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) Overview ........................................................... 76510.4.1

Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Grant Program Overview...................................................... 76610.4.2

Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Grant Program Overview ............................................... 76610.4.3

CALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018 PAGE VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cal OES HMA Program Priorities for HMA Grant Funding ..................................................... 76610.4.4Cal OES Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grant Programs: Project Implementation Capability ...................76910.5

Cal OES Grant Proposal Process............................................................................................. 77110.5.1Cal OES Grant Administration................................................................................................ 78210.5.2Programmatic and Financial Monitoring ............................................................................... 78810.5.3Way Forward for Cal OES Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grant Program .............................. 78910.5.4

Assessment of Mitigation Actions..............................................................................................................79010.6State Mitigation Assessment Review Team (SMART) System ............................................... 79010.6.1

Opportunities for Other Mitigation Assessments.................................................................. 80110.6. 2

Annex 1– Guide to California Hazard Mitigation Laws, Policies and Institutions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………Annex 1-1

1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... Annex 1-1

1.2. National Flood Insurance Act.......................................................................................................... Annex 1-1

1.3. Stafford Act ..................................................................................................................................... Annex 1-2

1.4. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 ...................................................................................................... Annex 1-31.4.1. Local Hazard Mitigation Plans......................................................................................Annex 1-3

1.4.2. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program ...............................................................................Annex 1-3

1.4.3. Pre-Disaster Mitigation................................................................................................Annex 1-3

1.5. Other Federal Disaster Laws ........................................................................................................... Annex 1-4

1.6. Federal Emergency Management Administrative Directives.......................................................... Annex 1-41.6.1. National Incident Management System (NIMS) ..........................................................Annex 1-5

1.6.2. National Response Framework (NRF) ..........................................................................Annex 1-5

1.6.3. National Preparedness System ....................................................................................Annex 1-6

1.6.4. Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA)..................................Annex 1-6

1.6.5. National Mitigation Framework...................................................................................Annex 1-7

1.6.6. Presidential Policy Directives .......................................................................................Annex 1-7

1.7. California Emergency Services Act .................................................................................................. Annex 1-71.7.1. State Emergency Plan ..................................................................................................Annex 1-8

1.7.2. Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS)..............................................Annex 1-9

1.7.3. Role of Cal OES and SEMS..........................................................................................Annex 1-10

1.7.4. Local Government Coordination................................................................................Annex 1-10

1.7.5. Cal OES Administrative Regions.................................................................................Annex 1-10

1.8. Relationship of SHMP to Emergency Management ...................................................................... Annex 1-121.8.1. Special Note on Relationship of Mitigation and Emergency Plans ............................Annex 1-12

1.8.2. Vital Role of SHMP in Emergency Management...................................................................... 12

1.9. State Agency Responsibilities........................................................................................................ Annex 1-14

1.10. State Emergency Management and Mitigation Laws .............................................................. Annex 1-18

1.11. Local Emergency Management Responsibilities ....................................................................... Annex 1-19

PAGE VIICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.12. Local Hazard Mitigation Responsibilities .................................................................................. Annex 1-191.12.1. Building and Fire Codes .............................................................................................Annex 1-19

1.12.2. Planning and Zoning ..................................................................................................Annex 1-19

1.12.3. Seismic Zonation........................................................................................................Annex 1-21

1.12.4. State Responsibility Areas..........................................................................................Annex 1-21

1.12.5. Hazard Mitigation Through Local Land Use Planning ................................................Annex 1-21

1.13. Relationships of Local Planning Processes to LHMPs................................................................ Annex 1-22

1.14. Utilities...................................................................................................................................... Annex 1-22

1.15. Business, Industry, and Community-Based Organizations........................................................ Annex 1-23

Annex 2 – Public Sector Funding Sources ..............................................Annex 2-1

2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... Annex 2-1

2.2. Federal Funding Sources ................................................................................................................. Annex 2-22.2.1. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ......................................................Annex 2-2

2.2.2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) .....................................................................Annex 2-5

2.2.3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) .......................................Annex 2-6

2.2.4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) .......Annex 2-8

2.2.5. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) ............................................Annex 2-9

2.2.6. Bureau of Land Management (BLM)..........................................................................Annex 2-10

2.2.7. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).....................................................................Annex 2-10

2.2.8. Health and Economic Agencies..................................................................................Annex 2-14

2.2.9. Research Agencies .....................................................................................................Annex 2-14

2.2.10. U.S. Department of Homeland Security.....................................................................Annex 2-16

2.3. State Funding Sources................................................................................................................... Annex 2-172.3.1. Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Funding .....................................................................Annex 2-17

2.3.2. Flood Hazard Mitigation Funding ..............................................................................Annex 2-19

2.3.3. Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Funding...........................................................................Annex 2-23

2.3.4. Other State Hazard Mitigation Funding.....................................................................Annex 2-24

2.4. Examples of Local Funding Sources .............................................................................................. Annex 2-282.4.1. Napa County Flood Protection and Watershed Improvement Expenditure Plan......Annex 2-28

2.4.2. City of Roseville Floodplain Management ............................................................................... 28

2.4.3. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission Water System Improvement Program....Annex 2-29

2.4.4. City of Santa Barbara Land Purchase .........................................................................Annex 2-29

2.5. Examples of Alternative Funding Sources ..................................................................................... Annex 2-292.5.1. Combined Funding Approaches.................................................................................Annex 2-29

2.5.2. California Financing Coordinating Committee (CFCC) ...............................................Annex 2-29

2.5.3. Non-profit Government Partnerships........................................................................Annex 2-30

2.5.4. Utility Companies.......................................................................................................Annex 2-30

2.6. Other Funding Sources and Funded Project Examples.................................................................. Annex 2-31

PAGE VIIICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.6.1. Geological Hazard Assessment Districts ....................................................................Annex 2-31

2.6.2. BART Earthquake Safety Bond ...................................................................................Annex 2-31

2.6.3. Port of Long Beach Mitigation Grant Program ..........................................................Annex 2-31

2.6.4. Contra Costa County Keller Mitigation Fund .............................................................Annex 2-31

2.6.5. Measure AA, SF Clean Water, Pollution Prevention, and Habitat Restoration .........Annex 2-32

2.6.6. San Francisco City/County Seismic Improvements ....................................................Annex 2-32

Annex 3 – Lifelines Infrastructure and Hazard Mitigation Planning .......Annex 3-1

3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... Annex 3-13.1.1. Hazard Mitigation and California Lifeline Systems ......................................................Annex 3-3

3.1.2. Cascading Lifeline Failures ...........................................................................................Annex 3-5

3.2. Lifeline Failure Case Examples ........................................................................................................ Annex 3-53.2.1. Loma Prieta Earthquake - Impact on Water and Transportation ................................Annex 3-5

3.2.2. La Conchita Landslide – Impact on Transportation .....................................................Annex 3-7

3.2.3. Naples, Italy, Garbage Strike, San Francisco Combined Sewer Overflow, and Post-Disaster Debris –Impact on Society ........................................................................................................................Annex 3-7

3.2.4. New Orleans Levee Failure – Impact on Life................................................................Annex 3-8

3.2.5. Chile Earthquake – Impact on Power, Water, Communication, and Transportation ..Annex 3-8

3.2.6. Japan Earthquake and Tsunami - Nuclear Disaster......................................................Annex 3-9

3.2.7. Hurricane Sandy - Gas Shortage ................................................................................Annex 3-10

3.2.8. Mississippi Bridge and Oroville Dam Failures ............................................................Annex 3-10

3.3. Lifelines and Systems Concepts..................................................................................................... Annex 3-113.3.1. Types of Systems........................................................................................................Annex 3-11

3.3.2. Additional Concepts...................................................................................................Annex 3-12

3.3.3. Using “Decision Trees”: A Fictional Example .............................................................Annex 3-14

3.4. Path Forward for Lifeline Resilience.............................................................................................. Annex 3-173.4.1. Assessing Lifeline System Risk ...................................................................................Annex 3-17

3.4.2. Understanding Other Systems and Interdependencies.............................................Annex 3-18

3.4.3. Information Sharing and Coordination: Lifelines Council and Critical Lifelines Workgroup……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Annex 3-21

3.4.4. Lifeline Mitigation ......................................................................................................Annex 3-21

3.5. Summary....................................................................................................................................... Annex 3-24

3.6. Resources ...................................................................................................................................... Annex 3-253.6.1. Information Sources ..................................................................................................Annex 3-25

3.6.2. References Used in This Annex..................................................................................Annex 3-25

PAGE IXCALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF APPENDICES

– 2018 State Hazard Mitigation Team Roster of Agencies and Stakeholder Organizations ……A-1APPENDIX A

– State Agency Functions: Agency Responsibility Matrix ………………………………………………………B-1APPENDIX B

– Multi-Agency Mitigation Action Matrix ……………………………………………………………………………..C-1APPENDIX C

– Progress Tracking Outreach Plan……………………………………………………………………………………….D-1APPENDIX D

– California Disaster History, 1950-2018 ……………………………………………………………………………….E-1APPENDIX E

– Hazard Mitigation Legislation Referenced in the 2018 SHMP ……………………………………………..F-1APPENDIX F

– Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Legislation, 1933-2017 ……………………………………………………..G-1APPENDIX G

– Flood Hazard Mitigation Legislation, 1933-2017 ……………………………………………………………….H-1APPENDIX H

– Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Legislation, 1933-2017 ……………………………………………………………..I-1APPENDIX I

– Top 10 California Repetitive Loss Counties (by total payment) Summary For 2017 …………….J-1APPENDIX J

– Top 10 California Severe Repetitive Loss Counties (by total payment) Summary for 2017 …K-1APPENDIX K

– Mitigation Grants NOI and SubApplication Processes …………………………………………………………L-1APPENDIX L

– Mitigation Grants Management and Closeout Processes ………………………………………………..M-1APPENDIX M

– GIS Risk Exposure Analysis Methodology ………………………………………………………………………….N-1APPENDIX N

– SHMP Acronym List ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….O-1APPENDIX 0

– 2018 SHMP References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..P-1APPENDIX P

LIST OF MAPSMap 1.A: California’s Size Compared to Eastern States ................................................................................................3Map 1.B: California’s Counties and Population Centers ................................................................................................4Map 1.C: Cal OES Administrative Regions ...................................................................................................................22Map 1.D: California Fire Safe Council Interactive Local FSC Location Map .................................................................26Map 2.A: MyPlan Example Mapping Screen................................................................................................................49Map 4.A: California Population by County ................................................................................................................104Map 4.B: California Population Change by County....................................................................................................111Map 4.C: California Residential Units Authorized by Permits ...................................................................................112Map 4.D: California’s Projection of Development Based on Historical Factors.........................................................114Map 4.E: California Terrain ........................................................................................................................................119Map 4.F: California Public Lands................................................................................................................................120Map 4.G: State and Federal Declared Disasters, 1950-February 2018......................................................................123Map 4.H: USGS ShakeMap for Ardentsentry2015 Scenario 7.8 Magnitude Earthquake ..........................................127Map 4.I: Population Distribution and Density ...........................................................................................................162Map 4.J: Population/Social Vulnerability Base Map ..................................................................................................163

PAGE XCALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Map 4.K: Population/Social Vulnerability with Earthquake Hazard ..........................................................................166Map 4.L: Population/Social Vulnerability with Flood Hazard ....................................................................................167Map 4.M: Population/Social Vulnerability with Wildfire Hazard ..............................................................................168Map 4.N: Population/Social Vulnerability with Wildfire Hazard, showing Northeastern California at Closer Scale .169Map 4.O: Population/Social Vulnerability with Extreme Heat Days for Selected Cities............................................170Map 5.A: Status of County LHMPs as of June 1, 2018 ...............................................................................................192Map 5.B: FEMA-Approved City and County LHMPs as of February 28, 2018 ............................................................193Map 5.C: Earthquake Hazard Ranking as of May 2017..............................................................................................196Map 5.D: Flood Hazard Ranking as of May 2017 .......................................................................................................197Map 5.E: Wildfire Hazard Ranking as of May 2017 ...................................................................................................198Map 6.A: Historic Earthquakes In and Near California by Magnitude (1769-2017) ..................................................246Map 6.B: State and Federal Declared Earthquake Disasters, 1950-February 2017...................................................249Map 6.C: Areas Damaged by Earthquakes, 1800-2017 .............................................................................................250Map 6.D: Probability of Earthquake Magnitude 6.7 or Greater Occurring in 30 Years, by Region ...........................252Map 6.E: ShakeMap for 2014 South Napa Earthquake .............................................................................................253Map 6.F: Annualized Earthquake Loss, by County.....................................................................................................256Map 6.G: Earthquake Outlook for the San Francisco Bay Region 2014-2043 ...........................................................260Map 6.H: HayWired Scenario Ground Shaking for the Hypothetical Mainshock Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake onHayward Fault............................................................................................................................................................262Map 6.I: Epicenters to Magnitude 5 or larger Aftershocks in the HayWired Scenario..............................................263Map 6.J: Great ShakeOut Magnitude 7.8 Earthquake Scenario on Southern San Andreas Fault..............................264Map 6.K: Earthquake Shaking Hazard Affecting Buildings.........................................................................................266Map 6.L: Earthquake Hazard and Social Vulnerability...............................................................................................268Map 6.M: State-Owned Structures and State-Owned and Leased Property in Earthquake Hazard Areas ...............270Map 6.N: Court Buildings Vulnerable to Earthquakes ...............................................................................................272Map 6.O: Electric Transmission Lines and Earthquake Hazard..................................................................................283Map 6.P: Natural Gas Pipelines and Earthquake Hazard...........................................................................................285Map 6.Q: California’s Petroleum Distribution System and Earthquake Hazard ........................................................286Map 6.R: Southern California Water Resources Vulnerability to Earthquakes .........................................................289Map 6.S: California Aqueducts, Canals, Reservoirs, and Earthquake Hazard............................................................290Map 6.T: Transportation Infrastructure and Shaking Intensity .................................................................................292Map 6.U: Earthquake Hazard Ranking in Local Hazard Mitigation Plans ..................................................................295Map 6.V: Seismic Hazards Mapping Act Progress as of 2018 ....................................................................................299Map 6.W: Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map as of 2018 ..........................................................................300Map 6.X: FEMA Funded Earthquake Mitigation Projects and Population Vulnerability, 1994-2017 ........................337Map 6.Y: 1994-1995 Winter Storm Landslide Events ................................................................................................345Map 6.Z: Relative Susceptibility to Deep-Seated Landslides in California.................................................................348Map 6.AA: State and Federal Declared Landslide Disasters, 1950-February 2018....................................................349Map 6.BB: California Geological Survey Landslide Inventory Viewer – Showing Los Gatos/Highway 17 Area .........356Map 6.CC: Potentially Hazardous Volcanoes of California ........................................................................................363Map 6.DD: California Volcano Hazard Zones.............................................................................................................369Map 6.EE: Counties, Cal OES Administrative Regions, and Mutual Aid Administrative Regions Encompassed within Volcano Hazard Zones ...............................................................................................................................................370Map 7.A: Hydrologic Regions.....................................................................................................................................378Map 7.B: State and Federal Declared Flood Disasters, 1950-February 2017 ............................................................381Map 7.C: Flood Hazard Areas in California ................................................................................................................383Map 7.D: FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map...............................................................................................................386Map 7.E: Population Exposed to 500-Year Flooding in California by Hydrologic Region ..........................................388Map 7.F: Structures Exposed to 500-Year Flooding In California by Hydrologic Region ...........................................389Map 7.G: Flood Hazard and Social Vulnerability .......................................................................................................390Map 7.H: State-Owned Buildings in Higher Flood Hazard Areas ...............................................................................392Map 7.I: Flood Hazard Ranking in Local Hazard Mitigation Plans..............................................................................396Map 7.J: Geographic Scope of Central Valley Flood Protection Plan ........................................................................403

PAGE XICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Map 7.K: Projects of Central Valley Flood Protection Plan........................................................................................413Map 7.L: State Plan of Flood Control Levees and Bypasses.......................................................................................417Map 7.M: FEMA-Funded Flood Mitigation Projects and Population Vulnerability ...................................................429Map 7.N: Projected ARkStorm Flooding in California (Based on Modeled Scenario) ...............................................437Map 7.O: Businesses Vulnerable to Sea-Level Rise in the San Francisco South Bay .................................................446Map 7.P: Tsunami Inundation Mapping Completed, 2009........................................................................................467Map 7.Q: Tsunami Inundation Map – Crescent City..................................................................................................468Map 7.R: Example Maritime Tsunami Playbook Current-Threshold Map for the Port of Long Beach ......................470Map 7.S: Example Harbor Cleat Failure Potential Analysis in the Draft Harbor Improvement Report for Oceanside Harbor........................................................................................................................................................................474Map 7.T: Draft PTHA Inundation Lines for a Portion of Huntington Beach ...............................................................479Map 7.U: Delta Elevations Relative to Mean Sea-Level.............................................................................................483Map 7.V: California Levee System with 1 Percent Annual Chance Flood Zones .......................................................488MAP 8.A: California Fire Perimeters 1985-2017 and Selected 2018 Fires.................................................................510MAP 8.B: Fire Frequency (Number of Times Burned), 1950-2017 ............................................................................514Map 8.C: California’s Projection of Development Based on Historical Factors .........................................................516MAP 8.D: State and Federal Declared Fire Disasters, 1950-February 2018 ..............................................................519MAP 8.E: Fire Hazard Severity Zones in State Responsibility Areas ..........................................................................522Map 8.F: State of California Fire Threat.....................................................................................................................523Map 8.G: Wildfire Threat in the Los Angeles County Area ........................................................................................524Map 8.H: State-Owned Buildings and State-Owned and Leased Properties in Higher Wildfire Threat Areas ..........528Map 8.I: Population/Social Vulnerability with Wildfire Hazard.................................................................................530Map 8.J: Wildfire Hazard Ranking in Local Hazard Mitigation Plans .........................................................................539Map 8.K: Wildfire Threat in State Responsibility Areas.............................................................................................550Map 8.L: State Responsibility Area Viewer Example—SRA in Northern California ...................................................551MAP 8.M: FEMA-Funded Wildfire Mitigation Projects and Population/Social Vulnerability ....................................563Map 9.A: Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer and Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer Spread in Southern California....................576Map 9.B: Area Designation Map for PM2.5 ................................................................................................................584Map 9.C: Area Designation Map for PM10 .................................................................................................................585Map 9.D: Area Designation Map for Ozone...............................................................................................................586Map 9.E: Relative Particulate Matter Concentrations in California from CalEnviroScreen .......................................588Map 9.F: Relative Ozone Concentrations in California from CalEnviroScreen ..........................................................589Map 9.G: State and Federal Declared Drought Disasters, 1950-February 2017 .......................................................601Map 9.H: Drought Indicators Map from U.S. Geologic Survey Showing Well Decline Along with Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley ............................................................................................................................................................605Map 9.I: Critically Overdrafted Groundwater Basins in the San Joaquin Valley........................................................606Map 9.J: Subsidence Contours in the Central Valley .................................................................................................609MAP 9.K: California’s Operating Power Plants ..........................................................................................................622Map 9.L: California’s Electric Transmission Grid........................................................................................................623Map 9.M: West Nile Virus Activity in California Counties .........................................................................................635Map 9.N: Western Black-legged Tick and Lyme Disease Incidence in California.......................................................637Map 9.O: Valley Fever Average Annual Rates by California County ..........................................................................638Map 9.P: National Weather Service (NWS) Experimental HeatRisk Forecast Mapping Example from NWS Website...................................................................................................................................................................................644Map 9.Q: California Historical and Projected Temperature, 1961-2099...................................................................648Map 9.R: Social Vulnerability and Extreme Heat .......................................................................................................651Map 9.S: State and Federal Declared Freeze Disasters, 1950-February 2017...........................................................657Map 9.T: Tree Mortality from Drought and Wildfire, 2012-2017..............................................................................666Map 9.U: Tree Mortality (per acre) and High Hazard Zones......................................................................................668Map 9.V: Screen Shot of Tree Mortality Viewer........................................................................................................672Map 9.W: Tree Mortality Viewer Example of Map Export ........................................................................................673Map 9.X: Certified Hazardous Materials Teams in California ....................................................................................682Map 9.Y: California Natural Gas Pipelines .................................................................................................................697

PAGE XIICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MAP 9.Z: Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs) for Diablo Canyon Power Plant ...........................................................707Map 9.AA: Oil Train Routes and Potential High Hazard Sites ....................................................................................718Map 9.BB: High Hazard Designations for Oil by Rail..................................................................................................719Map 10.A: FEMA-Funded Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects Obligated from 1994-2017, by Year ...........................783Map 10.B: FEMA-Funded Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects Obligated from 1994-2017, by Hazard .......................784Map 10.C: FEMA-Funded Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects by Year – Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles Area .....785Map 10.D: Hazard Mitigation Grant Projects near 2014 South Napa Earthquake ....................................................791Map 10.E: Mapping of HMA Grant Funded Projects Related to March 2018 Storm Event.......................................798

LIST OF TABLESTable 2.A: 2018 SHMP Update Preparation Schedule .................................................................................................35Table 2.B: SHMT and GIS TAWC Strategic Working Group Meetings 2014-2018........................................................42Table 2.C: SHMP Public Review Draft Outreach Workshop Presentations .................................................................47Table 4.A: Population Change, 2012-2016, in 10 Largest Counties by Population....................................................105Table 4.B: Population Change, 2012-2016, in 10 Smallest Counties by Population ..................................................106Table 4.C: 10 California Counties with Largest Number of Households with Disabled Residents, 2015...................108Table 4.D: Top 10 Counties in Population Growth, 2012-2016 .................................................................................110Table 4.E: Residential Permits by County, 2013 and 2016 ........................................................................................116Table 4.F: Disasters and Losses by Time Phase, 1950 – 2017....................................................................................122Table 4.G: Population and Disaster Deaths and Injuries by Time Phase, 1950 – 2017 .............................................124Table 4.H: Declared or Proclaimed Disaster Incidents, Casualties, and Cost by Type, 1950 – 2017 .........................124Table 4.I: Climate Adaptation Sector Specific Guidance............................................................................................153Table 4.J: Social Vulnerability Index Conceptual Model and Associated Variables ...................................................165Table 5.A: LHMP Status as of February 28, 2018.......................................................................................................194Table 5.B: LHMP Status as of May 2013 ....................................................................................................................194Table 5.C: Hazards Identified in LHMPs as of May 2017 ...........................................................................................195Table 5.D: Earthquake Risks Identified in LHMPs as of May 2017.............................................................................199Table 5.E: Flood Risks Identified in LHMPs as of May 2017.......................................................................................199Table 5.F: Fire Risks Identified in LHMPs as of May 2017..........................................................................................199Table 5.G: All Other Hazards Risks Identified in LHMPs as of May 2017...................................................................199Table 5.H: Types of Mitigation Measures in California LHMPs as of May 2017 ........................................................200Table 5.I: Summary of Case Study Findings of Key LHMP Components ....................................................................203Table 5.J: Resources Supporting Local Hazard Mitigation Planning ..........................................................................207Table 5.K: Hazard Information, Assessment, and Mitigation Resources ...................................................................212Table 5.L: State Agencies Involved in Community Planning ......................................................................................237Table 5.M: Federal Agencies Involved in Community Planning.................................................................................238Table 6.A: Recent Earthquake Losses ........................................................................................................................254Table 6.B: Projected Earthquake Scenario Losses, Northern California ....................................................................257Table 6.C: Projected Earthquake Scenario Losses, Southern California ....................................................................258Table 6.D: Estimating Earthquake Dollar Loss for State Owned and Leased Buildings, as of 2007...........................269Table 6.E: Hazard Mitigation Grant Funded Seismic LAUSD Retrofit Projects...........................................................310Table 6.F: Hospital Structural Performance as of December 2017 ...........................................................................311Table 6.G: California Housing Units by Type, 2017....................................................................................................319Table 6.H: Seismic Gas Shutoff Valves Ordinances....................................................................................................324Table 6.I: 2016 Napa Earthquake Report Findings ....................................................................................................338Table 6.J: Priority Recommendations of the 2016 Napa Earthquake Report ............................................................339Table 6.K: Notable Historic Landslides and Debris Flows in California ......................................................................352Table 6.L: Characteristics and Potential Impacts of California Volcanic Hazards ......................................................365Table 6.M: Jurisdictions, Populations in Volcano Hazard Zones................................................................................371Table 6.N: Lifelines Located in Volcano Hazard Zones ..............................................................................................371Table 6.O: Ground-Based Volcanic Hazard Alert Levels ............................................................................................372

PAGE XIIICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table 6.P: Airborne Volcanic Hazards Alert Levels ....................................................................................................373Table 7.A: Federally Declared Flood Disasters in California, 1992-February 2018*..................................................380Table 7.B: Potential Loss of State Facilities from Flood Hazards ...............................................................................391Table 7.C: Flood Management Bond Expenditures by Program*..............................................................................414Table 7.D: Top 10 California Counties with NFIP Policies ..........................................................................................426Table 7.E: Increases in Premium Savings Resulting from CRS Participation, Between 2011 and 2017.....................427Table 7.F: Projected Decadal Sea-Level Rise (in Feet) for San Francisco ...................................................................441Table 7.G: Probability that Sea-Level Rise Will Meet or Exceed a Particular Height (in Feet) in San Francisco ........442Table 7.H: Projected Average Rate of Sea-Level Rise (millimeters/year) for San Francisco......................................443Table 7.I: Sea-Level Rise Resources and Guidance ....................................................................................................450Table 7.J: Summary of Tsunami Damage Along the California Coast Since 1946 ......................................................465Table 7.K: San Francisco Bay-San Joaquin-Sacramento Delta Levee Failures, 1900-2017 ........................................486Table 8.A: California Wildfires and Acres, 1987-2017, as of January 2018 ...............................................................509Table 8.B: Largest California Wildfires, 125,000 Acres Burned or Greater................................................................512Table 8.C: Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, by Structures Destroyed.....518Table 8.D: Potential Loss of State Facilities from Wildfire Hazards ...........................................................................529Table 8.E: Wildfire Mitigation Projects Funded by California Fire Safe Council ........................................................556Table 8.F: Reported Fire Loss in California by Property Type in 2014 .......................................................................565Table 9.A: California Agriculture Pests and Diseases.................................................................................................575Table 9.B: California Agricultural and Silvicultural Pests and Diseases, Change from 2012 to 2016.........................576Table 9.C: Air Pollutant Emission Trends and Forecasts in California, 2000-2035 ....................................................582Table 9.D: Avalanches, 1950-2016 ............................................................................................................................595Table 9.E: Drought Incidents, 1972 to 2016 ..............................................................................................................600Table 9.F: Summary of Impacts of 2015 California Drought......................................................................................608Table 9.G: Drought Response Funding Since 2014, by Category ...............................................................................611Table 9.H: 2012-2017 Drought Executive Orders ......................................................................................................611Table 9.I: Drought Disaster Assistance Programs ......................................................................................................612Table 9.J: Drought Grant Programs ...........................................................................................................................614Table 9.K: West Nile Virus Activity, 2003-2016 .........................................................................................................636Table 9.L: HeatRisk Categories by Color ....................................................................................................................645Table 9.M: Freeze Disasters, 1950 to Present ...........................................................................................................658Table 9.N: Fujita Tornado Scale .................................................................................................................................661Table 9.O: Federally Declared Storm Disasters Since 1993 (as of February 2018)* ..................................................662Table 9.P: Tornado Losses, 1950-2017 ......................................................................................................................663Table 9.Q: Progress of Tree Mortality Task Force Directives, through June 2018.....................................................669Table 9.R: Examples of Hazardous Materials Releases Triggered by Natural Disasters ............................................677Table 9.S: Summary of California and Other Significant Oil Spills .............................................................................690Table 9.T: Gas Distribution and Local Transmission Line Incidents, 2013 to 2017 ....................................................698Table 9.U: Levels of Nuclear Power Plant Emergencies ............................................................................................706Table 9.V: Terrorist Events in California, 2006 to 2016 .............................................................................................726Table 9.W: Homeland Security Grant Program Expenditures, 2012-2016 ................................................................733Table 9.X: Summary of Significant Civil Disorders in California .................................................................................742Table 10.A: Active Post-Fire Grants, as of September 2018 ......................................................................................752Table 10.B: Distribution of Major FEMA Support Grant Programs in California, 2013-2016 ....................................759Table 10.C: Project Types Funded in California, 2013-2016 ......................................................................................760Table 10.D: Notices of Interest Submitted, Approved and Obligated for 2013-2016 ...............................................760Table 10.E: Notices of Interest Submitted and Approved (obligations pending) for 2017, as of July 2018 ..............760Table 10.F: Mitigation Activities Eligible for Hazard Mitigation Assistance Funding.................................................764Table 10.G: Summary of HMGP NOI Process.............................................................................................................774Table 10.H: Summary of PDM/FMA NOI Process ......................................................................................................775Table 10.I: Summary of HMGP Subapplication Process ............................................................................................777Table 10.J: Summary of PDM/FMA Subapplication Process......................................................................................779Table 10.K: Grant Subapplicant Technical Training by Cal OES and FEMA ................................................................781

PAGE XIVCALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table 10.L: SMART Assessments Performed, 2013-2017 ..........................................................................................792Table 10.M: SMART Assessments Performed in 2018, as of May 2018 ....................................................................797

LIST OF PROGRESS SUMMARIESProgress Summary 3.A: Regional Flood Management Planning..................................................................................77Progress Summary 3.B: The Delta Stewardship Council and the Delta Levees Investment Strategy..........................77Progress Summary 3.C: Ongoing Progress on Integrated Climate Adaptation and Resiliency Program (ICARP) ........78Progress Summary 3.D: SHMT Working Group Initiatives...........................................................................................81Progress Summary 3.E: AB 2140 Implementation.......................................................................................................86Progress Summary 3.F: SB 1241 Implementation Resources ......................................................................................87Progress Summary 3.G: MyPlan and GIS TAWC ..........................................................................................................92Progress Summary 3.H: SMART Post-Disaster Loss Avoidance Tracking.....................................................................94Progress Summary 4.A: California Adaptation Planning Guide (APG) Updates.........................................................153Progress Summary 4.B: Additional Local Climate Adaptation Guidance Sources .....................................................153Progress Summary 4.C: Creation of a Coastal Plan Alignment Compass: A Planning Tool for Coastal Communities...................................................................................................................................................................................156Progress Summary 5.A: Jurisdictions with Approved and Adopted LHMPs as of May 2017....................................194Progress Summary 6.A: HAZUS Earthquake Loss Estimation for California...............................................................255Progress Summary 6.B: Cal VIVA III and the Climate Adaptation Strategy Project 6A ..............................................274Progress Summary 6.C: Earthquake Zones of Required Investigation (formerly called Seismic Hazards Mapping Projects) and Other Earthquake Data........................................................................................................................297Progress Summary 6.D: EQ Zapp: California Earthquake Hazards Zone Application.................................................297Progress Summary 6.E: University of California Retrofits .........................................................................................306Progress Summary 6.F: School Retrofit Progress in the Los Angeles Unified School District ....................................309Progress Summary 6.G: California Residential Mitigation Program ..........................................................................317Progress Summary 6.H: Seismic Evaluation of Single-Family Dwellings ....................................................................322Progress Summary 6.I: Mobile Homes ......................................................................................................................323Progress Summary 6.J: Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and Maintenance Standards (MOTEMS) Audit Manual ..327Progress Summary 6.K: Highway Bridge Retrofits .....................................................................................................329Progress Summary 6.L: Great California ShakeOut Earthquake Drill and Public Readiness Initiative .......................333Progress Summary 6.M: Landslide Hazard Mapping .................................................................................................355Progress Summary 7.A: Flood Laws...........................................................................................................................399Progress Summary 7.B: California’s Flood Management Programs within the Flood Management System ............401Progress Summary 7.C: Central Valley Flood Management ......................................................................................404Progress Summary 7.D: Regional Flood Management Planning ...............................................................................404Progress Summary 7.E: Statewide Flood Management ............................................................................................405Progress Summary 7.F: Water Plans and the Delta ...................................................................................................423Progress Summary 7.G: Senate Bill 1278—200-Year Floodplain Maps and General Plan Amendments ..................424Progress Summary 7.H: California Coastal Commission Sea-Level Rise Policy Guidance..........................................456Progress Summary 7.I: Local Coastal Resources Grant Program...............................................................................457Progress Summary 7.J: San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission.........................................460Progress Summary 7.K: Understanding Tsunami Probability ....................................................................................469Progress Summary 7.L: Assessing Tsunami Hazards and Potential Losses ................................................................472Progress Summary 7.M: Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis Mapping Linkage to Mitigation Activities .............478Progress Summary 7.N: Earthquake, High Water, and Levee Failure: Cascading Hazards........................................489Progress Summary 7.O: Levee Hazard Mitigation: Evaluation and Repair ................................................................491Progress Summary 7.P: Delta Levees Program..........................................................................................................493Progress Summary 7.Q: Lower Elkhorn Basin Levee Setback Project........................................................................497Progress Summary 7.R: Dam Inundation Mapping and MyPlan................................................................................505Progress Summary 8.A: Senate Bill 1241 (2012) and CAL FIRE’s Land Use Planning Program ..................................544Progress Summary 8.B: Board of Forestry and Fire Protection Research Efforts ......................................................546

PAGE XVCALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Progress Summary 8.C: Fire Hazard Severity Zone Mapping and State/Local Responsibility Areas .........................547Progress Summary 8.D: Strategic Fire Plan................................................................................................................553Progress Summary 9.A: Initiatives and Technology to Combat Pests and Diseases..................................................580Progress Summary 9.B: Partnerships for Environmental Public Health: Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Project .......................................................................................................................................................................590Progress Summary 9.C: Marine Invasive Species Act ................................................................................................593Progress Summary 9.D: California Groundwater and the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 .....618Progress Summary 9.E: California Solar Initiative......................................................................................................628Progress Summary 9.F: California Public Utilities Commission Solar Programs Invest In Disadvantaged Communities...................................................................................................................................................................................628Progress Summary 9.G: Clean Energy Progress Tracking ..........................................................................................629Progress Summary 9.H: California Clean Energy Jobs Act .........................................................................................630Progress Summary 9.I: Regional Efforts ....................................................................................................................631Progress Summary 9.J: Updates for Two Vector-Borne Disease Plans......................................................................641Progress Summary 9.K: Urban Heat Island Index for California ................................................................................654Progress Summary 9.L: Management and Control of Risks in Marine Oil Transportation System ...........................694Progress Summary 9.M: Pacific Gas and Electric Pipeline Safety ..............................................................................702Progress Summary 10.A: SMART Field Assessment: South Napa Earthquake ..........................................................795Progress Summary 10.B: City of Roseville Flood Control Improvement Project Result in Flood Loss Avoidance .....799Progress Summary 10.C: Assessment of Mitigation Efforts in the Areas of the October 2017 Wildfires and December 2017 Wildfires and the January 2018 Debris Flow ....................................................................................................800

LIST OF BEST PRACTICES HIGHLIGHTSBest Practices Highlight 3.A: Hermosa Beach—Integrating Coastal Protection with Land Use Planning....................89Best Practices Highlight 4.A: Santa Cruz County Plan for Climate Action and Adaptation........................................157Best Practices Highlight 4.B: “OutsideIn” Program....................................................................................................178Best Practices Highlight 5.A: Hazard Mitigation Strategy for the 2017 Severe Winter Storms (DR-4301)................183Best Practices Highlight 6.A: Successful Update of Alquist-Priolo Map for Lake Tahoe Area Clarifies Fault Location...................................................................................................................................................................................298Best Practices Highlight 6.B: California Earthquake Clearinghouse Achievements 2010-2017.................................301Best Practices Highlight 6.C University of California Seismic Mitigation ...................................................................307Best Practices Highlight 6.D: URM Retrofit Program Success in San Luis Obispo......................................................313Best Practices Highlight 6.E: San Francisco Community Action Plan for Seismic Safety and San Francisco’s Soft Story Ordinance ..................................................................................................................................................................316Best Practices Highlight 6.F: Mitigating Seismic Vulnerability of Housing.................................................................319Best Practices Highlight 6.G: San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s Water System Improvement Program ...325Best Practices Highlight 6.H: Devil’s Slide Tunnel Project .........................................................................................361Best Practices Highlight 7.A: San Mateo County’s Sea Change Program and Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment...................................................................................................................................................................................448Best Practices Highlight 8.A: City of San Diego’s Campaign to Mitigate Wildfire Hazard and Protect Sensitive Resources...................................................................................................................................................................548Best Practices Highlight 9.A: A Permanent Solution to Water Shortage in East Porterville, Tulare County .............615Best Practices Highlight 9.B: State Water Efficiency and Enhancement Program (SWEEP) ......................................615Best Practices Highlight 9.C: San Francisco Solar and Energy Storage for Resiliency................................................632Best Practices Highlight 9.D: Kern County Cooling Centers ......................................................................................653

PAGE XVICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.A: 2018 SHMP Statement of Plan Adoption Letter........................................................................................28Figure 4.A: California Population Projections ............................................................................................................113Figure 4.B: California Growth Scenarios ....................................................................................................................115Figure 4.C: Climate Change Impacts on Temperature Patterns. ...............................................................................129Figure 4.D: 2018 Safeguarding California Climate Change Impact Sector Breakdown..............................................144Figure 4.E: Impact of Climate Change on Human Health and Exacerbation of Existing Inequities ...........................148Figure 4.F: The Nine Steps in Adaptation Strategy Development .............................................................................152Figure 6.A: FEMA HAZUS Modeling ...........................................................................................................................259Figure 6.B: Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers from October 2016 to March 2017.......................................................347Figure 6.C: Volcano Hazard Components ..................................................................................................................364Figure 6.D: Hazard Information Flow from USGS Monitoring Networks to Civil Authorities and Stakeholders .......374Figure 7.A: Monthly Average Runoff of Sacramento River System ...........................................................................384Figure 7.B: Inter-Relationships Among California’s Flood Management Programs ..................................................400Figure 7.C: Flood Risk Reduction Opportunities in California....................................................................................407Figure 7.D: Key Flood Infrastructure Components ....................................................................................................416Figure 7.E: Flood Risk Reduction Opportunities in California ....................................................................................435Figure 7.F: Global Upper Ocean Heat Content and Sea-Level Change Since 1900....................................................438Figure 7.G: Locations of Tide Gauges Used as the Basis for Sea-Level Rise Projections............................................440Figure 7.H: Step-Wise Approach to Selecting Sea-Level Rise Projections .................................................................444Figure 7.I: Graphic from San Mateo County’s Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ...........................................449Figure 7.J: Sea-level Rise Planning Guidance.............................................................................................................459Figure 7.K: Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) Adapting to Rising Tides Program – Resource Organization ..............................................................................................................................................................460Figure 7.L: Del Mar’s Process for Evaluating, Selecting, and Sea Level Rise Adaptation Options .............................463Figure 7.M: Hamilton City Flood Damage Reduction and Ecosystem Restoration Project Overview .......................496Figure 9.A: Graphical Illustration of extreme Events for Temperature and Precipitation.........................................607Figure 9.B: “Make Conservation a California Way of Life” Report Actions Summary ...............................................620Figure 9.C: Linking Climate Change, Extreme Heat, and Public Health .....................................................................649Figure 9.D: Crude-by-Rail Imports into California, 2016 and 2017............................................................................713Figure 9.E: Use of Height and Length in Describing Well Stimulation Treatment Fractures in California. ................724Figure 9.F: Cal OES Homeland Security Organizational Structure .............................................................................729Figure 9.G: California Business Sectors Affected by Cyber Threats ...........................................................................735Figure 9.H: California Cyber Defense.........................................................................................................................737Figure 9.I: California Cybersecurity Integration Center (Cal CSIC) Linkage to Other Agencies ..................................738Figure 10.A: FEMA Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Assistance Programs ..................................................763

LIST OF CHARTSChart 2.A: Cal OES Planning, Preparedness, and Prevention Directorate Organization..............................................33Chart 6.A: Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation Index.......................................................................................346Chart 6.B: Schematic Comparison of Natural Hazard Timelines................................................................................368Chart 8.A: Annual Acres Burned by Vegetation Type and Decade, 1960-2017 .........................................................511Chart 8.B: Number of Structures Ignited During a Large Wildfire (Greater than 300 Acres), 1991-2017 .................520Chart 8.C: Firefighter and civilian fatalities occurring during a large wildfire (>300 acres) from 1991 to 2017........521Chart 8.D: Structures Destroyed by Wildfire 1989-2017...........................................................................................537Chart 9.A: Water Supply Conditions, 2005 to 2018...................................................................................................602Chart 9.B: Projected Increase in Extreme Heat, 2070-2099 ......................................................................................648Chart 9.C: Crude Oil Transportation by Rail in the United States, 2011-2017...........................................................712Chart 10.A: Cal OES HMGP Division Organization, as of March 2018 .......................................................................770

PAGE XVIICALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chart 10.B: Cal OES Mitigation and Dam Safety Branch Organization, as of June 2018 ...........................................771

CALIFORNIA STATE HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN │ SEPTEMBER 2018 PAGE XVIII