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SHIPS & SHIPPINGA HANDBOOK OF POPULAR NAUTICAL INFORMATION;

WITH NUMEROUS DIAGRAMS PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

EDITED BY FRANCIS MILTOUN

ALEXANDER MORING LTD. THE DE LA MORE PRESS 298 REGENT STREET LONDON

1903

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PREFACE

THIS book has been compiled with the object of providing in a convenient and attractive form nauticalinformation of the kind required by intelligent landsmen whose interest has been raised in the maritime heritage of ourempire. Information of this kind has hitherto been almost entirely inaccessible, since it is contained partly in large andcumbrous books of reference, and partly in expensive technical works, or in Government publications.

In the first edition of a work of this kind absolute completeness is naturally not possible, and the publisher will bevery glad to receive any suggestions for correction or improvement.

Though there has been no attempt to provide a monograph on any one particular aspect of maritime knowledge, itis claimed that the work covers a wide ground and contains in a condensed form the information most likely to beserviceable to the traveller and the general enquirer.

It has been the aim of the Editor to obtain his facts from the most authentic sources, and in this connexion thanksare due to Lloyd's for their kind permission to print extracts from their most valuable CALENDAR, and to Messrs.Thacker & Co. for the same courteous permission to use their handy and comprehensive NAVAL POCKET BOOK, toboth of which works the reader is referred for additional facts should he desire either to know more of the MerchantService or of the Navy. Thanks are also due to the Navy League for permission to reprint the article dealing with itswork, and to the various Steamship Companies who have kindly placed at the Editor's disposal the lists of their fleets,and other interesting details connected with their lines of steamers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. THE MAKING OF THE SHIP(a) Evolution(b) Relative Size and Growth of Mercantile Steamships(c) Consumption of Coal(d) Design and Construction of Ships(e) Parts of a Full-Rigged Ship

2. THE SAILING OF THE SHIP(a) Seamanship and Navigation(b) The Rule of the Road at Sea

3. COURSE AND DIRECTION(a) The Compass(b) The Use of a Watch as a Compass(c) Tracks of Atlantic Steamers

4. DISTANCE(a) Charts(b) Meridians(c) Length of Degrees of Longitude(d) Nautical Measures(e) Table for converting Sea into Land Miles(f) Measured Miles(g) Ocean Depths(h) Method of judging Distances at Sea(i) Distances between Headlands, Harbours, and Lights off the British Coasts(j) Distances by Sea between British and Continental Ports

5. TIME(a) Chronometer(b) Ship Time(e) Time Signals in Great Britain(d) Difference in Time(e) Reduction of Longitude into Time(f) Ship's Speed

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(g) Comparative Velocities

6. ATMOSPHERE(a) Weather Wisdom(b) Beaufort Notation Formula(c) Velocity of the Wind

7. THE ROYAL NAVY

8. THE MERCHANT SERVICE(a) History and Development(b) Merchant Vessels launched in the United Kingdom(c) List of the Largest Steamships afloat(d) Tonnage of the Largest Steamship Companies(e) Merchant Fleets of Chief Maritime Powers(f) Routes of Travel(g) Transatlantic Records(h) Other Records

9. EMBLEMS(a) Flags(b) House Flags and Funnels(c) Distinguishing Letters of British Fishing Boats

10. SIGNALS(a) General Signals(b) Numeral Signals(c) Sound Signals(d) Fog Signals(e) Storm Signals(f) Distress Signals(g) Pilot Signals(h) Night Signals of Steamers(i) Lloyd's Signal Station Reports(j) Wireless Telegraph Stations

11. LIGHTS AND LIGHTHOUSES(a) History and Development(b) Important Lighthouses off British Isles(c) Views of Lighthouses

12. BUOYS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM (MISSING)

13. SHIP CANALS

14. THE HIGH SEAS

15. YACHTING(a) History and development(b) Well-Known Yachts and their Owners(c) America Cup Races(d) British Yacht Clubs(e) Yachting Fixtures

16. LLOYD'S — see also Signals(a) History and Development(b) Lloyd's Signal Stations(c) Classification of Ships(d) Loadline or Plimsoll Marks

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17. GAZETEER(a) Of Ports(b) Of Important Shipping Events

18. NAUTICAL VOCABULARY

19. ILLUSTRATED LIST OF THE SHIPS OF THE ROYAL NAVY

20. MERCHANT SHIPS CONVERTIBLE INTO WAR VESSELS

21. FLEETS OF PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP COMPANIES

22. THE NAVY LEAGUE

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

VIKING SHIP OF KING ALFRED'S DAY (COLOURED PLATE)DIAGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT OF CUNARDERGALLEY OF COLUMBUS (COLOURED PLATE)DIAGRAM OF A FULL-RIGGED SHIPTYPES OF SAILING VESSELSA MARINER'S COMPASSH.M.S. VICTORY (COLOURED PLATE)SECTIONAL VIEWS OF A MODERN WARSHIPSECTIONAL VIEW OF MODERN LINERFLAGS (COLOURED PLATE)OBJECTS USED IN SIGNALLINGSIGNALS (COLOURED PLATE)VIEWS OF LIGHTHOUSESILLUSTRATIONS OF BUOYSSAILORS' KNOTSH.M.S. KING ALFRED (COLOURED PLATE)There are besides numerous cuts illustrating types of the Royal Navy and Merchant Services.

VIKING SHIP OF KING ALFRED'S DAY

1 The Making of The Ship

(a) EVOLUTION

THE earliest and simplest means of water carriage employed by man consisted of the rafts or floating logs, which havedoubtless been used since the dawn of the human race for carrying men and their property.

This early and crude form was supplemented by the "dug-out," found in all parts of the world, and made from thehollowed-out trunk of a tree. Later followed various forms of the canoe; often a mere framework of bone or woodenribs covered with hides or tree-bark. This led to the conventional built-up boat, which still, however, remained of theopen or undecked type.

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Decked craft are of unknown antiquity; but it is certain that the ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans allpossessed ships of this class, capable of transporting large numbers of men, that these vessels were composed of keels,frames and beams, and had decks and planking secured by fastenings of metal or wood, and that they were also fittedwith the conventional appliances for rowing, sailing, steering and anchoring.

In B.C. 350 the Greeks are known to have possessed a navy and dockyards, and from this time forward, throughout theMediterranean, great progress was made in maritime affairs with regard to the transportation by ships both of men andgoods.

The Phoenicians were the first to construct warships (of the "galley" type) about 900 B.C., propulsion being effected bytwo banks of oars. The Greeks later employed oars arranged in several banks, and rising in tiers one above the other, atype which existed among the Mediterranean nations for ships (both of War and State) until well into the middle ages.

The later merchant ships of the Western Mediterranean nations in general did not differ greatly from the warships ofthe time, although there seems to be more distinction of this kind among those of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

As all the early battles must have taken place at close quarters, or at least at a range suitable for the bow and arrow, ademand at once grew up for the lofty castellated structures which adorned the prows and sterns of 'most mediaevalships; a form which, with some modifications, survived well into the nineteenth century,' and still leaves its traces in themodern appellation which is given to the crew's quarters in the fo'csle or fore-castle.

The art of shipbuilding progressed very slowly for centuries, the transition from type to type being but gradual. In theseventeenth century the national characteristics of build were but slightly marked; all the vessels of that time having thefollowing features in common, which have since disappeared: a lofty and often highly decorated stern; a square sailhung forward below the bowsprit; and a diminutive lateen sail on the mizzen mast, doubtless intended as an aid insteering, and Which survives to-day in the common "yawl" rig.

During this period the armament was increased, in order to give a heavier broadside, and the ships proportionatelyincreased in beam. This heavier type may be said to have endured well into the last century, with such modification asthe development of the arts and sciences had then brought about.

The use of iron for the construction of a ship was tried in a small craft as early as 1787, but the first iron ship (of anymagnitude) to be built was the paddle steamer Aaron Manby, in 1821. The practical establishment of iron shipbuildingdates, however, from a few years later, When John Laird, of Birkenhead, in 1829, first made a commercial success ofiron ship-construction. The Sirius, in 1837, was the first iron vessel classed at "Lloyd's"; but this innovation wasgenerally opposed until almost the middle of the century, when this method of construction first met with unqualifiedfavour.

The adapting of the steam-engine to all classes of ships, and the employment of steel instead of iron in the constructionof the hull have, to a yet further extent, revolutionised the world's mercantile marine. The substitution of mild steel as asubstitute for iron — an invention originally introduced into this country from France — is now thoroughlyestablished, and has resulted in producing a class of ships which, ton for ton, are not only stronger and more durablethan vessels of wood, or even vessels of iron, but are actually proved to be 50 per cent. lighter than boats built oftimber, and 15 per cent. lighter than iron-built ships.

Finally, the now established practice of sub-dividing these steel-built vessels into watertight compartments (which canbe used at will for water-ballast) has still further diminished the chances of lives being lost in the event of a wreck or acollision.

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THE EVOLUTION OF THE SHIP CHART

(b) RELATIVE SIZE AND GROWTH OF MERCANTILE STEAMSHIPS

In the last sixty years the duration of the Transatlantic voyage has been reduced by more than 50 per cent., the size ofthe ships has been multiplied by fifteen, and their power and carrying capacity by more than fifty. Enormous strideshave been made in shipbuilding and in increasing the size of ocean steamships.

Built Vessel Length Feet Beam Feet H. P. Tonnage

1840 Acadia 228 34 425 1,1501850 Atlantic 276 45 850 2,8001855 Persia 300 45 900 8,3001862 Scotia 379 47 1,000 8,8711881 City of Rome 560 52 17,500 8,1441885 Umbria 520 57 15,000 8,1281889 Teutonic 582 57 17,000 9,6851889 City of Paris 527 63 18,000 10,4991893 Campania 625 65 25,000 13,0001897 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 649 66 27,000 13,8001899 Oceanic 705 68 30,000 17,0401900 Deutschland 662 67 30,000 16,5021901 Kron Prinz Wm. 630 30,000 15,0001901 Celtic 700 75 14,000 20,9041902 Kaiser Wm. d. II 706 38,000 19,5001902 Cedric 700 75 21,000

(c) CONSUMPTION OF COAL

The consumption of coal in steamships has (proportionately) much decreased since the introduction of the compoundengine. Previous to that time a vessel fitted with the best type of engines, such as the Scotia, of the Cunard line —which was floated in 1862, and had a midship section of 841 square feet — consumed 160 tons of coal per day, or1,600 tons on the passage between New York and Liverpool. The City of Brussels, a screw-steamer of the Inman line,floated in 1869, with a midship section of 909 square feet, consumed 95 tons per day; while the Spain, a screw-steamerof the National line, launched in 1871, with compound machinery, and at that time the longest vessel on the Atlantic —with a length of 425 feet 6 inches on the load-line, beam-mould 43 feet, draught (loaded) 24 feet 9 inches — whenmaking the passage in September of the above year, consumed only 53 tons per day, or 500 tons on the run. All thesethree vessels had a similar average of speed. There are still later instances where but 40 tons of coal per day were used.

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Ocean steamers are large consumers of coal. The Orient line, with their fleet of ships running from England toAustralia every two weeks, may be instanced. The steamship Austral went from London to Sydney in 35 days, andconsumed on the voyage 3,641 tons of coal; her coal bunkers held 2,750 tons. The steamship Oregon consumed over330 tons per day on the passage from Liverpool to New York; her bunkers held nearly 4,000 tons. The Stirling Castlebrought home in one cargo 2,200 tons of tea, and consumed 2,800 tons of coal in doing so. Immense stocks of coal arekept at various coaling stations — St. Vincent, Madeira, Port Said, Singapore, and elsewhere; the reserve at the latterplace being about 20,000 tons.

The Oceanic consumes from 400 tons to 500 tons of coal per day, the Majestic and Teutonic about 150 tons less.

An enormous increase in coal consumption is necessary for a comparatively slight increase in the vessel's speed.Suppose the propellers were turning 57 times to the minute, and it was desired to make them turn 58. It would requirethe burning of five additional tons of coal a day. The coal burned varies as the cube of the speed attained. If the vesselcould be driven 12 knots an hour by burning 90 tons of coal a day, by burning twice that amount (180 tons) her speedis advanced to 16 knots, a gain of only one-third. Increase the coal to 300 tons a day, the rate of gain is even less, thespeed being 20 knots. It is estimated that if the present horse-power could be doubled by extra furnaces and firemenand the burning of sufficient coal, the result would be to shorten her time across the Atlantic by a bare half day only. Soenormous is the cost of the gain of an hour's time to an Atlantic "greyhound."

GALLEON OF COLUMBUS (HENRY THE SEVENTH'S DAY)

(d) THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS

The earliest ship builders gave little thought or care to the design or construction of the hull, but devoted their attentionrather to the interior arrangements and the upper works of their vessels. The reason for this was that the factors ofspeed and capacity in relation to size were then less paramount than at present.

During the middle ages the purely decorative features or what is called the "top hamper," were extravagantly increased,but with due regard for stability and strength these gradually gave way to more serviceable plans and models, until atthe latter part of the eighteenth century, the types of our sailing craft first began to approach the forms with which weare now familiar.

Certain accepted rules and formulae were eventually laid down which, without restricting shipbuilders to any verydefinite dimensions, enforced due regard for the rules of proportion and measurement which had proved suitable or

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satisfactory in practice — thus meeting the special demands that were likely to be made upon the various types of craft,whether war vessels or merchantmen, under the more stringent modern conditions.

When all ships were of small size, the masts usually consisted of a single piece or "stick," but the modern sailing vesselof large dimensions (1,500 to 3,000 tons) has its masts of steel, or made up of smaller pieces of timber strapped orbound together with steel bands; while the required height is obtained by constructing them in two or more lengths, theone standing above the other. Top masts, top gallant masts and "royals," are each formed of one stick surmountinganother. The bow-sprit is also usually formed of a single stick.

The earliest sails in our northern latitudes were pro-bably made from the skins of animals; but in the tropics large palm-leaves, at first singly, and later more or less roughly fastened together, have been used since time immemorial. Laterstill, the sails of all races seem to have consisted of woven fabrics, constructed from the sterns of certain plants (e.g.flax) or grasses. These primitive sails, moreover, were generally of a more or less square (lug-sail) shape. These,however, were followed by the more simple fore and aft lateen rig, the latest development of which is the lateen sail stillused on small craft in the Mediterranean.

In a modern rigged vessel sail is reduced firstly by the division of the total sail-area into small sails of manage-able shapeand dimensions; so that they may be taken in one after the other as occasion requires, and secondly by "reefing," anarrangement which allows of a portion of individual sail only being furled at a time. Numerous devices for furling sailshave been used to accom-plish this from time to time, but the usual course is to employ several rows of "reef-points "or short ropes attached to the sail itself, by means of which it can be fastened down to the yard to which it is attached,thereby effectively reducing the area, but still allowing a portion of the sail to remain in position.

Rigging is divided into two classes, the "standing rigging," by which the masts and spars are supported, and "runningrigging," by which the sails themselves are manipulated or trimmed. Modern improvements and developments withregard to rigging consist chiefly in the substitution of wire rope in place of the Manila or hemp rope formerly used.

The question of ballast has always been a serious one for sea captains making long voyages in sailing vessels. Waterballast is used on large ocean steamers, and many of the modern sailing craft have tanks arranged in their holds, so thatthey can take on water ballast direct from the sea. But the old-time sailing vessels have to wait to see what ballast theycan pick up before making the homeward trip. The most common ballast is stone or rock, and the relative value of itsgrades is known to every shipmaster, who can often dispose of such a cargo for more than the cost of loading andunloading, Sand and common dirt are also shipped in ballast.

Of late there has been much speculation as to the life of a ship. This is of course a question that depends very muchupon the builders. It is found that Norwegian vessels have a life of 30 years; Italian, 27; British, 26; German, 25; Dutch,22; French, 20; United States, 18. The average death-rate of the world's shipping is about 4 per cent. and the birth-rate5 per cent.

The largest cargo carrier is, at present, the White Star steamer Celtic. She is 20,880 tons gross measurement, and herdimensions are: over-all length, 700 feet; beam, 75 feet; depth, 49 feet.

The Pennsylvania, of the Hamburg American Line, is the next largest cargo carrier, being rated at 20,000 tons burden.

Four steamships of enormous dimensions are projected (two of which are already laid down in Connecticut, U.S.) forthe Great Northern Steamship Co.'s Pacific Service. They are to be of 21,000 R.T.

The largest tank steamer is the St. Helens, which is built to carry 2,850,000 gallons of oil in bulk.

The largest schooner in existence is a seven-masted schooner (building in Maine, U.S.A.). It is 310 feet long on the keel,345 feet over all, and will register about 2,750 tons net, with an estimated coal-carrying capacity of from 5,000 to 5,500tons.

The largest sailing ship afloat is called the Potosi. She was built at Bremen, with five masts, is 394 feet long, 50 feetbeam, with a draught of 25 feet and a carrying capacity of 6,150 tons.

The second largest ship in the world is the five-masted French ship France: length, 3I6 feet; beam, 49 feet; depth, 26feet. She has a net tonnage of 3,624, a sail area of 49,000 square feet, and has carried a cargo of 5,900 tons. The Britishship Liverpool, 3,330 tons, is 333 feet long, 48 feet broad, and 28 feet deep. The Palgrave is of 3,078 tons. She hastaken 20,000 bales of jute from Calcutta to Dundee in a single voyage.

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The biggest of wooden ships is the Roanoke, built by Arthur Sewall and Co. Her dimensions are: length of keel, 300feet; length over all, 350 feet; height of fore-mast top from deck, 180 feet; length of main yard, 95 feet; main lowertopsail yard, 86 feet; main upper topsail yard, 77 feet; main top-gallant yard, 66 feet; main royal yard, 55 feet; mainskysail yard, 44 feet; bowsprit, 65 feet; deck to keelson, 22.2 feet; keelson to bottom, 12 feet; height of keelson, 9 feet 8inches. With all sails set she spreads 15,000 square yards of canvas. She has four masts — fore, main, mizzen and jigger.She has four headsails with an aggregate of 646 square yards of canvas in them. Her main and mizzen sails contain2,424 square yards of canvas. In her hull are 24,000 cubic feet of oak, 1,250,000 feet of yellow pine, 225 tons of iron,98,000 treenails and 550 hackmatack knees.

(e) PARTS OF A FULL-RIGGED SHIP

1, hull; 2, bow; 3, stern; 4, cutwater; 5, stem; 6, entrance; 7, waist; 8, run; 9, counter; 10, rudder; 11, davits; 12, quarter-boat; 13, cat-head; 14, anchor; 15, cable; 16, bulwarks; 17, taffrail; 18, channels; 19, chain-plates; 20, cabin-trunk; 21,after-deck house; 22, forward-deck house; 23, bowsprit; 24, jib-boom; 25, flying jib-boom; 26, foremast; 27, mainmast;28, mizzen-mast; 29, foretopmast; 30, maintopmast; 31, mizzen-topmast; 32, foretopgallantmast; 33,maintopgallant-mast; 34, mizzentopgallantmast; 35, foreroyalmast; 36, mainroyalmast; 37, mizzenroyalmast; 38,foresky-sailmast; 39, mainskysailmast; 40, mizzenskysailmast; 41, foreskysail-pole; 42, mainskysail-pole; 43,mizzen-skysail-pole; 44 fore-truck, 45, main-truck; 46, mizzen-truck; 47, foremast-head; 48, mainmast-head; 49,mizzenmast-head; 50, foretopmast-head; 51, maintop-mast-head; 52, mizzentopmast-head; 53, foretop; 54, maintop; 55,mizzentop; 56, dolphin-striker; 57, out-riggers; 58, foreyard; 59, mainyard; 60, cross jack-yard; 61, fore lower topsail-yard; 62, main lower topsail-yard 63, mizzen lower topsail-yard; 64, fore upper topsail-yard; 65, main upper topsail-yard;66, mizzen upper topsail-yard; 67, foretopgallant-yard; 68, main-topgallant-yard; 69, mizzentopgallant-yard; 70,fore-royal-yard; 71, mainroyal-yard; 72, mizzenroyal-yard; 73, foreskysail-yard; 74, mainskysail-yard; 75, mizzen-skysail-yard; 76, spanker-boom; 77, spanker-gaff; 78, mainskysail-gaff; 79, monkey-gaff; 80, lower studding-sail-yard; 81,foretopmast studdingsail-boom; 82, fore-topmast studdingsail-yard; 83, maintopmast studding� sail-boom; 84,maintopmast studdingsail-yard; 85, foretopgallant studdingsail-boom; 86, foretopgallant studdingsail-yard; 87,maintopgallant studdingsail-boom; 88, maintopgallant studdingsail-yard; 89, fore-royal studdingsail-boom; 90, foreroyalstuddingsail-yard; 91, mainroyal studdingsail-boom; 92, mainroyal studding-sail-yard; 93, bobstays; 94, bowsprit-shrouds; 95, martingale-guys; 96, martingale-stays; 97, fore-chains; 98, main-chains; 99, mizzen-chains; 100, fore-shrouds; 101, main-shrouds; 102, mizzen-shrouds; 103, foretopmast shrouds; 104, maintopmast-shrouds; 105,mizzentopmast-shrouds; 106, foretopgallant-shrouds; 107, maintopgallant-shrouds; 108, mizzentopgallant-shrouds; 109,futtock-shrouds; 110, futtock-shrouds; 111, futtock-shrouds; 112, forestay; 113, mainstay; 1I4, mizzenstay; 115;foretopmast-stay; 116, maintopmast-stay; 117, spring-stay; 118, mizzentopmast-stay; 119, jib-stay; 120, flyingjib-stay;121, foretopgallant-stay; I22, maintopgallant-stay; 123, mizzentopgallant-stay; 124, foreroyal-stay; 125, mainroyal-stay;

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126, mizzen-royal-stay; 127, foreskysail-stay; 128 mainskysail-stay; 129, mizzenskysail-stay; 130, foretopmast-backstays;131, maintopmast-backstays; 132, mizzentopmast-backstays; 133, foretopgallant-backstays; 134, maintopgallant-backstays; 135, mizzentopgallant-backstays; 136, foreroyal-backstays; 137, mainroyal-backstays; 138, mizzenroyal-backstays; 139, foreskysail-backstays; 140, mainskysail-backstays; 141, mizzenskysail-backstays; 142, foresail orforecourse; 143, mainsail or main-course; 144, crossjack; I45, fore lower topsail; 146 main lower topsail; 147, mizzenlower topsail; 148, fore upper topsail; 149, main upper topsail; 150, mizzen upper topsail; 151, foretopgallant-sail; 152,maintopgallant-sail; 153, mizzentopgallant-sail; 154, foreroyal; 155, mainroyal; 156, mizzenroyal; 157, foreskysail; 158,mainskysail; 159, mizzensky-sail; 160, spanker; 161, mizzenstaysail; 162, foretopmast-staysail; 163, main. topmast lowerstaysail; 164, maintopmast upper stay-sail; 165, mizzentopmast-staysail; 166, jib; 167, flying-jib; 168, jib-topsail; 169,maintopgallant-staysail; 170, mizzentopgallant-staysail; 17I, mainroyal-staysail; 172, mizzenroyal-staysail; 173, lowerstudding-sail; 174, foretopmast-studding sail; 175, maintopmast-studdingsail; 176, foretopgallant-studding sail; 177,maintop-gallant-studding sail; 178, foreroyal-studding sail; 179, mainroyal-studding sail; 180, forelift; 181, mainlift; 182,crossjack-lift; 183, fore lower topsail-lift; 184, main lower topsail-lift; 185, mizzen lower topsail-lift; 186, spanker-boomtopping-lift; 187, monkey-gaff lift; 188, lower studdingsail-halyards; 189, lower studdingsail inner halyards; 190,foretopmast studdingsail-halyards; 191, maintopmast studdingsail-halyards; 192, foretop-gallant studdingsail-halyards;193, maintopgallant studdingsail-halyards; 194, spanker peak-halyards; 195, signal-halyards; 196, weather jib-sheet; 197,weather flying-jib sheet; 198, weather jib topsail-sheet; 199, weather fore-sheet; 200, weather main-sheet; 201, weathercrossjack-sheet; 202, spanker-sheet; 203, mizzentopgallant staysail-sheet; 204, mainroyal stay-sail-sheet; 205,mizzenroyal staysail-sheet; 206, lower studdingsail-sheet; 207, foretopmast studdingsail-sheet; 208, foretopmaststuddingsail-tack; 209, maintopmast studdingsail-sheet; 210, maintopmast studdingsail-tack; 211, foretopgallantstuddingsail-sheet; 212, foretop-gallant studding sail tack; 213, maintopgallant studding-sail-sheet; 214, maintopgallantstuddingsail-tack; 215, foreroyal studdingsail-sheet; 216, foreroyal studdingsail-tack; 217, mainroyal studdingsail-sheet;218, mainroyal studdingsail-tack; 219, forebrace; 220, mainbrace; 221, crossjack-brace; 222, fore lower topsail-brace;223, main lower topsail-brace; 224, mizzen lower topsail-brace; 225, fore upper topsail-brace; 226, main upper topsailbrace; 227, mizzen upper topsail-brace; 228, foretop-gallant-brace; 229, maintopgallant-brace; 230, mizzen-topgallant-brace; 231, foreroyal brace; 232, mainroyal-brace; 233, mizzenroyal-brace; 234, foreskysail-brace; 235, mainskysail-brace;236, mizzenskysail-brace; 237, upper maintopsail-downhaul; 238, upper mizzentopsail-downhaul; 239, foretopmastmaintopsail-downhaul; 240, maintopmast studding sail-downhaul; 241, fore-topgallant studdingsail-downhaul; 242,maintopgallant studdingsail-downhaul; 243, clew-garnets; 244, clew-lines; 245, spanker-brails; 246, spanker-gaff vangs;247, monkey-gaff vangs; 248, main bowline; 249, bowline-bridle; 250, foot-ropes; 251, reef-points.

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2 The Sailing of the Ship

(a) SEAMANSHIP AND NAVIGATION

BY the traveller seamanship and navigation are too often confounded. Navigation in brief is the con-ducting of theship as it were along a certain preconceived path or track of the ocean, from port to port. Seamanship, on the otherhand, whether in the old sailing ship or the modern steamship, includes the general care and labour given towardskeeping the ship in seaworthy condition and the command and control of the men exercised by the officers in eachdepartment, in order to insure, as far as possible, the safe and quick prosecution of the voyage.

The COMMANDER, or Captain, as he is still often called, is the absolute authority, whether civil or naval, on boardship, and may demand the entire compliance of the passengers and crew alike should he require it. He is responsible forthe safe and efficient navigation of the ship, as well as for the proper performance of the duties of the officers underhim; for the internal discipline down to the humblest member of the forecastle or the stoke-hold, and for the comfortand satisfaction of the pas-sengers as well.

The CHIEF OFFICER is generally charged with the entire responsibility of the care and upkeep of the ship; andthough he may sometimes stand watches With the junior officers, it is usually the Second, Third and Fourth officerswho, dividing the time amongst them, are the real navigators of the ship, and who keep it on the courses and under thespeed set down by the captain, who, however, usually confers with the officer then on duty.

Whether at sea or in port, one of the officers must always be on duty in charge of the ship, his proper station being, inthe former case, the upper bridge. The officer on duty is strictly forbidden, by an obvious necessity, to enter intoconversation, but should give his whole and undivided attention to his Work, If in the execution of his duties he shouldhave arty reason to anticipate the arising of any immediate risk or danger to the ship from the course upon which she isbeing steered, he is required to take action at once upon his own initiative and to send word of the Wholecircum-stances at once to the captain. Every such officer on duty is further forbidden to go below until his watch isended, and indeed even then, unless he is relieved by the officer whose watch next succeeds his own.

It should be added here that passengers are never allowed on the bridge, or in the wheel or chart-house.

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With regard to the SURGEON, the rule in the case of most companies is that they do not forbid their surgeons toaccept any honoraria spontaneously offered them, but at the same time it must not be forgotten that they are notentitled to any sort of fee for their services, Which should be rendered entirely free of charge to all sections of thecommunity alike.

The PURSER may be called the "business manager" of the ship. In conjunction With the Chief Steward, he contractsfor the ship's supplies, and supervises the various duties connected with clerical work and accounts.

The CHIEF STEWARD has charge of the details for messing and berthing the passengers and crew, and might be bestdescribed as a "Maître d'Hotel," in charge of the corps of bedroom and table stewards, cooks and bakers.

Divine service is held in the saloon on Sunday morning, the Commander (or some clergyman among the passengers ofwhom he may ask the favour) officiating.

Inspection of all parts of the ship usually takes place daily at 11 a.m., by the Commander, Surgeon, Purser and ChiefSteward.

The Captain, Officers and Stewards are alike required to show all possible attention and courtesy to passengers onboard and to afford all possible assistance to them when entering or leaving the ship. They are also required to see thatthe crew interfere as little as possible, when performing their duties, With the passengers' comfort. On the other handthere is to be no familiarity between the passengers and the officers which might be in any way prejudicial to themaintenance of good discipline, this last being a point to which the Captain is especially required to attend. Officers onduty should be courteous enough to give a polite reply to questions which may be addressed to them by passengers, butare strictly forbidden to converse with them.

On the modern ocean liner the traveller feels at once that he is in an admirably appointed and well-disciplined vessel, inwhich the elements of speedy locomotion, safety and comfort, together with the appliances and attendance of a first-class hotel are combined and placed at his command, at an expense which is small indeed compared with hotel life inmost large cities. Freed for the time being from the worry of daily letters and telegrams, he enjoys an ideal existence, ifthe weather is fine; and if it is not he has under the same roof (as it were) nearly all the social attractions of a large hotelat a tourist resort.

It is generally conceded that sea air, healthful and invigorating as it is, and conducive to appetite, does not tend toencourage mental labour or study, hence the lightest and most whimsical of literature is that best suited to steamerrequirements. In the Ship's Library is usually found a good selection of the Works of standard and popular novelists,but as it can hardly be expected that the company would at once put on its shelves the latest sensation of the day, it isas Well to remind the voyager that a fair supply of magazines and a paper-covered novel or two are sure to be founduseful.

It has been said by some unappreciative person that only six occupations could be indulged in at sea — eating,drinking, sleeping, flirting, quarrelling and grumbling. To these he might have added smoking — of all seven we geteach day, no doubt, quite an abnormal share.

Some energetic persons usually form themselves into an Amusement Committee, to seek out the latent musical orhistrionic talents of their fellow-voyagers and turn them to the general amusement and edification. Deck Quoits andShuffle Board still hold their own in season-able weather on deck, and the tug-of-war and the egg and spoon race stillserve to amuse.

Each day as the hour of noon approaches there reigns a mild excitement, which is caused by speculation as to thelength of the ship's "run" during the previous twenty-four hours; the number of miles to be posted on the chart beingthe raison d'être of the smoking-room "pool."

With the view of increasing the security of the voyage, and of lessening the risks of collision, the steamships of thetrans-Atlantic lines follow certain prescribed courses out-ward and homeward, the more northerly of which is to befollowed in summer, and the more southerly in winter, though in neither case do the ships follow in the same "lane"going east or West, but are always on separate tracks, in some places one hundred or more miles apart.

A vigilant and careful Watch is kept by the officers on the bridge at all times of the day and night, and in foggy or thickweather a look-out is also posted in the crow's nest on the foremast. The boats are given con-stant care and attention,

13

and are at all times ready to be launched at a moment's notice. They are manned by a crew and in charge of an officeraccording to a list posted in a conspicuous place in the crew's quarters, and the utmost care is taken that each and everymember of the crew fully knows his particular station and his duty in case of any emergency, such as fire, collision orrunning on shore, for all of which there are special "drills" and in-spections. The crew is usually mustered on deck, inclean clothes, on Sunday morning, and boat drill often takes place at sea, where it may be watched by the passengers.

A ship "rolls" when the port (left) and starboard (right) sides of it rise and fall alternately: until the addition of themodern "bilge keel" or "rolling chock," steamships were wont to roll more than sailing vessels. "Pitching" is theplunging of ships lengthwise into the sea's trough, and "scending" is a sort of combination of pitching and rolling.

Modern steamers carry little or no sail, their masts and yards, when they have any, being used merely for signallingpurposes and for rigging the tackle for handling cargo.

The rudder swings upon the stern-post, and to its head is attached the tiller, which in all large steamers is controlled,with the aid of steam or hydraulic gear, by the wheelman on the bridge forward, under supervision of an officer incharge. In the event of anything happen-ing to the rudder, it is possible to rig up a substitute by towing astern a spar,from each end of which a line is passed to the stern of the ship. When either of these lines are drawn inboard the actionis, to a certain extent, analogous to that accomplished by the rudder.

A ship's anchors are of various kinds, and are used to perform various duties. The "stream anchor" is for light andquick work and for any sudden emergency; the "sheet anchor" is a spare anchor; the two "bower" (i.e. "bow") anchorsare kept at the bows for ordinary work, and to them are attached the cables (or, more usually, the chains) which are runthrough the "hawse holes" out of the chain lockers.

At sea the anchors are lashed on deck, at the bows, ready for use the moment they may be required. When wanted theyare "unstowed" and at the right moment "let go"; as soon as the requisite amount of cable or chain has been run out, itis "bitted" or made fast, and the ship is allowed to swing with the tide.

When an anchor is " weighed," the cable is first drawn in by means of winch or windlass. When first the anchor breaksaway from bottom it is said to be "apeak," when it reaches the surface "a-wash," and when finally brought to its place atthe bows, the order is given to seize or "eat and fish" — which means that it is to be lifted inboard and stowed in itsusual place.

A vessel is "moored" when it is made fast to buoys or any stationary mooring, or when two anchors are made use of atthe same time.

(b) RULE OF THE ROAD AT SEA

Aids to Memory in Four Verses by the late Mr. Thomas Gray, C.B.

(1.) Two Steam Ships meeting.

When both side-lights you see ahead —Port your helm and show your RED.

(2.) Two Steam Ships passing.

GREEN to GREEN — or, RED to RED —Perfect safety — go ahead !

(3.) Two Steam Ships crossing.

Note. — This is the position of greatest danger; there is nothing for it but good look-out, caution and judgment.

If to your starboard RED appear,It is your duty to keep clear;To act as judgment says is proper;To Port — or Starboard — Back — or Stop her!But when upon your Port is seenA Steamer's Starboard Light of GREEN,

14

There's not so much for you to do,For GREEN to Port keeps clear of you.

(4.) All Ships must keep a good look-out, and Steam Ships must stop and go astern, if necessary.

Both in safety and in doubtAlways keep a good look-out;In danger, with no room to turn,Ease her, Stop her, Go astern.The general rule of the road at sea for steamers is the same as for foot-passengers in towns. Under ordinarycircumstances two steamers meeting face to face, or so near as to involve risk, have to "port," that is, to keep to theright and pass one another on the left.

When crossing, the steamer that has another on her own right-hand side has to get out of the way. No collision canhappen between two passing ships whilst a Green light is opposed to a Green light or a Red to Red.

A steamer gives way to a sailing ship.

PORT is the left-hand side of a ship looking to the bow, and is denoted at night by a red light.

STARBOARD is the right-hand side, and is denoted after dark by a green light.

Navigation or piloting has always been roughly divided into (1) Common Piloting, which consists in coasting alongshore, or within sight of land, and (2) Proper Piloting, which consists in navigating, out of sight of land, by the aid ofthe celestial bodies.

For the deep sea "navigator" it is always of the first importance that he should know the exact position of his ship onthe surface of the globe, as regards latitude and longitude. Latitude is his exact distance north or south of the Equator.Longitude is his exact distance east or west of the meridian of Greenwich. The degrees of latitude, of which there areninety between the pole and the equator, are measured on the meridians, and are equal to each other. The degrees oflongitude, unlike those of latitude, vary according to the latitude in which they are reckoned.

3 Course and Direction

(a) THE COMPASS

THE Mariner's Compass consists of a circular card, the circumference of which is divided into 32 equal parts, calledpoints; these are again divided into half-points and quarter-points, and finally into 360 equal parts, called degrees.

The essential part of a compass is a magnetized needle, which (allowing for what is called "variation") always pointstowards the North Pole. Upon this needle the card as described above is laid and attached, the former being in turnbalanced upon a hard pivot working in chrysolite or agate. The whole is enclosed in a brass bowl or box, and fitted witha glass cover.

When it is used as a Steering Compass the inside of the bowl has a vertical black line painted upon it, which is knownas the "Lubber Line," and which is in direct alignment with the ship's head.

Compasses vary much in size, from 7½ inches to 15 inches in diameter.

A Pole or Masthead Compass is so called from the fact that it is mounted as far away as possible from the iron hull orbody of the ship in order to be removed from the magnetic influence of the latter.

The Standard Compass is the compass by which the ship is navigated. It is generally of the Pole Compass type.

Ship Logs are of various types, those commonly in use at the present day being known as Patent Logs. They have anadjustable rotator or screw, and a registering dial which records the distance covered.

Their object is to indicate the speed of the ship by recording the distance covered in a given time.

On the rotator are fixed four or five blades, resembling the blades of a screw propeller. These blades, when the

15

machine is towed astern, cause revolutions which are recorded on the dial face which is affixed to the taffrail, andindicate the distance run to great exactness.

To "box the Compass" is to give, in consecutive rotation from east to West, the various divisions and sub-divisionsindicated on the card of the Compass as follows: —

North by East. South by West.North North-East. South South-West.North-East by North. South-West by South.North-East. South-West.North-East by East. South-West by West.East North-East. West South-West.East by North. West by South.East. West.East by South. West by North.East South-East. West North-West.South-East by East. North-West by West.South-East. North-West.South-East by South. North-West by North.South South-East. North North-West.South by East. North by West.South. North.

The smallest divisions represent degrees, of which there are 360.[Reproduced by kind permission from Lloyd's Calendar.]

(b) USE OF A WATCH AS COMPASS

At noon, if you hold your watch horizontally, with the hour hand pointing to the sun, the hands will direct you to theSouth, the figure VI. to the North, the figure IX. to the East, and the figure III. to the West.

Before or after noon, if you point the hour hand to the sun, the South will be indicated by a point midway between thecentre of the figure XII. and the hour hand.

If it be a.m., the figure XI. will point to the South; if it be p.m., the figure III. will point to the South; and so on. If youhad a 24-hour dial, the figure XII. would always point to the South and the hour hand to the sun. Your watch must be

16

correct and pointed to the sun's centre, and the compass will be true.

(c) TRACKS FOR ATLANTIC STEAMERS[From Lloyd's Calendar, by kind permission.]

The "tracks" of the Atlantic Liners vary in length according to the seasons of the year. The eastward course is generallylonger than the westward course, though both vary Within certain limits, and hence the time occupied by any ship on aparticular passage is not to be necessarily taken as a test of speed.

The following routes, agreed to by the principal Steamship Companies, came into force January 15, 1899: —

WESTWARD-BOUND

From January 15 to August 14, both days inclusive.

Steer from Fastnet, or Bishop Rock, on Great Circle course, but nothing South, to cross the meridian of 47° West inLatitude 42° North, thence by either rhumb line, or Great Circle (or even North of the Great Circle, if an easterlycurrent is encountered), to a position South of Nantucket Light-Vessel, thence to Fire Island Light-Vessel, when boundfor New York, or to Five Fathom Bank South Light-Vessel, when bound for Philadelphia.

From August I5 to January 14, both days inclusive.

Steer from Fastnet, or Bishop Rock, on Great Circle course, but nothing South, to cross the meridian of 49° West inLatitude 46° North, thence by rhumb line, to cross the meridian of 60° West in Latitude 43° North, thence also byrhumb line, to a position South of Nantucket Light-Vessel, thence to Fire Island Light-Vessel, when bound to NewYork, or Five Fathom Bank South Light-Vessel when bound for Philadelphia.

EASTWARD-BOUND

At all seasons of the year steer a course from Sandy Hook Light-Vessel, or Five Fathom Bank South Light-Vessel, tocross the meridian of 70° West, nothing to the northward of Latitude 40° 10'.

From January 15 to August 23, both days inclusive.

Steer from 40° 10' North, and 70° West, by rhumb line, to cross the meridian of 47° West in Latitude 41° North, andfrom this last position nothing North of the Great Circle to Fastnet, when bound to the Irish Channel, or nothingNorth of the Great Circle to Bishop Rock, when bound to the English Channel.

From August 24 to January 14, both days inclusive.

Steer from Latitude 40° 10' North and Longitude 70° West, to cross the meridian of 60° West in Latitude 42° 0' North,thence by rhumb line to cross the meridian of 45° West in Latitude 46° 30' North, and from this last position nothingNorth of the Great Circle to Fastnet, when bound to the Irish Channel, and as near as possible to, but nothing Northof; the Great Circle to Bishop Rock, always keeping South of the Latitude of Bishop Rock, when bound for the EnglishChannel.

4 Distance

(a) CHARTS

CHARTS are constructed upon the True Meridian, or Mercator's Scale, the degrees noted on the margins beingproportioned to the position charted — north or south of the equator, on Which 60 nautical miles are represented byeach degree.

When "Admiralty Charts" are issued by the London Chart Agent, they are supposed to have received all necessarycorrections up to date.

When they are once out of the agent's hands there is no guarantee that further corrections will be made before they aresold by local firms at the different ports, and purchasers should obtain some assurance that the charts are correct todate.

17

All small corrections of any importance that can be made by hand are notified by Notices to Mariners.

Extensive corrections that cannot be conveniently made in this way are put upon the plates, after which fresh copiesare issued.

The Track Chart of that part of the ocean which is being traversed at the time is publicly posted, together with theobservations noted at noon each day, on all regular passenger ships. The course sailed is marked as a line with figuresdenoting the exact latitude and longitude and the number of miles covered since noon of the previous day, togetherwith remarks as to the state of the weather, wind and sea, according to the Beaufort notation formula, which will befound below on page 54.

(b) MERIDIANS ADOPTED BY FOREIGN NATIONS*

Austria, Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United States of America, andHolland (for all charts published at Batavia and for some published at the Hague), adopt the Meridian of Greenwich.

Holland, for most charts published at the Hague, adopts the Meridian of Amsterdam (W. Tower of Wester Kerk),which is assumed to be in longitude 4° 53' 4" E. of Greenwich.

France adopts the Meridian of Paris Observatory, assumed to be in longitude 2° 20' 15" E. of Greenwich.

Spain adopts the Meridian of San Fernando Observa-tory, Cadiz, assumed to be in longitude 6° 12' 24" W. ofGreenwich.

Portugal adopts the Meridian of the Marine Observa-tory (Lisbon Castle), assumed to be in longitude 9° 8' 24" W. ofGreenwich.

The Pulkowa Observatory of St. Petersburg (sometimes referred to in Russian Charts) is assumed to be in longitude30° 19' 40" E. of Greenwich.

The Royal Observatory of Naples (sometimes referred to in Italian Charts) is assumed to be in longitude 14° 14' 43" E.of Greenwich.

[*From Lloyd's Calendar, by kind permission.]

Nautical Measures

(c) LENGTH OF DEGREES OF LONGITUDE

A degree of longitude at 1° of latitude = 60 miles.A degree of longitude at 10° of latitude = 59 miles, aboutA degree of longitude at 20° of latitude = 56½ miles, aboutA degree of longitude at 30° of latitude = 52 miles.A degree of longitude at 40° of latitude = 46 miles..A degree of longitude at 50° of latitude = 38½ miles, aboutA degree of longitude at 60° of latitude = 30 miles.A degree of longitude at 70° of latitude = 20½ miles, aboutA degree of longitude at 80° of latitude = 10½ miles, aboutA degree of longitude at 90° of latitude = 0 miles.

(d) NAUTICAL MEASURES

12 inches = 1 foot3 feet = 1 yard6 feet = 1 fathom3 nautical miles = 1 league

Sea or Nautical mile = one-sixtieth of a degree of latitude and varies from 6,046 ft. on the Equator to 6,092 ft. in lat. 60°.

18

Nautical mile for speed trials, generally = 6,080 feetcalled the Admiralty Measured = 1.151 statute milesMile = 1,853 metresCable's length = the tenth of a nautical mile;

or approximately, 100 fathoms or 200 yards.

A Knot = a nautical mile an hour, is a measure of speed, but is not infrequently, though erroneously, used assynonymous with a nautical mile.

(e) TABLE FOR CONVERTING SEA INTO LAND MILES.

The Sea Mile = 6,080 feet.

The Statute Land Mile = 5,280 feet.

Sea Land Sea Land Sea Land Sea LandMiles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles

1.00 1.151 7.00 8.060 13.00 14.969 19.00 21.8781.25 1.439 7.25 8.348 13.25 15.257 19.25 22.1661.50 1.729 7.50 8.636 13.50 15.545 19.50 22.4541.75 2.015 7.75 8.924 13.75 15.833 19.75 22.7422.00 2.303 8.00 9.212 14.00 16.121 20.00 23.0302.25 2.590 8.25 9.500 14.25 16.409 20.25 23.3182.50 2.878 8.50 9.787 14.50 16.696 20.50 23.6062.75 3.160 8.75 10.075 14.75 16.984 20.75 23.8933.00 3.454 9.00 10.163 15.00 17.272 21.00 24.1813.25 3.742 9.25 10.651 15.25 17.560 21.25 24.4683.50 4.030 9.50 10.939 15.50 17.848 21.50 24.7573.75 4.318 9.75 11.227 15.75 18.136 21.75 25.0454.00 4.606 10.00 11.515 16.00 18.424 22.00 25.3334.25 4.893 10.25 11.803 16.25 18.712 22.25 25.6214.50 5.181 10.50 12.090 16.50 18.999 22.50 25.9094.75 5.469 10.75 12.370 16.75 19.287 22.75 26.1965.00 5.757 11.00 12.666 17.00 19.575 23.00 26.4845.25 6.045 11.25 12.954 17.25 19.863 23.50 27.0005.50 6.333 11.50 13.242 17.50 20.151 24.00 27.6365.75 6.621 11.75 13.030 17.75 20.439 24.50 28.2126.00 6.909 12.00 13.818 18.00 20.727 25.00 28.7876.25 7.196 12.25 14.106 18.25 21.0156.50 7.484 12.50 14.193 18.50 21.1036.75 7.772 12.75 14.681 18.75 21.590

(f) MEASURED MILES

List of Ports in the United Kingdom where there are "measured miles" used for speed and other trials

London. Near Maplin Sands and in Longreach.Humber. Eight Miles below Hull.Middlesbrough. At Sandy Bay.Hartlepools. North of Hartlepool.Sunderland. At Ryehope.The Tyne. At Whitley.The Forth. At Galleon Bay.The Tay. North side.Aberdeen. North of Harbour.Clyde. At Skelmorlie, Wemyss Bay.Dundee. North side of River.Liverpool. In Crosby Channel.Plymouth. Whitesand Bay (Admiralty).

19

Southampton. At Stokes Bay.Cowes. At Stokes Bay.Belfast. In Belfast Lough.

(g) OCEAN DEPTHS

Name of Sea Depth in YardsAverage Maximum

Atlantic 4026 7750Pacific 4252 9310Indian 3658 6040Arctic 1690 5300Antarctic 3000 3950Mediterranean 1476 2860Irish 240 710English 110 300German 96Levant 72Adriatic 45Baltic 43

(h) DISTANCES AT SEA

The earth being round, its convexity limits the vision even on a level expanse like the sea. The line of vision on theseashore, of a man of ordinary height (say six feet), would be intercepted by the horizon at 3.24 miles. If he werelooking at an object 44 feet in height, say a flag on a masthead, the flag would seem to be on the horizon if it were 9.35miles distant. In this case add the height of the object, 44 feet, to the height of the eye from the ground, 6 feet equal 50feet, and find the corresponding distance in the list below. A carrier pigeon at a mile above the earth would onlycommand a field of 96 miles in radius.

This table shows the distance from sea-level at which objects are visible at different elevations: —

Height in Feet Distance in Miles Height in Feet Distance in Miles Height in Feet Distance in Miles

0.582 1.00 15 5.12 80 11.831 1.31 16 5.29 90 12.252 1.87 17 5.45 100 13.233 2.29 18 5.61 150 16.224 2.63 19 5.77 200 18.725 2.96 20 5.92 300 22.916 3.24 25 6.61 400 26.467 3.49 30 7.25 500 29.588 3.73 35 7.83 1000 33.419 3.96 40 8.37 2000 59.20

10 4.18 45 8.87 3000 72.5011 4.39 50 9.35 4000 83.7012 4.58 65 10.25 5000 93.5013 4.77 70 11.07 1 mile 96.10

20

(i) TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN HEADLANDS, HARBOURS AND LIGHTSOFF THE COAST OF THE BRITISH ISLES

Terminal Points Miles Terminal Points MilesNorth Foreland to Goodwin Lightvessel " " Galloper Lightvessel " " Calais " " Dunkirk " " OstendNore Lightvessel to Mouse LightvesselMouse Lightvessel to Maplin LighthouseGunfleet Lighthouse to Sunk LightvesselSunk Lightvessel to OrfordnessSunk Lightvessel to Shipwash LightvesselShipwash Lightvessel to OrfordnessOrfordness to North ForelandGirdler Lightvessel to Prince's ChannelLightvesselPrince's Channel Lightvessel to TongueLightvesselTongue Lightvessel to North Foreland " " Gull LightvesselNore Lightvessel to OrfordnessOrfordness to LowestoftLowestoft to Yarmouth RoadsYarmouth Roads to Cromer LightCromer Light to Dudgeon LightvesselDudgeon Lightvessel to Spurn Head " " Flamborough HeadFlamborough Head to ScarboroughScarborough to WhitbyFlamborough Head to Robin Hood's BayRobin Hood's Bay to HartlepoolHartlepool to SunderlandSunderland to TynemouthTynemouth to BerwickBerwick to St. Abb's HeadSt. Abb's Head to Bass RockBass Rock to May IslandMay Island to Inchkeith " " Leith Roads " " Fife NessFife Ness to AberdeenAberdeen to PeterheadPeterhead to Kinnaird HeadKinnaird Head to Duncansby HeadDuncansby Head to Dunnett HeadDunnett Head to Cape WrathCape Wrath to Butt of LewisButt of Lewis to Barra IslandBarra Island to TireeTiree to Rhynns of IslayRhynns of Islay to Mull of Cantyre

629293957 7½ 4 7¾14½12 443

21

4181 96025 73022½365714¾1522½24½14 6½501019 2 2½23 5½54½25206511½514035306040

Skerries to InistrahullInistrahull to Malin HeadMalin Head to Tory IslandTory Island to Arran IslandArran Island to Teelin HeadTeelin Head to Erris HeadErris Head to Achill HeadAchill Head to Slyne HeadSlyne Head to Loop HeadLoop Head to SkelligsSkelligs to Mizen HeadMizen Head to FastnetFastnet to Old Head of KinsaleOld Head of Kinsale to Poor HeadPoor Head to BallycottonBallycotton to Hook PointHook Point to SalteesSaltees to TuskarTuskar to Carnarvon LightvesselCarnarvon Lightvessel to South StackSouth Stack to SkerriesSkerries to N.W. Lightvessel (Liverpool)

23½ 7281920482335½5154½32124217 74411187611 843

21

(k) DISTANCES BY SEA BETWEEN VARIOUS IMPORTANT PORTS, IN SEA MILES *

TerminalPorts

By Magellan Straits By Cape ofGood Hope

BySuez Canal

Plymouth to Melbourne Ditto Sydney Ditto Wellington Ditto Valparaiso Ditto SanFrancisco Ditto Esquimalt Ditto Honolulu Ditto Bombay Ditto Colombo Ditto Calcutta Ditto Singapore Ditto Hong Kong Ditto Shanghai Ditto Yokohama

13,09012,91011,710 8,56013,30014,05013,410 — — — — — — —

11,87012,34012,910 — — — —10,45010,15011,38011,35012,79013,54014,220

10,67011,20012,110 — — — — 6,000 6,490 7,710 8,050 9,49010,24010,920

Names of Terminal Ports Miles Names of Terminal Ports MilesAden to Bombay " " ColomboAscension to St. VincentBombay to ZanzibarC. Virgins to Monte VideoCape to St. Helena " " Adelaide " " Ascension " " King George Sound " " Melbourne " " Sunda Strait " " Sydney " " WellingtonColombo to King George Sound " " Penang " " Singapore " " Sunda StraitFiji to Thursday IslandGibraltar to St. Vincent " " Malta " " Naples " " MadeiraHobart to Port Chalmers " " Cape Horn " " Cape VirginsHong Kong to ShanghaiHonolulu to Vancouver " " YokohamaKing George Sound to AdelaideMalta to Port Said

1,6402,1301,6402,5301,1701,7005,7602,3804,8806,0305,0106,5007,0703,3801,2701,5601,7702,2401,560980960610

1,0105,6605,810810

2,4103,4401,040940

Melbourne to Cape Horn " " WellingtonPlymouth to Canary Islands " " GibraltarPlymouth to Lisbon " " Cape Town, via Madeira " " St. Vincent " " Sierra Leone " " Colon " " New York " " St. John's, NewfoundlandRio to Monte VideoSt. VincentSan Francisco to Fiji " " " Hong Kong " " " Honolulu " " " Sydney " " " YokohamaShanghai to YokohamaSierra Leone to Canary Islands " " " St. HelenaSingapore to Hong Kong " " Manila " " YokohamaSydney to Auckland " " VancouverSuez to AdenSt. Helena to AscensionSt. Vincent to Madeira

5,9101,4701,4101,050770

5,8902,2502,7004,5202,9901,910980

2,6904,7406,4402,0806,4304,8801,1301,3001,5701,4401,3202,8701,2606,8401,310680

1,040

* Reprinted by permission from the Navy League Annual.

22

LIVERPOOL TO NEW YORK (N. TRACK)

Terminal Points Distancefrom

Point toPoint

TotalDistance

fromLiverpool

Liverpool (Rock Light) to Bar LightshipBar Lightship to SkerriesSkerries to TuskarTuskar to Conningbeg LightshipConningbeg Lightship to BallycottonBallycotton to Queenstown (Roche's Point)Queenstown (Roche's Point) to Old Headof KinsaleOld Head of Kinsale to FastnetFastnet to Fire Island LighthouseFire Island Lighthouse to Sandy HookLightshipSandy Hook Lightship to Sandy HookSandy Hook to New York

110.59419

50½11

1642

2,699

306½15½

1161155174

224½235½

251½2,93129,921

3,022¼30,2813,044½

LIVERPOOL TO BOSTON (N. TRACK)

Liverpool (Rock Light) to Queenstown(Roche's Point)Queenstown (Roche's Point) to FastnetFastnet to Boston Outer LightBoston Outer Light to Boston

2351

582,563

81

235½

293½2,856½2,865

SOUTHAMPTON TO NEW YORK

Terminal Points MilesSouthampton to NeedlesNeedles to Portland BillPortland Bill to StartStart to EddystoneEddystone to LizardLizard to Bishop RocksBishop Rocks to Fire IslandFire Island to Sandy HookSandy Hook to New York

203850224028

2,91936½154

LONDON (THAMES) TO NEW YORK

Gravesend to NoreNore to North ForelandNorth Foreland to DoverDover to DungenessDungeness to Beechy HeadBeechy Head to St. Catherine'sSt. Catherine's to Portland BillPortland Bill to Start PointStart Point to EddystoneEddystone to LizardLizard to Bishop RocksBishop Rocks to Fire IslandFire Island to Sandy Hook LightshipSandy Hook Lightship to Sandy HookSandy Hook to New York

19120252430605550224028

2,919306

154

23

5 Time

(a) THE CHRONOMETER

A CHRONOMETER is neither more nor less than a very superior watch. Its motive power is a spring whose varyingforce (as it uncoils) is accurately compensated for by the form of the drum upon which the chain is wrapped. What iscalled the "escapement" (that is, the mechanism which prevents the watch from running down all at once) is somewhatdifferent to that of an ordinary English lever watch. The seconds' hand only moves two steps for each second, and thebalance-wheel receives an impetus only when swinging in one direction. The hair-spring is of the cylindrical form, andthe balance-wheel itself is very carefully "compen-sated" for temperature. The result of all the succes-siveimprovements in the construction of Chronometers, and of the extraordinary care taken in their manufacture, is that agood Chronometer will continue to go at a con-stant rate, even when subjected successively to two extremetemperatures (say 50° and 90°), and very nearly at the same rate for intermediate temperatures.

A Chronometer should be kept in a padded box in a part of the ship where it will be as free as possible from vibration,and should never be moved until taken ashore, and should be wound up regularly. The use of a Chrono-meter onboard ship is mainly to keep Greenwich time from port to port; hence the navigator requires to know on leaving portthe error of his Chronometer as compared with Greenwich Mean Time, and also the extent to which it is gaining orlosing per day. This information is usually supplied by an Optician or Chronometer "rater," who has exceptionalfacilities for doing this important work. But the navigator takes every opportunity of checking the daily rate from timeto time, for the rate may change from the moment the Chronometer is taken on board.

(b) SHIP TIME

For the purpose of discipline on shipboard and to divide the watch fairly, the crew is mustered in two divisions: theStarboard (right side, looking toward the head), and the Port (left). The day commences at noon, and is thus divided:Afternoon Watch, noon to 4 p.m.; First Dog Watch, 4 p.m. to 6 p.m.; Second Dog Watch, 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.; FirstWatch, 8 p.m. to midnight; Middle Watch, 12 a.m. to 4 a.m.; Morning Watch, 4 a.m. to 8 a.m.; Forenoon Watch, 8 a.m.to noon. This makes seven Watches, which enables the crew to keep them alternately, as the Watch which comes onduty at noon one day has the afternoon next day, and the men who have only four hours' rest one night have eighthours the next. This is the reason for having Dog Watches, which are made by dividing the hours between 4 p.m. and 8p.m. into two Watches.

No. ofBells

Time ofDay

No. ofBells

Time ofDay

Mid-day

1 bell2 bells3 "4 "5 "6 "7 "8 "

12.301.001.302.002.303.003.304.00

Afternoon

1 bell2 bells3 "4 "5 "6 "7 "8 "

12.301.001.302.002.303.003.304.00

Morning

1 bell2 bells3 "4 "5 "6 "7 "8 "

4.305.005.306.006.307.007.308.00

1st Dog

2nd Dog

1 bell2 bells3 "4 "5 "6 "7 "8 "

4.305.005.306.006.307.007.308.00

Forenoon

1 bell2 bells3 "4 "5 "6 "7 "8 "

8.309.009.3010.0010.3011.0011.30Noon

First Watch

1 bell2 bells3 "4 "5 "6 "7 "8 "

8.30 9.00 9.30 10.00 10.30 11.00 11.30Midnight

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(c) LIST OF TIME SIGNALS IN GREAT BRITAIN

Place Signal AdoptedGreenwichSheernessDealDoverPortsmouthSouthamptonDevonportFalmouthSwanseaLiverpoolDundeeEdinburgh (Leith)North ShieldsCorkQueenstownDublin

Black Ball (Royal Observatory)Black Ball (Garrison Fort)Black Ball (Telegraph Tower)Gun (near Drop Battery)*Black Ball (Dockyard Sema-phore Tower)Ball (South Castle)Black Ball, also Gun on Mount Wise *Black Ball (Pendennis Castle)Gun on Old Eastern Pier*Gun (Morpeth Dock Pier)*Gun*Ball (Calton Hill), also Gun (EdinburghCastle)*Gun (near Albert Edward Dock)*Gun (Victoria Quay)*Gun (near Military Hospital)*Ball (Port and Docks Board Building)

* The signals at the above places are made at 1 p.m. Greenwich mean time, with the exception of Dover, where the gunis fired at noon Greenwich mean time. At most of these places no signal is made on Sundays or general holidays.

NOTE (Liverpool). — Chronometers tested gratis at Bidston Observatory.

[The above is from Lloyd's Calendar, by kind permission.]

(d) DIFFERENCE IN TIME

Time in different parts of the world corresponding to London time at 12 o'clock (noon).

Locality Time ofDay

Locality Time ofDay

Aden (Arabia)AmsterdamAthensAuckland (New Zealand)BerlinBombayBremenBrusselsBuenos AyresCairoCalcuttaConstantinopleGenoaGibraltarHong KongHonolulu (Hawaii)Lima (Peru)LisbonMadridManila (Philippine Islands)MarseillesMelbourne (Victoria)Mexico City

3.00 p.m.12.20 p.m.1.35 p.m.11.39 p.m.12.54 p.m.4.51 p.m.12.33 p.m.12.17 p.m.8.07 a.m.2.06 p.m.5.53 p.m.1.56 p.m.12.36 p.m.11.39 a.m.7.37 p.m.1.29 a.m.6.53 a.m.11.24 a.m.11.45 a.m.8.04 p.m.12.21 p.m.9.40 p.m.5.24 a.m.

MilanMoscowMunich (Germany)New YorkOdessa (Russia)ParisPekinRio de Janeiro (Brazil)RomeSt. PetersburgSan FranciscoSan Juan (Porto Rico)ShanghaiSingapore (Malay Peninsula)Stockholm (Sweden)Sydney (New South Wales)Teheran (Persia)ViennaVeniceWarsaw (Russia)Yokohama (Japan)Zanzibar ( East Africa)

12.37 p.m.2.30 p.m.12.46 p.m.7.00 a.m.2.03 p.m.12.09 p.m.7.46 p.m.9.07 a.m.

12.50 p.m.2.01 p.m.4.00 a.m.8.00 a.m.8.06 p.m.6.54 p.m.1.12 p.m.10.05 p.m.3.27 p.m.1.06 p.m.12.48 p.m.1.24 p.m.9.19 p.m.2.37 p.m.

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(e) REDUCTION OF LONGITUDE INTO TIME

Rule 1. — Divide the number of degrees, minutes and seconds by 15, and the quotient will be the time. If longitude iswest of Greenwich, the result will be the time at Greenwich when it is noon at the place. Ex-ample: Longitude 74° 48'15" W. What is the time ? Divide by 15 — 4 h., 59 m., 15 s., slower than Greenwich.

Rule 2. — To find difference in time between two places divide the difference in longitude by 15. Example: Paris,longitude 2° 20' E.; Philadelphia, longitude 75° 10' W. Difference in longitude 77° 30' divided by 15 — 5 h., 10 m.,difference in time.

Rule 3. — To find difference in longitude (e.g. distance sailed) when difference in time is known, multiply thedifference in time by 15.

(f) A SHIP'S SPEED

A ship at 1 knot per hour goes about 1.69 feet per second.A ship at 10 knots per hour goes about 16.89 feet per second.A ship at 15 knots per hour goes about 25.33 feet per second.A ship at 16 knots per hour goes about 27.02 feet per second.A ship at 17 knots per hour goes about 28.71 feet per second.A ship at 18 knots per hour goes about 30.40 feet per second.A ship at 19 knots per hour goes about 32.09 feet per second.A ship at 20 knots per hour goes about 33.78 feet per second.A ship at 21 knots per hour goes about 35.47 feet per second.

(g) COMPARATIVE VELOCITIES

Velocities Metres per SecondWave 30 metres high and 300 metres in breadthShip 9 knots an hourShip 17 knots an hourOrdinary windCarrier pigeonOcean wave during tempestStorm-windCannon-ballElectricity in submarine wireLight

6.814.638.75

5 to 618

21.8525 to 30

6324,000,000

300,400,000

A metre is equal to 39.37 English inches

6 Atmosphere

(a) WEATHER WISDOM

THE general theory of wind depends upon two factors — heat and the earth's motion. The air near the equator, beingheated and becoming lighter, gives way to a periodical inrush of heavier air from the colder regions, that of the polespressing against that of the equator; when the air of the poles meets the air of the equator moving northward theycounterbalance each other, producing calms and variable winds, such as the equatorial doldrums.

Such is the general idea of the motion of the atmosphere, which is modified by certain local manifestations, themonsoons of the Indian Ocean, and the north-east and south-east "trade winds," where the wind blows from the samequarter for days at a time.

Cirrus or "Mare's Tails" Clouds which consist of wisp-like streaks and streamers.Cumulus A cloud composed of dense convex mounds or masses.Stratus A continuously extended sheet of cloud.Cirro-cumulus or "Mackerel Sky" Well defined, small rounded masses of clouds separated by intervals of sky.Cirro-stratus Clouds which partake of the char-acteristics of both cirrus and stratus clouds

in combination.

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Cumulo-stratus Clouds formed by the blending of cumulus and stratus.Cumulo-cirro-stratus or Nimbus The rain cloud, a combination consisting of a sheet of cirro-stratus, under

which a cumulus cloud drifts.

Soft or delicate clouds foretell fine weather, a dark, gloomy blue sky presages wind, but a light blue sky indicates fineweather. Generally speaking the lighter and softer the clouds the less wind (though there may be rain), and the harderand more ragged the clouds the stronger the wind to follow.

Sky Colours. — The colour of the sky, caused by moisture or clouds, is a sure indication of the weather, the principaleffects being noted at sunrise or sunset. A deep blue colour of the sky, even when seen through clouds, indicates fairweather; a growing whiteness, an approaching storm.

Sun Colours. — A red sunrise, with clouds lowering later in the morning, indicates rain. A gray lowering sunset, or onewhere the sky is green or yellowish-green, indicates rain. A light yellow sky at sunset presages wind. A gale, moderatingat sunset, will increase before midnight, but if it moderate after midnight the weather will improve.

If the full moon shall rise red, expect wind.

Halo. — By a "halo" is meant one of the large circles, or parts of circles (also called Sun Dogs), about the sun or moon.A halo occurring after fine weather in-dicates a storm.

Corona. — By a "corona" is meant one of the small coloured circles frequently seen around the sun or moon. A coronagrowing smaller indicates rain; growing larger, fair weather.

Rainbows. — A morning rainbow is regarded as a sign of rain; an evening rainbow, of fair weather.

Fogs. — Fogs indicate settled weather. A morning fog usually breaks away before noon.

Three foggy mornings will be surely followed by a rain storm.

Haze. — Haze is believed to prognosticate frost in winter, snow in spring, fair weather in summer, and rain in autumn.

Clearness. — Unusual clearness of the atmosphere, un-usual brightness or twinkling of the stars, indicates rain.

Friday's weather shows what may be expected on the following Sunday; that is, if it rains on Friday noon, then it willrain on Sunday, but if Friday be clear, then Sunday will be fine as well.

The twelve days immediately following Christmas denote the weather for the coming twelve months, one day for amonth. The day of the month the first snow-storm appears indicates the number of snowstorms the winter will bring.For example, the first snowstorm comes on November 29 — look out, then, for twenty-nine snowstorms.

When you see northern lights you may expect cold weather.

Storms that clear in the night will be followed by a rain storm.

When the sky is full of stars expect rain.

No weather is ill, if the wind is still.

The sharper the blast the sooner it is past.

If a cat washes herself calmly and smoothly the weather will be fair. If she washes herself "against the grain" take yourmackintosh with you. If she lies with her back to the fire there will be a squall.

Cats with their tails up and hair apparently electrified indicate approaching wind.

If pigs are restless there will be windy weather. Pigs are said to be able to see the wind.

The direction in which a loon flies in the morning will be the direction of the wind the next day.

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Magpies flying three or four together and uttering harsh cries predict windy weather.

(b) BEAUFORT NOTATION FORMULAAS USED FOR INDICATING THE DISTURBANCE OF THE SEA

0 Calm.1 Very Smooth.2 Smooth.3 Slight.4 Moderate.5 Rather Rough.6 Rough.7 High.8 Very High.9 Tremendous.

(c) VELOCITY OF THE WIND

Miles perHour

01234

56789101112

CalmLight AirLight BreezeGentle BreezeModerateBreezeFresh BreezeStrong BreezeModerate GaleFresh GaleStrong GaleWhole GaleStormHurricane

just sufficient for Steerage WayShips with all sail set would sail, in smooth water 1 to 2 miles per hourShips with all sail set would sail, in smooth water, 3 to 4 miles per hourShips with all sail set would sail, in smooth water, 5 to 6 miles per hour

in which a Ship could just carry full and by Royals, etc.in which a Ship could just carry full and by Single Reef and T.G. Sailsin which a Ship could just carry full and by Double Reefs and Jibin which a Ship could just carry full and by Triple Reefs, etc.in which a Ship could just carry full and by close Reefs and Coursesjust carrying close-reefed Maintopsail and reefed Foresailunder Storm Staysailwith bare poles

0 to 23 to 1011 to 1516 to 20

21 to 2526 to 3031 to 3637 to 4445 to 5253 to 6061 to 6970 to 80above 80

LINE OF BATTLESHIP OF NELSON'S DAY H.M.S. VICTORY

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7 The Royal Navy

THE invasion of England by the Romans, Saxons and Danes was only made possible by the non-existence of a fleet.The great Alfred remedied this by collecting a fleet and keeping it in a thoroughly efficient con-dition; later, after aperiod of immunity from further invasion the fleet was neglected, and the opportunity which came to the Conqueroragain made it apparent that it was to the Navy that England must look for her first line of defence.

In the reign of John the Navy once more became thoroughly efficient; then followed the usual reaction andindifference. Edward III. realized the importance of a powerful fleet, but in a few years it again fell off, the result beingthat the French were able to ravage Portsmouth and Winchester in 1372.

By Henry V.'s time, however, these attacks had been effectually checked, and the birth of an established MercantileMarine and of that Empire may be said to have commenced with the Elizabethan Navigators.

The Spanish wars and the attempted invasion of the Great Armada in the latter part of the sixteenth century, the finalstruggle with the Dutch in 1692, and the battle of Barfleur (which put an end to the plans of the French King)practically ended for the time any serious consideration on the part of any foreign power of being able to force throughthe line of the British fleet.

A century later, however, the strength of the Navy declined once more, with the result that the American colonies werelost. Then once again the vital necessity of re-organization and development became apparent, and the modern BritishNavy came into being, under the glorious guidance of Hawke, Rodney, Howe and Nelson.

The greatest change, however, in the Royal Navy came in 1832 with the introduction of steam power, which in thatyear was fitted to H.M.S. Salamander (a paddle steamer). In 1843 a screw propeller was fitted to H.M.S. Rattler, theimmediate success of which, with regard to vessels of war, made its future universal adoption a certainty. It was not,however, until 1848 that steam was applied to the class of warships known as battleships, and then only as an auxiliaryto full sailing rig. In 1856 the first iron-built war vessels were constructed, and in 1860 was built (in consequence of thesuccess in France of La Gloire, an armoured vessel of great power and stability), the first armour-clad iron vessel,H.M.S. Warrior.

The earliest armour for men-of-war was made of wrought iron, but with the invention of hardened steel shot, a steel-faced plate, backed with a softer metal, became necessary. This in turn gave way to nickel steel or other forms ofspecially hardened metal which obviated the defects of the compound metal armour formerly in use.

The control and management of the Royal Navy is vested in the Lords of the Admiralty. The First Lord, who is acivilian, is responsible to the Sovereign and Parliament for all the business of the Admiralty. The First, Second andJunior Naval Lords are responsible for the personnel of the Navy and the movements and the condition of the fleet,the Third Lord (or "con-troller") for the Material, the Civil Lord and the Parliamentary Secretary for the Finance, thepermanent Secretary being in charge of the Secretariat under the First Lord.

There are five Royal Dockyards existing in England for the building, equipment and repair of "Men-of-War." These areat Portsmouth, Chatham, Plymouth, Pem-broke and Sheerness; also twelve smaller dockyards or Depots, one beinglocated in Ireland, and the other more important ones at Malta, Sydney, Bermuda, the Cape of Good Hope, Gibraltarand Hong Kong.

A battleship takes from two to three years to build, and costs from £80,000 to £1,000,000 — a cruiser takes from oneto two years, at a cost of from £160,000 to £400,000, or more. This is an increase of a very large percentage ascompared with Nelson's day, when a Line-of-Battle-Ship was floated for about £70,000, and a small frigate for £12,600.

In former days the largest ships were called Line-of--Battle-Ships; they were built of wood and were classed as first,second and third-raters, according to the weight and number of guns carried. Below this class ships were ranked asFrigates, Sloops and Corvettes.

At the present day the ships of the Royal Navy may be separated into two broad classes at least, with regard toefficiency and invulnerability, namely, "Armoured" and "Unarmoured," Armoured ships being those whose sides andguns are protected by vertical plates of armour. These ships are classed as "Battleships," and sometimes as "ArmouredCruisers." Unarmoured vessels are those that are without protective armour, and include Torpedo Boats, Destroyers,Gunboats, and other auxili-ary craft.

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The three main divisions are First-Class, Second-Class and Third-Class Battleships — all of which, of course, arearmoured vessels varying in efficiency according to size, number of guns, weight of armour and age.

Cruisers, whether heavily armoured, or, as is more usual, only partially so, are classed as First, Second and Third-ClassCruisers, according to their size, speed and age.

Destroyers properly rank next in importance, as being not only of very high speed, but powerful craft of highefficiency, well qualified to run down the torpedo craft of an enemy's fleet, to perform scout duty, etc. De-stroyers areunarmoured, and carry only the lightest guns, but are usually fitted with two or more torpedo tubes. Their steel platingis of the thinnest possible description, and they have proved to be very "risky" craft to navigate and control.

The Government have now under construction a new class of Destroyers called "Scouts." These are more substantiallybuilt than the Destroyers, and are to act chiefly as fast Cruisers, to obtain information of the whereabouts of an enemy,and to carry dispatches and orders — in short, to perform the same kind of services at sea as the cavalry perform onland. A former type of vessels designed for this object — viz., the Torpedo Gunboat — was not successful, and thevessels are now used chiefly for fishery protection duties.

Torpedo Boats and Torpedo Gunboats are classed as of small fighting power under all conditions, being for the mostpart only of value when an especially invulnerable point has been left open to attack. The smaller Gun-boats, whilemounting rather heavier guns than Torpedo Boats, or even than those of the Destroyer Class, are perhaps moreefficient than either of the other two classes, and, being of light draft, are especially valuable for river or harbour work,or in bombarding the coast from points of vantage where the waters may be too shallow for vessels mounting heavierguns.

The Submarine is a development in naval engines of war, which came to the front at the latter end of the nineteenthcentury. The earliest application of these miniature craft, which are propelled beneath the sur face of the water, topractical purposes was made by the United States and France. The first submarines to be constructed in Great Britainwere five of the Holland type (called after the American inventor).

Other auxiliary craft are classed as Depôt or Supply Ships, Hospital Ships, Training Ships, Dispatch Vessels, StoreShips, Troop Ships, Surveying Ships, Coast Guard Cruisers, Sailing Cutters, Tugs, etc., and last (but not, it is to behoped, by any means least as regards value in warfare) "Merchant Cruisers," which include the largest and fastest of thegreat "Liners" built in recent years by the leading Steamship Companies, and of whose efficiency there can be no doubt(in consideration of their high speed and great coal-carrying capacity, coupled with their great size and strength, whichenable them to mount guns).

Much discussion has taken place during the last few years as to the efficiency of the new tubular boilers of the"Belleville" type, fitted to a large majority of our latest ships. The old form of steam generator — called the Scotch orlocomotive boiler — has been in use for warships ever since the introduction of steam power, and the principle of theconstruction is that the flames are carried through tubes which pierce the boiler with holes, as opposed to the water-tubes running through the furnace. Experiments have been in progress some time and an interim Report, issued by theCommittee appointed to investigate the matter, has been issued. This apparently condemns the "Belleville" type ofwater-tube boilers as being wasteful and dangerous. It appears, however, that other varieties of water-tube boilers willbe adopted and not a return made to the older Scotch pattern; as the chief advantage claimed by the former type is inbeing able to get up steam quicker, owing to the larger heating surface. Without attempting to express an opinion whereexperts dis-agree, it may be mentioned that when the stokers have got used to the boilers, much good work has beengot out of them, notably in the long voyages of the Powerful and Terrible.

30

THE INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS OF A MODERN WARSHIP

8 The Merchant Service

(a) HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM NAVIGATION

FROM the early experiments of Watt, Fitch, Miller, Symmington, Bell and Fulton, the development of the steamshipwas but gradual, and the first attempts at navigating anything but inland waters were not at all successful.

Not until 1819 was the trans-Atlantic steam voyage accomplished, and that by the paddle-steamer Savannah, whichsailed from Savannah (Georgia) for St. Petersburg via Great Britain. This was the first true ocean steamship. She was of350 tons burthen, and was built, sparred and fitted with steam machinery at Corlear's Hook, New York. Hence underCaptain Moses Rogers she sailed to Savannah, making the voyage in seven days.

The ship was full rigged, and not necessarily dependent upon her wrought iron paddles, which could be taken aboard atwill. Her engine, direct acting, low pressure, had a forty-inch cylinder and a six-foot stroke of piston. Her fuel was pinewood, which, of course, could only be replenished as convenience served. When she sailed for Liverpool thousandswaved her God-speed with the deepest misgivings as to the result of this novel marriage of sail and steam.

Steaming and sailing, the Savannah made port in twenty-five days, having had recourse to the use of her canvas,exclusively, for more than a third of the time. From Liverpool her prow was turned toward the Baltic, and touching atStockholm, Copenhagen and other ports, she ended her voyage at St. Petersburg, afterwards re-turning to America,where her engines and boilers were taken out, and she was converted into a sailing packet.

The experiment was again followed on a large scale in 1825 by the fitting out in America of the Enterprise, for a voyageto India. By sailing or steaming alternately, as the weather and her fuel permitted, she arrived in the Hoogley in forty-seven days.

Although the Savannah and the Enterprise succeeded through favourable circumstances in making long voyages, theywere essentially sailing ships, and their steam power was merely an accessory. The Great Western and the Sirius in theyear 1838 first really de-monstrated that it was practical to navigate a steamship without the unfurling of a yard ofcanvas; and the importance of the traffic which was thus inaugurated on the Atlantic was a vital and immediate factor infostering its further development.

The Sirius, 178 feet in length by 251 feet beam and 18f feet in depth, was dispatched from Queenstown for New Yorkby the British and American Steam Navigation Company on April 5, 1838, and arrived in New York on April 21,

31

having been something over sixteen days upon the passage, during which she maintained an average speed of 81 knotsper hour, on a consumption of 24 tons of coal per day.

A few hours after the arrival of the Sirius in New York Harbour there also arrived the Great Western, which left theBristol Channel three days later than the Sirius.

The arrival of these two boats set the City of New York ablaze with excitement, some idea of which can be gained fromthe account printed by the Evening Post (N.Y.) on the following day.

"The arrival yesterday of the steam-packets Sirius and Great Western caused in this city that stir of eager curiosity andspeculation which every new enterprise of any magnitude awakens in this excitable community. The Battery wasthronged yesterday morning with thousands of persons of both sexes to look on the Sirius, which had crossed theAtlantic by the power of steam, as she lay anchored near at hand, gracefully shaped, painted black all over, the wateraround her covered with boats filled with people passing and repassing, some conveying and some bringing back thosewho desired to go aboard.

"When the Great Western at a later hour was seen ploughing her way through the waters towards the city the crowdbecame more numerous, and the whole bay to a great distance was dotted with boats, as if every-thing that could bemanned by oars had left its place at the wharves. It would seem, in fact, a kind of triumphal entry.

"The practicability of establishing a regular intercourse between Europe and America is considered to be solved by thearrivals of these vessels, notwithstanding the calculations of certain ingenious men, at the head of whom is a Dr.Lardner, who have proved by figures that the thing is impossible, and declared that ships would perforce be obliged toreplenish their bunkers at either the Azores or Newfoundland in order to be able to complete the voyage; statingfurther that 'the whole project was chimerical in the extreme, and that one might as well talk of making a voyage to themoon.' The only question which now remains is whether the greater regularity and speed with which the passage iseffected in steam vessels will compensate for the additional cost, or whether, in fact, on balancing all considerations,any additional cost will be incurred."

The Great Western continued in the trans-Atlantic trade for about six years, during which time she made 70 voyagesacross the ocean, averaging 15½ days westward and 131 days eastward. The quickest passage to New York was made in12 days and 19 hours, and the quickest passage to Liverpool in 12 days and 7 hours.

From this date and from these beginnings were de-veloped the trans-Atlantic steamship lines of the present day.

Among other earlier ships engaged in this trade were the Royal William, the British Queen, the President, the Liverpooland the Great Britain.

The Cunard Line was established in 1840 with a fleet of four ships, the Britannia, the Acadia, the Columbia andCaledonia, each with an average horse-power of 440.

William Fairbairn, of Manchester, England, built three small iron steamers in 1831, and afterwards be-came associatedwith the Lairds, of Birkenhead, when the latter went largely into this construction. Up to 1848 they had built more than100 iron vessels.

But not till 1855 was a great ocean steamship, the Cunarder Persia, built of this material on well-formulated andscientific principles. In France and the United States iron had only been used for the structural framework.

The Persia was the turning point in a new movement. She was 360 feet long, 45 feet in breadth and 35 feet in depth,with a capacity of 1,200 tons greater than the largest of her sisters. In addition to this great increase of strength, shipswholly constructed of iron or steel are lighter than those of the same tonnage made of wood, and can carry largerfreights. As they can be enlarged beyond the dimensions that limit wooden ships, they profit by the law that the largerthe capacity, the less proportionate space need be devoted to the stowage of fuel, their cargo room being thusincreased. This substitution of steel for iron was almost as great an advance as that of iron for oak.

A still more important invention was at this time fast establishing its supremacy. It had long been seen that the paddle-wheel even at its best did not by any means fulfil all requirements, and even during its best days the screw propeller hadcome into partial use as an auxiliary. It had been observed, for instance, that as the latter's blades work in the currentfollowing the ship, the tendency of its action was to restore its static con-dition to the agitated fluid, taking up andrestoring usefully a large part of the energy which would, by reason of friction, otherwise have been lost. The screw,

32

too, through its complete submersion, is more continu-ously efficient than the paddle-wheel, which is only par-tiallysubmerged at any time, and for some periods (as in a rolling sea) perhaps not at all. The rapid and smooth rotation ofthe screw permits the use of light, fast-running, quick-acting engines, economizes weight and space, and increases cargoroom. The economy of steam in a quick-running engine, especially in one of the compound type, also means lessexpense of fuel, and a saving in stowage and carriage.

The history of the adoption of the screw propeller is full of romantic interest. The honours already won by the Cunardwere challenged about ten years later by an American Company, the Collins' Line, which, how-ever, unfortunately cameto grief in the course of a few years. The first really dangerous competitors of the Cunard were the vessels of the InmanLine, a company which had experimentally adopted the principle of the screw propeller, which was destined eventuallyto supersede the paddle-wheel principle, upon which the Cunard Company had up to that time relied. In fact, for someyears later the Cunard Company still continued to construct paddle-steamers, the Scotia, which was one of the last andfinest vessels of this class, reaching a capacity of 3,870 tons. Not long after the building of the Scotia, however, theCunard Company, spurred probably by the competition of the Inman Line, wrung from the Government of the daypermission to fit their steamers with screw propellers for the carriage of the mails. The first Cunarder of this new typewas called the China, and it was her success, with that of her sister boats, that finally established the superiority of thescrew.

The victory of this principle (of the screw propeller) was one of the great turning-points in the history of steamnavigation, and from the day of its adoption by the Cunard the progressive development of the steam-ship on modernlines may be dated. Following the example of these two famous pioneer lines came the establishment of the "P. & O."Company (at first known as the Peninsular Company), in 1837; the Royal Mail, in 1839; the Pacific Steam NavigationCompany, in 1847; the "B. I.," in 1855; the Anchor Line, in 1856; the German Nord Deutscher Lloyd, in 1858; theFrench Compagnie Transatlantique, in 1861; the building of the Britannic and the Germanic (of the "White Star" line),in 1874; the establishment of the Orient Line (to Australia), in 1877; and the first direct steamship service to NewZealand, in 1883.

The year 1888 and the next following decade saw the introduction of the "twin-screw" principle in the con-struction ofthe famous City of New York and City of Paris (Inman Line); the Majestic and the Teutonic (White Star Line); theLucania and Campania (Cunard); and the Celtic (White Star), the last-mentioned in 1903. The most recent developmentof steam navigation has been the introduction of engines on the turbine principle, but this new principle at the time ofwriting (January, 1903) can hardly be said to be yet established, as it is only within the present year that turbine steamershave been introduced (into the cross-channel service).

It is impossible (even in the merest sketch of steamboat development) to conclude without making some reference towhat is generally known as the "American Shipping Combine," or "Trust," of 1902 — a gigantic enterprise, the ultimateeffect of which upon the shipping trade generally cannot at present be foreseen. The facts, however, are that this new"mammoth" Company has started with a gross capital of £24,000,000, and has bought up the "White Star," theLeyland, tho Dominion and the British and North Atlantic Companies; and that the British Government, in return, hassubsidised the Cunard.

Briefly summarising various stages in the evolution of the ocean liner since the days of the Savannah, we find that thefactors of its progress have been developed in the following order: —

(1) Substitution of the steam-engine for canvas, as the main motive-power.

(2) The substitution of iron for wood in the construction of the hull, and later that of steel for iron, and the consequentdevelopment, to the best advantage, of the long, sharp, yacht-like lines which have given increased room, size andspeed.

(3) The adoption of the screw propeller as a means of propulsion in place of the less effective and more cumbersomepaddle-wheel.

(4) The adoption of the compound triple and quad-ruple engine, with surface condenser, which makes it possible toutilise the steam more than once before its final discharge into the condenser, an enormous economy of fuel and agreater speed and space for the accommoda-tion of passengers and freight being thus secured.

It has hitherto been found that each decade has been distinguished by some radical improvement in steamerconstruction from the decade which preceded it. The accompanying table shows this progress (approximately), and at

33

the same time exhibits the most important approximate rises in boiler pressure, and the approximate improvement inengine power.

Decade Development in Construction ApproximateBoiler Pressure

Approximatelb. of coal per h.p.

1845 - 18551855 - 18651865 - 18751875 - 18851885 - 1900

Iron in place of woodScrew in place of paddle-wheelCompound in place of simple enginesSteel in place of iron, and triple expansion enginesTwin screws, quadruple expansion and forceddraught

10 to 2020 to 3535 to 6060 to 125

125 to 200

4.5 to 3.53.5 to 2.92.9 to 2.22.2 to 1.91.9 to 1.3

It is interesting to note the vast stores of food that are used on an Atlantic liner. During a single trans-Atlantic trip onan average liner there were used — Fresh beef, 15,000 lbs.; fresh mutton, 2,500 lbs.; fowls, 650 head; game, 350 head;cabbages, 250 head; turnips, 160 bunches; leeks, 60 bunches; onions, 4,480 lbs.; potatoes, 17,920 lbs.; parsley, 50bushels; tomatoes, 200 lbs.; rhubarb, 130 bunches; asparagus, 30 tins; green corn, 80 tins; peas, 140 tins; tomatoes, 70tins; canned meats, 60 tins; flour, 30 barrels; sugar, 1,600 lbs.; coffee, 350 lbs.; tea, 136 lbs.; as well as 16 tons of ice,5,000 eggs, 2,000 lbs. of butter, 400 quarts of ice cream, 20 barrels of oysters in the shell, 700 gallons of milk, 5,000 lbs.of fish, a large quantity of fruit, and many other things. Of the wines, liquors, etc. — champagne, 200 pints; claret, 220pints; whiskey, 170 bottles; liquors, 14 bottles; beer and porter, 240 dozen bottles; mineral waters, 350 dozen bottles;cigars, 1,100; cigarettes, 160 packages; tobacco, 100 lbs.; water, 140 tons.

In the refrigerating rooms are stored several hundred tons of ice, all of it in such a way that it may be obtained at amoment's notice, and yet so closely packed that there is no space lost.

There is seldom a scarcity of drinking-water on board passenger steamships. There are large tanks of a capa-city of fivehundred or six hundred tons on nearly all the large steamships, and all carry a condenser, which makes it possible tohave fresh water directly from the ocean. Salt water, however, is only used for the baths as a rule.

The amount of food that can be cooked in the various galleys is enormous, the cooks, of whom there is a host, oftenpreparing three or more meals a day for 1,000 to 2,000 people, on the largest of the passenger ships.

(b) MERCHANT VESSELS LAUNCHED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM DURING RECENT YEARS*

Year STEAM SAIL TOTALNO. Gross

TonnageNO. Gross

TonnageNO. Gross

Tonnage18881889189018911892189318941895189618971898189919001901

458595651641512438549526628545744714664591

757,0811,083,7931,061,619878,353841,356718,277964,926904,991

1,113,831924,382

1,363,3181,414,7741,432,6001,501,078

819592181169986553684617122848

80,959125,568133,086252,463268,594118,10681,58245,97645,92028,1044,2522,0179,87123,661

539690743822681536614579696591761726692639

838,0401,209,3611,194,7051,130,8161,109,950836,383

1,046,508950,967

1,159,751952,486

1,367,5701,416,7911,442,4711,524,739

[*By kind permission, from Lloyd's Calendar.]

* Since writing the above a yet more gigantic cargo steamer has been built in America, viz. the S.S. Minnesota, whosecarrying capacity is just about double even that of the Cedric and the Celtic.

34

THE INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS OF A MODERN STEAMSHIP CHART

(c) THE LARGEST STEAMSHIPS AFLOAT

Name Line GrossTonnage

Length Beam Name Line GrossTonnage

Length Beam

Cedric *Celtic *KaiserWilhelm II.OceanicDeutschlandKron PrinzWilhelmKaiserWilhelm der GrosseSaxoniaIverniaMinneapolisMinnehahaMinnetonkaPennsylvaniaCampaniaLucaniaWalmerCastleRijndamPotsdamAthenicNoordamKaiserFrederickBlucher

White StarWhite Star

N.D.L.White StarHamb. Am.

N.D.L.

N.D.L.CunardCunardAtl. Trnspt.Atl. Trnspt.Atl. Trnspt.Hamb. Am.CunardCunardUnion-CastleHollandAmHollandAmWhite StarHollandAm

N.D.L.Hamb. Am.

21,00020,880

19,50017,27415,500

15,000

14,00013,96313,80013,40213,40213,40013,33313,00012,950

12,57012,50012,50012,50012,500

12,48012,372

700700

706.5705.5686

633.5

649600600

600.7600.7600

559.4625625

565565520565

581

7575

6867

666464656565626564

6262

62

63

MoltkeCarpathiaKroonlandFinlandHaverfordMerionSt. PaulSt. LouisNewEnglandKoreaSiberiaLa Savoie

LaLorraine

TunisianBavarianBriton

MongoliaMoldaviaMajesticTeutonicKildonanCastleOrontes

Hamb.Am.CunardRed StarRed StarAmericanAmericanAmericanAmerican

DominionHamb.Am.Hamb.Am.Cie. Gen. Trans.Atl.Cie. Gen. Trans.Atl.AllanAllanUnion-CastleP. and O.P. and O.White StarWhite StarUnion-CastleOrient

12,37212,00012,00012,00011,63511,63511,62911,629

11,40611,30011,300

11,200

11,20010,57610,576

10,24810,00010,0009,9659,965

9,6649,000

580580530530535535

550

563

563500.6500

530

582582515

606059596363

59

60

605959

60

5757

59

35

(d) TONNAGE OF THE LARGEST STEAMSHIP COMPANIES.

Numerical Order Name of Company No. ofShips

Tons

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233

Hamburg AmericanNord Deutscher LloydElder, Dempster and CompanyBritish India S. N. CompanyPeninsular and Oriental CompanyMessageries MaritimesF. Leyland and CompanyUnion-Castle LineNippon Yusen KaishaWhite Star LineGeneral S. N. Co. of ItalyWilson LineCompagnie Générale TransatlantiqueAustrian LloydAmerican LineOcean Steamship CompanyClan LineHansa LineAllan LineLamport and HoltHarrison LineAnchor LineMaclay and MacIntyreCunard LineAtlantic Transport CompanyDominion LineJohnston LineR. RopnerCia TransatlanticaRoyal Mail Steam Packet CompanyJ. WestollBucknall BrothersChargeurs Réunis

20211112012058625541692510289596825414657364731415126171324362328382326

541,085454,936382,560378,770313,343246,277242,781222,613218,361212,403205,104189,818183,243169,436167,105165,143164,487157,037152,367149,712146,625132,540126,917126,332123,000105,430100,460100,42688,45388,20588,30683,20781,149

(e) THE MERCHANT FLEETS OF THE CHIEF MARITIME POWERS

A. STEAMERS.

Country Number TonsUnited KingdomColoniesUnited StatesAust.-HungarianBelgianDanishDutchFrenchGermanItalianJapaneseNorwegianRussianSpanishSwedish

7,161946

1,036237118365307679

1,293339503859529466703

12,053,395685,786

1,704,156462,366164,791410,468515,530

1,068,0362,407,410657,981524,125810,335533,029734,557451,020

36

B. SAILING VESSELS.

Country Number TonsUnited KingdomColoniesUnited StatesDanishDutchFrenchGermanItalianJapaneseNorwegianRussianSpanishSwedish

1,773989

2,250414116568493874882

1,462761163780

1,602,767366,259

1,393,18897,72662,579338,847488,372459,557120,539816,885256,22451,791225,199

(f) PRINCIPAL PASSENGER ROUTES FROM BRITISH PORTS

AMERICA.Halifax, Montreal and Quebec, via Liverpool; 8 to 10 days; £10 upwards.New York, Via Liverpool; 7 to 10 days; via White Star and Cunard Lines; £12 upwards.

Via Southampton; 7 to 10 days; Nord Deutscher Lloyd, Hamburg-Americanand American Lines; £12 upwards.

Via the Thames; 8 to 10 days; Atlantic Transport Line; £10 upwards.Boston. Via Liverpool; 8 to 10 days; Cunard and Dominion Lines; £10 upwards.San Francisco and Vancouver.

Via Montreal, New York and Boston, thence overland; 12 to 15 days; £26 upwards.Philadelphia. From Liverpool, via Queenstown; 12 days; £ 7 7s.New Orleans. Via Liverpool; 16 to 18 days; £16.West Indies. Via Southampton or Bristol; 12 to 15 days; about £25.Brazil and River Plate. Via Southampton; £22 to £35.

AUSTRALASIA.Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland From London or Southampton, via Suez Canal; about 6 weeks; £70.

From Liverpool, via Cape; from £14 upwards.

BELGIUM. Ostend, from London direct; G.S.N. Co., 10 hours; 7s. 6d.Antwerp. Via Hull or Harwich; 12 to 15 hours; £1 upwards.

Via Ostend; 8 hours; £1 18s.

CHINA. Shanghai, via Colombo, Straits and Hong Kong;about 6 weeks from Liverpool or London; £70 upwards.

EGYPT. Cairo, via Alexandria or Port Said, from Liverpool or London; 8 to 12 days; £20 to £28.

FRANCE Bordeaux, from Liverpool or London; 3 to 4 days; about £5.Havre, via Southampton, 9 hours.Cherbourg, via Southampton, 10 hours.St. Malo, via Southampton, 10 hours.Dieppe, via Newhaven, 3¼ hours.Boulogne, via Folkestone, 1½ to 1¾ hour.from London direct; Bennett SS. Co. 10 hours; 10s.;Calais, via Dover, 1 to 4 hour.Marseilles, via Liverpool or London, 5 to 7 days; £10 upwards.

GERMANY. Hamburg, via Harwich, £1 17s. 6d. Bremen, from London; £1 15s.GREECE. Athens, via Brindisi (Italy) or Marseilles; fares from London, £15 upwards.

37

HOLLAND. Amsterdam and Rotterdam, via Hook of Holland, from Harwich; 11 hours; £1 9s. upwards. via Flushing; 13 hours; £1 10s. upwards.

INDIA. Bombay, Calcutta and Colombo, from London or Liverpool; about 3 weeks; £50 upwards.ITALY. Genoa, from Southampton; 5 to 7 days; £10 upwards.

Naples; 6 to 7 days; £12 upwards.JAPAN From London or Liverpool; 6 to 7 weeks; £60.PALESTINE. Jerusalem, via Alexandria; 9 to 10 days; about £25.RUSSIA. Odessa, steamer from Hull; about 14 days; about £12.

St. Petersburg, via Hull; about 7 days; £5 5s.SCANDINAVIA.

Bergen, Christiania, Copenhagen, from Newcastle, London or Hull; l½ to 3 days; £3 to £6.Gothenburg, Stockholm, from London, Leith and Hull; £3 upwards.

SPAIN. Gibraltar, via London or Liverpool; 4 to 6 days; £8 to £10.TURKEY. Constantinople, from Liverpool; 10 to 12 days.

Via Marseilles, 6 to 7 days.

(g) OCEAN RECORDS Liverpool and Queenstown to America (New York).

Year Days Hours Mins Name of Vessel18191838

1851

1856

186218661873

18751876187718771879188018811882

18831884

1885188718881889

1891

18921893

1894

221810101099988777777776666666665555555555555

11106219131172201815131110832321181496541232221201919181614131297

1515

254245474895048113753

30504371851831425575020391858312423472923

Savannah (Savannah to Liverpool)Sirius (Liverpool to New York)Great Western (Liverpool to New York)Africa (London to New York)Asia (Liverpool to New York)Pacific (Liverpool to New York)Baltic (Liverpool to New York)Persia (Liverpool to New York)Scotia (Liverpool to New York)Scotia (Queenstown to New York)BalticCity of RichmondCity of BerlinBritannicGermanicBritannicArizona (New York to Queenstown)Arizona (Queenstown to New York)ServiaCity of RomeAlaskaAmericaOregonUmbriaEtruriaUmbriaEtruriaCity of New YorkCity of ParisMajesticCity of New YorkCity of ParisTeutonicMajesticTeutonicCity of ParisCampaniaLucaniaCampaniaLucania

38

Note. — These and the subsequent lists of "Ocean Records" are reprinted from the "Daily Mail Year Book" by kindpermission.

Southampton to New York.

Year Name of Vessel Company TimeD. H. M.

East orWest

18811883188218841885188618871889188918931893189318941896189718971897190019001902

ElbeWerraWerraEiderEiderAllerAllerAugusta VictoriaFürst Bismarck.Fürst Bismarck.Fürst BismarckParisNew YorkSt. PaulSt. LouisKaiser Wm. der GrosseKaiser Wm. der GrosseKaiser Wm. der Grosse (To Cherbourg)Deutschland (To Plymouth)Kronprinz Wm. (To Plymouth)

N.D.L.N.D.L.N.D.L.N.D.L.N.D.L.N.D.L.N.D.L.Hamb. Am.Hamb. Am.Hamb. Am.Hamb. Am.AmericanAmericanAmericanAmericanN.D.L.N.D.L.N.D.L.Hamb. Am.N.D.L.

8.00.007.21.007.20.157.18.107.17.007.10.007.08.006.18.006.13.006.11.446.10.556.09.376.07.146.00.316.10.415.22.355.17.085.16.005.07.385.08.18

WWEWWWWWWEEWWWEWEEEE

(h) Other Records

Company Service Distance Days Hours

P. & O.OrientMess. Mar.BibbyP. & O.N. D. LloydCity Line

OrientAberdeen LineP. & O.N. D. LloydMessrs. Mar.

N. D. LloydP. & O.Messrs. Mar .

England and India, Ceylon, Burma, etc.

Tilbury & BombayTilbury & ColomboMarseilles & BombayLiverpool & RangoonTilbury & CalcuttaSouthampton & ColomboLondon & Calcutta .

England and Australasia

Tilbury & SydneyDover & SydneyTilbury & SydneySouthampton & SydneyMarseilles & Sydney

England and China(Terminal Port, Hong Kong)

Southampton & Hong KongTilbury & Hong Kong, via MarseillesMarseilles & Hong Kong

6,5707,0934,5598,1628,2597,0688,259

12,55812,34112,55512,56310,491

10,17810,1128,611

22241423332526

4393434633

353834

1202320000

0101200

000

39

Other Records (continued)

Company Service Distance TimeDays Hours Minutes

TrentPort Morant

LabradorParisianLa SavoieMinneapolisNew EnglandTunisian

ScotCarisbrook CastleBuluwayoMedic

England and The West Indies

Barbados & PlymouthBristol & Kingston

Europe and America

Moville & Belle IsleMoville & RimouskiHavre & New YorkDover & Sandy HookQueenstown & BostonRimouski & Moville

England and South Africa

Southampton to Cape Town E. 14Southampton to Cape Town W. 14Dartmouth & Durban E. 23Liverpool & Cape Town

3,513

20.59 knts av. speed3,2652,636

5,9815,9816,5846,100

15 d 04 h 00 m11 d 12 h 00 m

6 d 00 h 00 m5 d 02 h 00 m

8 d 02 h 31 m6 d 12 h 42 m6 d 06 h 40 m

14 d 11 h 00m14 d 11 h 13 m23 d 02 h 26 m19 d 14 h 50 m

9 Distinguishing Emblems

(a) FLAGS

FLAGS are also used to signify the rank of the principal person on board. Thus the Royal Standard, containing thearms of the United Kingdom, is only hoisted when a member of the Royal Family is on board; on land it is flown overRoyal residences.

The Admiralty Flag, containing the Foul Anchor on a red field, is flown wherever the Lords of the Ad-miralty arepresent, either afloat or ashore.

The St. George's Jack consists of a white field, which is divided into four quarters by a red cross, and is flown byAdmirals instead of a pennant. For a Full Admiral it is flown at the main, for a Vice-Admiral at the fore, for a Rear-Admiral at the mizen.

The Trinity House Flag consists of the St. George's Jack, with the addition of a ship in each of the four quarters; it isflown by the Trinity Brethren, and by all Light Ships.

The Union Jack, which is the National Flag of Great Britain, represents England, Scotland and Ireland by means of acombination of the three respective crosses of St. George, St. Andrew and St. Patrick.

It is flown over all Ports and Barracks, and at the bows of all Men-of-War, either attached to a small staff on the bow-sprit, or (while they are at anchor) attached to the head-rail.

ENSIGNS are large flags denoting the nationality of a ship, and are hoisted on a staff at the stern.

The British Ensign has for its field one of three colours — white, blue or red — with the Union Jack on the uppercorner next the staff.

The White Ensign, besides containing the Union Jack, is divided into four by a red cross, and is always flown by a Man-of War at the stern, also by Yachts belonging to the Royal Yacht Squadron, but by no other vessels.

The Blue Ensign is the flag of the Royal Naval Re-serve, and is only permitted on the stern of a Merchant Ship, when ithappens to be commanded by Royal Naval Reserve Captains, and has ten Royal Naval Reserve men in her crew

40

besides.

The Blue Ensign is worn by any vessel maintained under the Colonial Defence Act; by all ships employed in the serviceof any public office; by Hired Transports, or vessels employed in the Surveying Service, and by all British merchantships commanded by officers who are on the Retired List of the Royal Navy, or who are Officers of the Royal NavalReserve, provided also that ten of the crew (officers and men) belong to the Royal Naval Reserve; and, lastly, by allBritish Merchant Ships in receipt of any Admiralty subvention.

A few Yacht Clubs fly the Blue Ensign, but in all cases a device is added to the field.

The Red Ensign is flown by all other British Ships, and is the only flag private individuals really have any right to use onland. The Colonies use it with their colonial badge added.

The Red Ensign is worn by British Merchant Ships without any modification whatsoever. No merchant ship shall,besides the Red Ensign or the Union Jack with a white border, wear any of the flags or pennants usually worn by, orresembling those worn by, His Majesty's ships, a fine of £500 being inflicted on any one who should hoist or cause thesame to be hoisted without authority to do so.

A Foreign Ensign flying at the fore signifies that a distinguished personage, of the nationality denoted by the ensign, is apassenger on board.

The Man-of-War PENNANT is a long-flowing narrow piece of white bunting, with the Cross of St. George at the endnext the mast; it is flown at the main-mast head and is called the "Whip," as significative of whip-ping the seas.

The National Flag of any ship when hoisted upside down, indicates that she is in want of immediate assist-ance.

A White Flag is accepted in all parts of the world as a token of peace; a Red Flag as that of defiance; and a Black Flag asthat of a pirate.

The Quarantine Flag is a plain yellow flag hoisted at the fore; it shows that the ship has some infectious disease onboard, or comes from an infected port. No one is allowed either to go on board or to leave such ship until permissionhas been received from the Local Sani-tary Authorities.

A Plain Red Flag, called a Danger or Powder Flag, when hoisted at the fore, denotes that the ship has powder or shellor ammunition on board, and is intended as a warning to other ships not to come too close.

A Green Flag flying from a boat or barge at anchor denotes that there is a wreck in the vicinity, as does also a greenbuoy placed over the spot.

The Pilot Jack consists of a Union Jack with a white border, and, when hoisted at the fore, signifies that a pilot isrequired. At night-time a blue light is burnt at the end of the bridge.

The Pilot Flag is White and Red, and is equally divided horizontally — the white at top. It is hoisted wherever it can beseen by a ship directed by a Pilot.

The Blue Peter consists of a blue field with a white square centre. It is hoisted at the fore while in harbour to denotethat the ship is ready to sail, and to warn any one on shore who intends to go aboard.

(b) HOUSE FLAGS AND FUNNELS

In addition to the National Flag, the ships of the Chief Mercantile Steamship Companies fly what is termed a "HouseFlag." These are designed and adopted by the owner or owners simply as a distinguishing mark. The House Flag isalways flown at the main on entering or leaving the harbour. At long distances the painting of the funnels, by means ofthe colour and lines or designs painted upon them, serves the same purpose. Many of these flags and funnels will befound illustrated and described in Part II, under the headings of their respective companies.

41

(c) DISTINGUISHING LETTERS OF BRITISH FISHING BOATS[*By kind permission, from Lloyd's Calendar.]

The Fishing Smacks and Steamers around the British coast have their bows or sails marked with letters to distinguishthe ports from which they sail. As a rule, the first and last letters of the name of the port are used, e.g., W.Y., Whitby;but there are a great many exceptions. The port from which they are registered is often that of the nearest largeharbour. For instance, the Hastings fishing boats are marked R.X., which stands for Rye; and the Brixham boats D.H.,for Dartmouth.

The foreign boats are also marked in this way. H. stands for Havre, as well as Hull.

ENGLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS

AberystwithBarnstapleBarrow-in-F'sBeaumarisBerwick-on-TwBidefordBoston, Lincs.BridgwaterBridportBristolCardiffCardiganCarlisleCarnarvonCastletown,IoMChepstowChester

A.B.B.E.B.W.B.S.B.K.B.D.B.N.B.R.B.T.B.L.C.F.C.A.C.L.C.O.C.T.C.W.C.H.

ColchesterCowes, IoWDartmouthDealDouglas, IoMDoverExeterFalmouthFavershamFleetwoodFolkestoneFoweyGainsboroughGloucesterGooleGrimsbyGuernsey

C.K.C.S.D.H.D.L.D.OD.R.E.F.H.F.M.F.D.F.E.F.Y.G.A.G.R.G.E.G.U.

HartlepoolHarwichHayleHullIpswichJerseyLancasterLittlehamptonLiverpoolLlanellyLondonLowestoftLyme, DorsetLynn NorfolkMaldonMaryportMiddlesb'gh

H.L.H.H.H.E.H.I.H.J.L.R.L.I.L.L.L.A.L.O.L.T.L.E.L.N.M.N.M.TM.H.

MilfordNew-on-TyNewhavenNewportPadstowPenzancePlymouthPoolePortsmouthPrestonRamseyRamsgateRochesterRuncornRyeScarboroughScilly

M.N.E.N.N.N.T.P.W.P.Z.P.H.P.E.P.P.N.R.Y.R.R.R.R.N.R.X.S.H.S.C.

ShorehamSouthamptonShields, NShields, SStocktonSunderlandSwanseaTeignmouthTruroWells, N'lkWeymouthWhitbyWhitehavenWisbeachWoodbridgeWorkingtonYarmouth, G

S.M.S.U.S.N.S.S.S.S.T.S.D.S.A.T.H.T.O.W.S.W.H.W.Y.W.A.W.I.W.E.W.O.Y.H.

SCOTLAND

AberdeenAlloaArbroathArdrishaigArdrossanAyrBanffBorrowstonessBroadford

A.N.A.A.A.H.A.G.A.D.A.R.B.F.B.O.B.R.D.

CampbeltownCastlebayDumfriesDundeeFraserburghGlasgowGrangemouthGrantonGreenock

C. N.C. Y.D. S.D.E.F.R.G.W.G.H.G.N.G.K.

InvernessIrvineKirkcaldyKirkwallLeithLerwickMontroseObanPerth

I.N.S.I. E.K.Y.K.L.L.H.L.K.M.E.O.B.P.E.H.

PeterheadPt GlasgowRothesayStornowayStranraerTroonUllapoolWickWigtown

P.D.P.G.W.R.O.S.Y.S.R.T.N.U.L.W.K.W.N.

IRELAND

BallinaBelfastColeraineCorkDrogheda

B.A.B.C.E.C.D.A.

DublinDundalkGalwayLimerickLondonderry

D.D.K.G.L.L.Y.

New RossNewrySkibbereenSligoTralee

N.S.N.S.S.O.T.

WaterfordWestportWexfordYoughal

W.W.T.W.D.Y.

42

10 Signals

(a) GENERAL SIGNALS

THE International (Commercial) code of Signals was first introduced in the year 1857. It then consisted of but eighteenflags, but there has been a constant demand for an increased number of signals, which the code in use until 1900 hadaltogether failed to meet.

The code, however, was then re-written, and in its improved form came into operation throughout the world onJanuary 1, 1901. Under the newly-arranged code many important signals, which formerly required the use of three ormore flags, can now be displayed in two, whilst it is of course now possible to make a larger and more varied numberof new signals by the use of three or more flags, as well as to express a message by means of an alphabetical signal(there being now a flag for every letter of the alphabet), with much less risk of its being wrongly interpreted.

The New International Signal Code consists of 2 Burgees, or swallow-tailed flags, 5 Pennants, a narrow triangular flag,and 19 square flags; in all, 26 flags, one for each letter of the alphabet, together with a "Code Flag" or answeringpennant.

Signals at sea and along the coast are also now made by various new methods, e.g. by the Semaphore, which has beenhighly developed by the French; by an elaborate system of balls and cones, which are displayed from the masthead(usually by ships of the Navy); by hand-flag semaphoring; by flash-light signalling; by blasts of sound on the system ofthe Morse telegraphic alphabet, or by ordinary flag waving, in which a small number of different flags are used in

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combination to express certain simple phrases.

A new chapter in the history of signalling has just opened with the marvellous invention of Signor Marconi, who hassucceeded in transmitting messages across the Atlantic without the aid of any kind of cable — an achievement which isbound sooner or later to revolutionize the existing systems of long-distance intercommunication. This novel method ofsending messages is called wireless telegraphy and the messages themselves Marconi-grams after the name of theinventor. In many circles it is hoped that the Post Office Department will succeed in securing for this country some ofthe benefits of this great invention.

The employment of the International Signal Code is practically universal, most of the foreign powers having adopted itofficially immediately upon its being made effective, and some of them having even translated it at once into their ownlanguages.

When a ship wishes to make a signal, she hoists the Ensign with the "Code Flag" under, and when this has beenanswered or acknowledged by the ship whose attention she is desirous of attracting, she proceeds with her message,hauling down the "Code Flag" if it is required for making the succeeding signal.

Signals are always hoisted where they can best be seen, and not necessarily always at the mast-head.

Each signal-flag is kept flying until the ship signalled hoists her "Answering Pennant."

The letters required for the signal are readily found by looking up the first letter of the principal word in the message,under its initial letter in the General Vocabulary of the Code Book. In answering a signal, the ship signalled hoists the"Answering Pennant" half-way, and upon reading or understanding the signal, hoists it close up. Ships passing eachother on the deep seas and signalling their position always use the meridian of Greenwich, except French ships, whichordinarily make use of the meridian of Paris, and of course (in this case) Paris time.

The British meridian is that of Greenwich — Oh. Om. Os.

The meridian of Paris is Oh. 9m. 21s. east of Greenwich, and is computed to be 9 minutes and 21 seconds faster (inpoint of time).

The meridian of New York is 4h. 56m. 1.8s. west of Greenwich, and in point of time is of course proportionatelyslower.

When ships pass either one another or Signal Stations on shore, they usually hoist the following signals: —

(1) The National Colours, with the "Code Flag" under them. (2) The ship's name (in signal letters). (3) Port of starting.(4) Port of destination. (5) Number of days out. (6) Longitude by Chronometer. The Ensign is kept flying until thecommunication is ended and "dipped" and re-hoisted as a farewell.

The Ensign is said to be "dipped" when it is lowered a short distance from the masthead, or from the peak, and hauledup close again. To express emphasis or fervour this operation is repeated "ad lib."

Distant Signals are required when, in consequence of the extreme distance or the state of the weather, it is not possibleto distinguish the colours of the flags which might otherwise be visible.Three different methods of signalling are used.

(1) By the fixed Coast Semaphore.

(2) By Balls, Drums and Cones.

(3) By Balls, Square Flags and Whefts (a wheft being a pennant with the fly tied to the halyards).

For an example of distant signals, see illustration.

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SEMAPHORE, BALL, CONES, DRUM, AND WHEFT,USED IN DISTANCE SIGNALLING.

(b) NUMERAL SIGNALS

Are given with the Code Flag over M, N, and O.

Code Flag over M. This represents that the Signals which follow are Numeral Signals. " " " N. This indicates the Decimal point. " " " O. This represents that the Numeral Signals are ended; the Signals which follow are to be looked

out in the Code in the usual manner.

NUMERAL TABLE

A 1 J 10 S 99B 2 K 11 T 100C 3 L 22 U 0D 4 M 33 V 00E 5 N 44 W 000F 6 O 55 X 0000G 7 P 66 Y 00000H 8 Q 77 Z 000000I 9 R 88

(c) SOUND SIGNALS

A vessel under weigh in sight of another indicates the course she is taking by the following signals: —

One short blast means "I am directing my course starboard."Two short blasts means "I am directing my course to port."Three short blasts means "My engines are going full speed astern."

(d) FOG SIGNALS

During a fog, a steamer under weigh, with her whistle or siren, blows a prolonged blast every two minutes. A sailingship blows on the fog-horn (when on the starboard tack) one blast; when on the port tack, two blasts; when the wind isabaft to beam, three blasts every minute.

All vessels at anchor during fog ring their bell at intervals of not more than one minute.

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(e) STORM SIGNALS

NORTH CONE Gale probably from the Northward.

SOUTH CONE Gale probably from the Southward.

At numerous ports and fishing stations, many of which are Lloyd's signal stations, warning signals are hoisted inconnexion with the Meteorological Office to advise as to the probability Of an approaching gale.

A cone pointed downwards means that strong winds are probable, at first from the southwards — from S.E. round byS. to N.W.

A cone pointed upwards means that strong winds are probable, at first from the northwards — from N.W. round by N.to S.E.

The drum is added to either cone when a very heavy gale is probable. No drum is used at dark, or without the cone.

The signal is kept flying until dusk and then lowered to avoid unnecessary wear and tear, but it is hoisted again atdaylight next morning; and so on until the end of 48 hours from the time at which the message was issued fromLondon, unless orders to lower the signal are received previously.

At dusk, whenever a signal ought to be flying if it were daylight, a night signal consisting of three lanterns hung on atriangular frame is hoisted in place of the Cone, point downwards (for South Cone), or point up-wards (for NorthCone), as the case may be.

The hoisting of either of these signals is a sign that an atmospherical disturbance is in existence, which will probablycause a gale from the quarter indicated within a distance of fifty miles of the locality.

The signal is frequently kept flying after a gale is over, one gale being often followed by another within a very briefinterval.

(f) DISTRESS SIGNALS

When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore, the following are the signals tobe used or displayed by her, either to-gether or separately, viz.: —

BY DAY —

1. A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;2. The International Code Signal of Distress indicated by NC;3. The distant signal, consisting of a square flag, having either above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball;4. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal ap-paratus.

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BY NIGHT —

1. A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;2. Flames (i.e., signal fires) on the vessel (as from a burning tar-barrel, oil-barrel, etc.);3. Rockets or shells, throwing stars of any colour or description, fired one at a time, at short intervals;4. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal ap-paratus.

SPECIAL SIGNALS FROM LIGHT VESSELS IN THAMES DISTRICT. — The signals appointed for theLightvessels and Pile Lighthouses in the London, Harwich, Ramsgate and Yarmouth districts, meaning that a vessel ison either of the adjacent sands, are as follows: —

By Day — Two guns fired from any of these light-vessels at intervals of a minute, and repeated every fifteen minutes,indicate that assistance is required by her or by a vessel seen in distress on the sands above referred to.

By Night — Two guns repeated as above, and followed by a rocket.

(g) PILOT SIGNALS

The following signals, when used or displayed together or separately, shall be deemed to be signals for a pilot: —

BY DAY —

1. To be hoisted at the fore, the Union Jack, having round it a white border, one-fifth of the breadth of the flag;2. The International Code Pilotage Signal indicated by PT;3. The International Code Flag S, with or without the Code Pennant over it;4. The distant signal, consisting of a cone, point up-wards, having above it two balls or shapes resembling balls.

BY NIGHT —

1. The pyrotechnic light commonly known as a blue light every fifteen minutes;2. A bright white light, flashed or shown at short or frequent intervals just above the bulwarks for about a minute at atime.

(h) NIGHT SIGNALS OF STEAMSHIP LINES [By kind permission, from Lloyd's Calendar.]

ABERDEEN LINE.

A Red pyrotechnic light burnt near the stern, fol-lowed by a Roman candle throwing up three groups of balls to aheight not exceeding 50 feet, and each group consisting of a Red, White and Blue ball, the colours following in theorder specified.

Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

ALLAN LINE.

1. Three Rockets, Blue, White and Red, simultaneously, or in such quick succession as to amount practi-cally to asimultaneous or almost simultaneous display.

Off Moville, and at the entrance of Lough Foyle in the county of Donegal, and off Queenstown Harbour, in the countyof Cork.

2. Three " Blue Lights" in a triangle half way up the rigging.

Off the coasts of Great Britain and on the high seas.

ANCHOR LINE.

A Red light and a White light exhibited alternately from some conspicuous part of the ship; the Red light to be soexhibited as not to be mistaken for the Red side light carried under the regulations for preventing collisions at sea. Onand near the coasts of the United Kingdom, and on the high seas.

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ATLANTIC TRANSPORT LINE.

A Roman candle throwing six balls of the following colours — viz., one Green, one White and one Red, to be repeatedonce in the same order. Within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

BEAVER LINE.

A Roman candle throwing four Blue and two Red Stars in succession, followed by a red light. Off the North or SouthCoast of Ireland for steamers bound to or from Liverpool.

BIBBY LINE.

A Roman candle throwing to a height not exceeding 50 feet. One Red ball, one Blue ball, one Red ball, one Blue ball,one Red ball, one Blue ball, in succession, and to be repeated if necessary. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and onthe high seas.

BRITISH INDIA STEAM NAVIGATION Co.

A Roman candle throwing Red and White balls in succession three times from the bridge to a height not exceeding 50feet. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

CLAN LINE.

A White, a Red and a White light in succession. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

COMPAGNIE GÉNÉRALE TRANSATLANTIQUE.

Three Coston lights, Blue, White and Red, burned simultaneously at the fore, middle and after parts of the vesselrespectively. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

CUNARD LINE.

1. A Blue light and two rockets bursting into golden stars, fired in quick succession.

Off Browhead, in the county of Cork, and off Queenstown Harbour, in the county of Cork.

2. A Blue light and two Roman candles, each throwing out six Blue balls to a height not exceeding 150 feet, and fired inquick succession.

Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

ELDER, DEMPSTER & Co., Water Street, Liverpool.

A Roman candle throwing four Blue and two Red stars in succession. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on thehigh seas.

HAMBURG-AMERICAN LINE.

Three Roman candles in succession at stern, each throwing to a height not exceeding 50 feet, seven stars, white, red,blue, white, red, blue, white. Off Scilly, off Lizard, off Plymouth and on the high seas.

HOLLAND-AMERICA LINE.

One Green pyrotechnic light from the forecastle, one White pyrotechnic light from the bridge, and one Greenpyrotechnic light from the poop of the vessel — the three lights to be shown at the same moment. Anywhere withinBritish jurisdiction and on the high seas.

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HOULDER LINE.

1. One Red light changing to White from the fore-castle head.2. One Roman candle discharging six White balls in succession off the bridge.3. One Red light changing to White from the poop or after-deck of the vessel.

All exhibited simultaneously. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

IMPERIAL DIRECT WEST INDIA MAIL SERVICE.

A Roman candle, throwing four Blue and Red stars in succession, followed by a Green pyrotechnic light. Anywherewithin British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION CO. (AMERICAN LINE).

One pyrotechnic light known as a Blue light, shown at the fore part of the ship.One Red pyrotechnic light, shown on the bridge.One pyrotechnic light known as a Blue light, shown at the aft part of the ship.

Off Browhead, in the county of Cork, and off Queenstown Harbour, in the county of Cork.

Two variegated rockets, the balls thrown out of each of which are Blue, Red and Green.

All the lights and rockets to be fired simultaneously or in such quick succession as to amount to a simultaneous oralmost simultaneous display.

Off Browhead, in the county of Cork, and off Queenstown Harbour, in the county of Cork.

The same as above, omitting the rockets, viz., Blue Light forward, Red Light on bridge, Blue Light aft simultaneously.Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

SOUTH-EASTERN AND CHATHAM RAILWAY - Cross Channel Steamers.

One Red light denotes position; when burned by a vessel not in answer to a signal, it means, "What am I to do ?"

One Red pyrotechnic light, then one Green pyrotechnic light. — "I am temporarily disabled, but am not in want ofassistance."

One Bright or White pyrotechnic light. — Vessels meeting or passing at sea, and one wishing to give warning that thereare obstructions in or off the port she has left, is to burn this light.

One Red pyrotechnic light. A vessel's answer to a sister vessel's signal.

Two Blue pyrotechnic lights together. — To be burnt by a special vessel when 15 minutes off.

One Green pyrotechnic light. — "Have India Mail on board, in addition to ordinary mails."

One Red pyrotechnic light and one Green pyrotechnic light together. — "Off Deal Jetty and wish to communicate."

One Red pyrotechnic light and one Blue pyrotechnic light together. — "I am not going into harbour."

Two Red pyrotechnic lights and two Blue pyrotechnic lights together. — "I am going into the Downs."

Two Red pyrotechnic lights together. If made off Calais. — "I am returning to Dover."If made off Dover — "I am returning to Calais."

On the coasts of the United Kingdom and on the high seas.

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NEW ZEALAND SHIPPING CO.

One Green light forward, one Roman candle throwing three Purple and three Green stars to a height not exceeding 50feet and fired simultaneously. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

NIPPON YUSEN KAISHA.

Two White pyrotechnic lights burnt simultaneously about 50 feet apart, and each throwing up two Red balls to a heightnot exceeding 50 feet. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

NORD DEUTSCHER LLOYD. For use by any of the steamers of the N.-D. Lloyd.

1. Two pyrotechnic lights burned simultaneously, each of which changes from the light commonly known as a Bluelight to a Red light. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

For Mail Steamers only.

(a) The steam whistle blown well, (b) burned simultaneously — two pyrotechnic lights described in the paragraphmarked 1 above as changing from Blue to Red, and (c) shown in lanterns simultaneously and vertically from the mizenpeak — one Green light, one Red light and one White light, the whole constituting one signal. When this signal isacknowledged by the telegraph station at Hurst Castle, then a Roman candle, throwing up Red stars to a height notexceeding 150 feet, is to be burnt on any part of the ship. Near Hurst Castle.

PACIFIC S. N. Co.

A Roman candle throwing two White, two Red, and two Blue balls in succession. Anywhere within British jurisdictionand on the high seas.

RED STAR LINE.

Three Red lights burning simultaneously, one forward, one on the bridge, and one aft. On or near the coasts of theUnited Kingdom.

ROYAL MAIL S. P. Co.

A Yellow pyrotechnic light, and a Roman candle throwing up White balls to a height not exceeding 150 feet, firedsimultaneously. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

SHAW, SAVILL & ALBION.

A Red pyrotechnic light accompanied by a Roman candle throwing White stars to a height not exceeding 50 feet,exhibited simultaneously. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

UNION-CASTLE LINE.

A Blue light burned on the bridge, followed immediately by a Roman candle throwing five Blue balls to a height notexceeding 150 feet. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

WEST INDIA AND PACIFIC.

The Chatham light. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

WHITE STAR LINE.

1. A Green pyrotechnic light followed quickly by a rocket throwing two Green stars, the rocket being fol-lowed byanother Green pyrotechnic light.

Off Browhead, off the Old Head of Kinsale, and off Queenstown Harbour, in the county of Cork.

2. Two Green pyrotechnic lights exhibited simultaneously. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and on the high seas.

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WILSON, FURNESS, LEYLAND LINE.

A signal consisting of three pyrotechnic lights arranged in the form of a triangle, viz.: one Red light forward, one Greenlight turning to Red on the bridge, and one Red light aft, with a space of not less than 20 feet be-tween any two of thethree lights, and the light upon the bridge being at the apex of the triangle. Anywhere within British jurisdiction and onthe high seas.

(i) "LLOYD'S" SIGNAL STATION REPORTS

Vessels which on passing a Lloyd's Signal Station hoist their ensign and signal letters will, without any charge, bereported immediately in Lloyd's List, the Shipping Gazette and various leading newspapers. If shipowners wish vesselsreported to their own offices, notice should be given to the Secretary of Lloyd's.

The answering pennant of the International Code of Signals, or Lloyd's Ensign, is hoisted at Lloyd's Signal Stations infair weather.

As soon as the hoist of signals made by a vessel is identified, the Station responds by hoisting the answering pennantsharply from dip to masthead. The vessel then immediately lowers her signals.

(j) WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STATIONS

Arrangements have been made for messages to be received at the undermentioned stations, and forwarded to theirdestinations : —

North Foreland, Kingsgate.Niton, near St. Catherine's point, I. of W.Haven, northern entrance to Poole Harbour.Lizard, a quarter of mile westward of Lloyd's Signal Station.Holyhead, in the town.Rosslare, three-quarters of a mile north of Railway Station.Crookhaven, half a mile westward of village.Malin Head, Lloyd's Signal Station.Inishtrahull, Lloyd's Signal Station.

11 Lights and Lighthouses

(a) HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

LIGHTHOUSES, or beacons for the aid of the navigator, have been in existence since B.C. 331, when the famousPharos of Alexandria was first built.

In the British Isles some slight remains of a lighthouse, which must have been built during the Roman invasion, are yetto be seen at Dover.

The earliest form of lighthouse was that of a tower or beacon, on the top of which wood or some other fuel wasburned in a brazier or iron basket; an arrangement which, with but very slight modification and improve-ment, existedin various parts of the world until well into the nineteenth century.

The form of the modern lighthouse varies with circumstances. When founded upon an isolated rock, as in the case ofthe Eddystone, or of the Bishop's Rock in the Scilly Islands, which may at certain states of the tide be wholly or partlysubmerged, it is either built of masonry, which rests directly upon the rock, or the foundation is sunk into the rockitself. The solid foundation of the tower is carried a score or so of feet above the surface of the water, when it issurmounted by a hollow tower in which the various rooms for the accommodation of the keepers are situated, and inthis form it is continued to the top, in which is placed the lantern.

In an estuary, or upon a spit or tongue of sand off shore, resting upon screw piles, the form usually adopted is that of abroad-based structure; and on the shore at the foot of a cliff, where the full force of the wind is likely to be felt, astrong structure of masonry, similar to that of the rock-built lighthouse, is the kind usually constructed; whilst on thetop of a cliff, beyond the reach of the action of the waves, an ordinary brick or stone tower suffices. This latter form oflighthouse is usually connected with the keepers' rooms, which in this case form a separate structure of themselves.

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The object of a lightship is to indicate the presence of a dangerous shoal, where it would be difficult to secure afoundation for a stationary structure. A lightship, therefore, in addition to performing the function of a shorelighthouse, has the advantage of being situated right over the spot against which it is desired to warn the mariner.

The lights of lighthouses have undergone great development from the early days of the wood flare to the electric lightof to-day. The early wood or tow-burning beacons were succeeded by candles and oil-lamps, the power of which latterat first was scarcely more effective than the former. In somewhat more modern times, however, Argand and Rumford,by the invention and development of new appliances for the burning of mineral or animal oil, effected considerableimprovement, and gas has likewise been used with good results.

The electric light has, by its great power, overcome much of the want of penetration of the earlier oil lights, although itspower of penetration has proved to be less, comparatively speaking, in a foggy atmosphere than in clear weather. Butthis objection, and the fact that it is more costly than gas to operate with, are practically the only arguments that can bebrought against it.

To concentrate the rays of the lamp and disperse them in the desired direction, Thomas Stevenson — the honouredancestor of the famous novelist — in 1849 employed a lens in front of a reflector, which combined both the direct andthe reflected rays into one parallel beam. This light, being a combination of refractor and reflector, produces a light ofthe "catadioptric" class as distinct from the single reflector, which consists of a small glass mirror, or, in its improvedform, of parabolic metal reflectors. This class is known as "catoptric."

In 1822 Fresnel introduced the "dioptric" system, in which refraction only is used, the direct rays being sent forththrough a spherical lens, surrounded by a series of annular or parabolic prisms.

The lights of England and Wales are under the control of the Trinity House Brethren, which was incorporated in 1514,and first controlled the lights in 1680. In Scotland the lights are under the care of the Northern Lighthouse Board(since 1786), and in Ireland the Irish Lighthouse Board perform the same service.

(b) LIST OF IMPORTANT LIGHTHOUSES AND LIGHTSHIPS OFF THE BRITISH ISLESThe distances here given, from which the lights are visible, are calculated for a height of 15 feet above the sea.

Lightships belonging to the Trinity House, London, are coloured red.

F. Fixed. A continuous steady light.

Fl. Flashing. A single flash, the duration of dark-ness (or eclipse) being always greater than that of the light.

Gp. Fl. Group Flashing. Groups of two or more flashes in succession (not necessarily of the same colour) separated byeclipses.

F. and Fl. Fixed and Flashing. Fixed light varied by a single white or coloured flash, which may be preceded andfollowed by a short eclipse.

F. and Gp. Fl. Fixed and Group Flashing. The same as the preceding, but with groups of flashes.

Rev. Revolving. Light gradually increasing to full effect, then decreasing to eclipse.

Occ. Occulting. A steady light with sudden and total eclipse at regular intervals, the duration of the light being alwaysequal to or greater than that of the darkness.

Gp. Occ. Group Occulting. A steady light with groups of two or more sudden and total eclipses at regular intervals.

Alt. Alternating. Alternating lights of different colours (generally red and white), without any intervening eclipse.

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English Channel

SCILLY ISLANDS. — Bishop Rock. White Group Flash (1 min.) vis. 18 miles. St. Agnes. White Rev. (½ min,), visible8 miles. Round Island. Red Fl. (½ min.), visible 20 miles.

SEVEN STONES LIGHTVESSEL. — Group flash, white, 3 times in quick succession, followed by 36 sec. dark. Redhull, ball at mast-head, visible 1 miles.

LONGSHIPS (Land's End). — Occ. (1 min.) white, red sectors. Fog explosive.

WOLF ROCK. — Rev. (½ min.), alternate red and white, visible 16 miles. Fog bell.

LIZARD. — Two fixed white (74 yards apart), visible 21 miles.

ST. ANTHONY'S (Falmouth). — One fixed white, visible 11 miles, and one white rev. every 20 sec., visible 14 miles.Fog bell.

EDDYSTONE. — White group flash (2 successive flashes of 2½ sec. each, divided by eclipse of 4 sec., the secondflash followed by 21 sec. ecl.) visible 17 miles; also a fixed white subsidiary in lower window, visible 15 miles.

START POINT. — White, rev. every minute, Visible 20 miles; also fixed white in same tower, Visible 20 miles.

PORTLAND BILL. — Two fixed white, 503 yards apart , visible 21 and 18 miles.

SHAMBLES LIGHTVESSEL. — White group flash, 30 sec., visible 11 miles. Red hull, ball at masthead.

CASQUETS. — White group flash, 3 successive flashes of 2 sec., each followed by 3 sec. ecl,, and the 3rd by 78 sec,eclipse, Visible 17 miles.

ANVIL POINT. — White flash, 10 sec., visible 18 miles,

NEEDLES. — Occ., white, red and green sectors, eclipsed for 3 sec., every minute, visible 14 miles.

ST. CATHARINE'S (Isle of Wight). — White flash, red sector, every 30 sec., visible 17 miles. Fog siren, one.

OWERS LIGHTVESSEL. — Rev. white and red alternately, every min., visible 11 miles. Red hull, ball at mast-head.

BEACHY HEAD. — White group flash every 20 sec., first flash, sec.; eclipse, 2¾ sec.; second flash, sec.; eclipse, 16¼sec.; Visible 16 miles.

ROYAL SOVEREIGN LIGHTVESSEL. — White group flash (3 flashes occupying 45 sec., eclipse 31½ sec., visible11 miles. Red hull. Ball, with small ball above, at masthead.

DUNGENESS. — One fixed white and red, Visible 16 miles; one white flash 5 sec,, Visible 10 miles.

WARNE LIGHTVESSEL. — Red rev. 20 sec., Visible 11 miles. Red hull, ball at masthead.

DOVER. — On Admiralty Pier. White F. and Fl., 71 sec., visible 10 miles.

Pier Works Lightvessel. — White flash, 30 sec., visible 10 miles.

SOUTH FORELAND. — Two fixed white, 385 yards apart, visible 26 and 23 miles.

GOODWIN.

South Goodwin Lightvessel. — White group flash, 2 flashes occupying ½ min., followed by 17½ eclipse. Visible 11miles. Red hull. Ball at masthead.

East Goodwin Lightvessel. — Green rev., 15 sec., visible 11 miles. Red hull. Inverted triangle over diamond on mast.

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Gull Lightvessel (in fairway). — White rev. 20 sec., visible 10 miles. Red hull, ball at masthead.

North Goodwin Lightvessel. — Three quick white flashes in succession, followed by 36 sec. eclipse. Visible 11 miles.Red hull. Three masts, with ball on each.

NORTH FORELAND. — White, red sector, disappearing every min. for 5 sec. Visible 20 miles.

East Coast of England

TONGUE LIGHTVESSEL. — Group flash red and white every min., visible 11 miles. Red hull. Ball at masthead.

NORE LIGHTVESSEL. — White rev. every min., visible 10 miles. Red hull. Ball at masthead.

MOUSE LIGHTVESSEL. — Green rev. every 20 sec., visible 11 miles. Red hull. Ball at masthead.

MAPLIN SAND. — OCC. red, with white sector; ( min.); visible 11 miles.

SWIN MIDDLE LIGHTVESSEL — White rev. 30 sec., visible 10 miles. Red hull. Ball at masthead.

SUNK LIGHTVESSEL. — Rev. every 45 sec., alternate red and white, visible 11 miles. Red hull. Half ball flat sidedown over another at masthead.

KENTISH KNOCK LIGHTVESSEL. — White rev. every minute, visible 11 miles. Red hull. Small ball over anotherat masthead.

GALLOPER LIGHTVESSEL. — Red group flash every 45 sec., visible 11 miles. Red hull. Two cones pointingup-ward on main and ball on jigger mast.

DOVERCOURT. — One fixed white, Visible 11 miles; one fixed white, visible 9½ miles, 208 yards apart.

HARWICH (JETTY). — One fixed white, red sector.

SHIPWASH LIGHTVESSEL. — White group flash, 3 flashes, followed by 14 sec. eclipse, occupying 30 sec., Visible11 miles. Red hull, ball at masthead.

ORFORDNESS. — Occ. white, red and green sectors, 40 sec., visible 15 miles.

OUTER GABBARD LIGHTVESSEL. — White group flash, 4 flashes every min., visible 11 miles. Red hull. Invertedcone at masthead.

SOUTHWOLD (Centre). — Group Occ. white, red sectors, 20 sec., visible 17 miles.

LOWESTOFT. — High Light on Cliff. White rev. every 30 sec., visible 17 miles. In same tower fixed red sector. Lowlight (747 yards away); occ. red and white sectors every 30 sec., Visible 11 miles.

YARMOUTH. — "Caister Leading Lights," at Sailors' Home and Pier. Two fixed red, Visible 13 and 9 miles.

COCKLE LIGHTVESSEL. — White rev. every minute, visible 10 miles. Red hull. Ball at masthead.

CROMER. — White rev. every minute, visible 23 miles.

HUNSTANTON. — White, red sector. Group Occ. every 30 sec., visible 16 miles.

DUDGEON LIGHTVESSEL. — White and red group flash, every 2 min., visible 10 miles. Red hull. Ball at masthead.

INNER DOWSING LIGHTVESSEL, — Green rev. every 20 sec., visible 11 miles.

OUTER DOWSING LIGHTVESSEL. — Red rev. 30 sec., visible 11 miles. Red hull. Half ball over ball at masthead.

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SPURN HEAD (mouth of Humber). — White flash 20 sec., visible 17 miles (flash 2 sec., eclipse 18 sec.). In sametower fixed White and red, visible 13 miles.

FLAMBOROUGH HEAD. — Rev. white and red every 90 sec., visible 21 miles (2 white and 1 red to each rev.).

SCARBOROUGH — OCC. every 8 see,, white, red sector, visible 13 miles.

WHITBY (Ling Hill). — Occ. white and red, every 30 sec., visible 22 miles.

TEES RIVER (Southgare Breakwater). — One white flash, red sector, 12 sec. Visible 10 miles.

HARTLEPOOL (Heugh). — Two in one tower, Occ. white every 5 sec., visible 15 miles; fixed red, visible 4 miles.

SUNDERLAND (Inner N. Pierhead). — Two fixed (upper white, lower red) in one tower, visible 13 miles and 6 miles.

COQUET. — One Occ. white and red sectors, every min., with eclipse of 2½ sec., visible 14 miles. One fixed Whiteand red sectors (same tower), visible 13 miles,

FARN ISLANDS (Longstone). — One white, rev. every min., visible 14 miles.

BERWICK-ON-TWEED (Pierhead). — Two fixed, white and red, visible 12 miles and 8 miles.

Scotland

ST. ABB's HEAD. — One white flash every 10 sec., visible 21 miles.

FIDRA ISLAND. — White group flash every 15 sec., visible 17 miles.

INCH KEITH. — White rev. every 30 sec., Visible 21 miles.

NORTH CARR LIGHTVESSEL. — Fixed white, visible 11 miles. Red hull, with red conical cage.

BELL ROCK. — White and red flash alternately every min., visible 15 miles.

ST. ANDREW'S (Pierhead). — One fixed white and red and green, visible 6 miles.

RIVER TAY.

Buddonness. — Two fixed white, 401 yards apart, visible 16 miles and 13 miles.

Port-on-Craig High Light and Pile Light. — Two fixed white, 1,700 yards apart, visible 12 miles and 10 miles.

TOD HEAD. — White group flash every 30 sec., visible 17 miles.

GIRDLENESS, — White group flash (2 flashes every 20 sec.), visible 19 miles.

ABERDEEN (N. Pierhead). — One fixed white, visible 8 miles.

BUCHAN NESS. — One white flash every 5 sec., visible 17 miles.

PETERHEAD (S. Harbour), — Fixed white and red, visible 10 miles.

RATTRAY HEAD. — White group flash every 30 sec,, visible 15 miles.

KINNAIRD HEAD. — Fixed white and red, visible 17 miles.

COVESEA SKERRIES. — Rev. white, with red sector, every minute, visible 18 miles.

INVERNESS (Thornbush Pier). — Two fixed red.

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TARBET NESS. — White group flash every 30 sec., visible 18 miles.

NOSS HEAD. — Rev. White, with red sector, every 30 sec,, visible 18 miles.

PENTLAND SKERRIES. — White group flash every 15 sec., visible 19 miles.

DUNNET HEAD. — One fixed white, visible 24 miles.

ORKNEYS.

Noup Head. — White group flash, every minute, visible 22 miles.

Skroo. — White group flash (2 flashes every 30 sec.), visible 23 miles.

SHETLAND ISLANDS (Sumburgh Head). — One fixed white, visible 24 miles.

CAPE WRATH. — White and red rev. alternately every 3 sec., eclipse 57 sec., visible 27 miles.

HEBRIDES (Butt of Lewis). — Fixed White, visible 19 miles.

STORNOWAY (Arnish Point). — White rev. every 30 sec., visible 13 miles.

SKERRYVORE. — White rev. every minute, visible 18 miles.

DUART POINT (William Black Memorial Tower). — Group flash white and red sectors, 3 flashes every 15 sec.,visible 12 miles.

PLADDA ISLAND (Fladda), N. — Fixed white and red, visible 11 miles.

MULL OF CANTYRE. — Fixed White, visible 24 miles.

SANDA. — White flash every 24 sec., visible 18 miles.

PLADDA ISLAND (off S.E. point of Arran). — White group flash every 30 sec., visible 17 miles.

LAMLASH (S.W. point of Holy I.). — One fixed green over red, visible 12 miles.

CUMBRAE (W. of Little Cumbrae Island). — White group flash, 2 quick flashes every 30 sec., visible 19 miles.

ARDROSSAN (S. Breakwater). — Occ. white and red (2 sec. flash and 2 sec. eclipse), visible 10 miles.

AILSA CRAIG. — White group flash, 6 flashes in 15 sec., eclipse 15 sec., visible 13 miles.

MULL OF GALLOWAY. — OCC. white every 221- sec. (light 15 sec., eclipse 7½ sec.), visible 25 miles.

West Coast of England

AYRE POINT (Isle of Man). — Rev. white and red every 2 min., visible 16 miles.

DOUGLAS HEAD. — White group flash, visible 14 miles.

BAHAMA BANK LIGHTVESSEL. — White group flash every 30 sec., visible 11 miles. Red hull, ball at masthead.

MORECAMBE BAY LIGHTVESSEL. — White group flash (4 flashes every 30 sec.), visible 11 miles. Hull red. Ball atmasthead.

LIVERPOOL.

N.W. Lightvessel. — White rev. every 30 sec., visible 11 miles. Red hull; 2 masts; red ball on foremast. Bar Lightvessel.— White group flash every 30 sec., visible 10 miles. Red hull; 2 masts; red ball on foremast and jigger masts.

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GREAT ORME'S HEAD. — Fixed white and red, visible 24 miles.

SKERRIES. — Group occ. every minute, visible 16 miles.

HOLYHEAD (Breakwater). — Red flash every 7½ sec., visible 14 miles.

SOUTH STACK. — White rev. every minute, visible 20 miles.

BARDSEY. — Occ. white every 30 sec., visible 17 miles.

CARDIGAN BAY LIGHTVESSEL, — White group flash every 30 sec., visible 11 miles.

MILFORD HAVEN (St. Anne's). — Fixed white and red, visible 20 miles. Low fixed white, visible 18 miles.

CALDY ISLANDS. — Group occ. white, red sectors, 30 sec., visible 20 miles.

BULL POINT. — White group flash and fixed red in same tower; white shows 3 flashes every 1 min., visible 18 milesand 17 miles.

LUNDY ISLAND, N. — White group flash every 20 sec., visible 19 miles.

LUNDY ISLAND, S. — Rev. white every minute, visible 20 miles.

HARTLAND POINT. — Rev. White and red every 90 sec. (2 white flashes, then one red), visible 17 miles.

PENDEEN. — White group flash (4 flashes every 15 sec,), visible 20 miles.

Ireland

FASTNET. — White, rev. every minute, visible 18 miles.

OLD HEAD OF KINSALE. — Fixed white, red sector, visible 21 miles.

DAUNT ROCK LIGHTVESSEL. — Red flash every 30 sec. visible 10 miles. Black hull, with globe on main-mast.

CORK HARBOUR, QUEENSTOWN (Roche Point, E.). — One occ. white, red sector (visible 15 sec., eclipsed 5sec.), visible 10 miles, and one fixed white in same tower, visible 8 miles.

WATERFORD (Hook Point). — Fixed white, visible 16 miles.

TUSKAR. — Rev. red and white alternately every minute; white 6 sec., red 10 sec. Visible 16 miles.

WICKLOW. — White occ. every 13 sec,, light 10 sec., eclipse 3 sec. Visible 16 miles.

DUBLIN (Kingstown, E., Pier Head). — White group flash every 15 sec., visible 12 miles.

LOUGH LARNE (Farres Point), — Fixed white and red, visible 11 miles. Red sector, visible 9 miles.

RATHLIN ISLAND. — White, with red sector, occ. (bright 50 sec.), dark 10 sec., visible 21 miles.

INISTRAHULL. — Rev. white, every 30 sec., visible 18 miles.

TORY ISLAND (N.W.). — White group flash every minute, visible 16 miles.

GALWAY (Eeragh Isle). — White rev. every minute, visible 16 miles.

ARANMORE ISLAND. — Rev. alternately red and white every 20 sec., visible 25 miles.

RIVER SHANNON (Kilcredan). — Fixed red and white, visible 16 miles.

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VALENTIA (Cromwell Point). — Fixed white, visible 12 miles.

BULL ROCK — Flash white every 15 sec., visible 23 miles.

(c) VIEWS OF CELEBRATED LIGHTHOUSES

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12 The Buoys of the United Kingdom - Their Colour, Shape, and distinctive Marks.

CONICAL BUOYS are Buoys with a pointed top above water. They are always Starboard-hand buoys.

Can Buoys are Buoys with a flat top above water. They are always Port-hand buoys.

Spherical Buoys are buoys with a domed top above water. They mark the ends of "middle grounds."

Pillar Buoys are buoys with a tall central structure on a broad base. Like other special buoys, such as Bell buoys, Gasbuoys, Automatic sounding buoys, etc., etc., they are placed so as to mark special positions either on the coast or in theapproaches to harbours.

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Spar Buoys are buoys with only a mast above water.

The painting of Starboard-hand Buoys is always in a single colour only.

The painting of Port-hand buoys is always in some different characteristic colour, which may be either single or parti-coloured.

The painting of Spherical buoys is always distinguished by horizontal stripes of White.

The painting of surmounting beacons such as Staffs and Globes, etc., is always in a single dark colour.

Staffs and Globes are only used on Starboard-hand buoys; Staffs and Cages on Port-hand buoys, Diamonds at theouter ends of "middle grounds," and Triangles at the inner ends.

The colour of Wreck buoys, or ships marking the position of Wrecks, is green. When ships are used their navigable sideis marked by means of 2 balls vertically arranged, and the other by 1, or at night by 3 lamps from the yard-arm similarlyarranged.

The colour of "Watch" buoys, of the "Can" type, is red. They are marked With the word " Watch," pre-ceded by thelightvessel's name in white letters.

13 Ship Canals.

THE SUEZ CANAL. — The Isthmus of Suez has been traversed from remote times by a canal following nearly uponthe lines of the present one. The former may have perhaps been made in the time of the Pharaohs. After becomingsilted up, it was re-opened by Trajan in the second century A.D. Napoleon I,, recognizing the commercial value andstrategic importance of a permanent ship-canal at this point, was desirous of carrying out the project, and actually hadthe land surveyed for the purpose; but nothing was done until the famous

M. de Lesseps commenced, in 1859, the canal which now exists. The first vessel made the passage in 1865, and thework was finally completed in 1869.

Between 3,000 and 4,000 ships use the canal during the year, their combined tonnage approximating to 10,000,000 tons,of which rather over three-quarters are British, Germany and France following in the order named. Nearly all of theseships pass through the canal at night. the banks of which are brilliantly illuminated by the electric masthead lights of thesteamers.

Distances along the canal are marked by mile-posts set up on the banks from north to south.

Port Said to Kantara 25Kantara to El Ferdan 11El Ferdan to El Guisr 3El Guisr to Ismailia 4Ismailia to Toussan 4Toussan to Serapium 3Serapium to North Light, Bitter Lakes 5North Light to South Light 8South Light to Guerin 8Guerin to Chalouf 3Chalouf to Madame 6Madame to Suez Entrance 7

Total 87

The project Was approved in England by Lord Palmerston and by the Governments of France, Austria, Russia, Turkey,and Egypt. The official opening took place in November, 1869.

400,000 shares in the company are held by the British Government, of which 176,602 were bought of the Khedive in1875 at a premium of 12½ per cent. Dividends have fluctuated yearly between 5 per cent. and 17 per cent.

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The voyages of full-powered steamships via the Canal to the Far East are as 100 to every 60 via the Cape. The length ofthe canal is 87 miles, and the average depth 26 feet.

In 1898 nearly a quarter of a million passengers were carried by the ships making use of the canal — 142,110 soldiers,79,825 civilians, and 17,609 emigrants of the steerage class.

THE PANAMA CANAL, the object of Which is to connect the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean, though even as yetbut a project, in spite of the vast sums spent upon the enterprise, bids fair to be completed before long under thecontrol of the U.S. Government. The scheme, inaugurated by M. de Lesseps in 1879, was set on foot and workcommenced in 1881, When it was estimated that the canal would be in operation in 1888. It resulted in one of the mostcolossal financial fiascos that the world has known. The present scheme for the completion of the canal involves achange of plan, as various locks will now be made, whereas the original idea was to carry the canal through at sea level.Its projected length is 46½ miles, and it will be from 78 feet to 189 feet wide at the top, and from 29 feet to 72 feetwide at the bottom. The estimated time that will be required for transit is 14 hours.

THE NICARAGUA CANAL is another inter-oceanic project that has got rather beyond the initial stage. Lord Nelsonhimself not only foresaw the utility of the plan, but actually endorsed it in the following words: —

" . . . . . Here it is that a canal between the two seas may most easily be formed — a work more important in itsconsequences than any that has been effected by human power."

Such a canal, were it brought to completion, would reduce the distance by water from New York to San Francisco from15,660 miles to less than 5,000.

In 1887 a New York company obtained a concession from Nicaragua for an inter-oceanic canal. Beginning atGreytown, the Atlantic terminus, it was intended to follow the San Juan River through Lake Nicaragua and proceedthence to Brito, the Pacific terminus. Out of the entire length, which was estimated at about 169 miles, only about 28.9were to be constructed by actual cutting; the lake and river, at the lake level, 110 feet above the sea, would haveamounted to something over 150 miles. The western outlet was to be reached at sea level by means of three locks,while the eastern entrance was estimated to require 17 locks. The canal itself was to be from 80 to 120 feet wide at thebottom, and the time required for transit 46 hours. It was estimated that about 5,000,000 tons of shipping wouldannually pass either through this canal or that at Panama. As an effective illustration of the value and importance ofthese rival projects may be instanced the case of the U.S. battleship Oregon, which took 92 days to cover the 20,306knots between New York and Manila, at a speed of 220,6 knots per day, with a consumption of 5,417 tons of coal. Byway of Nicaragua she would have accomplished the voyage in 51 days, consuming but 3,021 tons of coal — a saving of40 days and perhaps £3,400 in the cost of coal alone. Much labour has already been spent upon the project, and thecapital invested is of no insignificant figure; but the scheme appears to be stagnating at the present writing, owing to theindecision of the U.S. authorities with regard to the development of the Panama route.

BALTIC AND BLACK SEA CANAL. — This is a Russian project which, starting at Riga and ending at Kherson, willbe over 1,000 miles in length. It will not of course be a canal throughout, but will follow, as far as possible, the courseof the rivers Dwina, Beresina, and Dnieper.

CALEDONIAN CANAL — This well-known waterway extends across North-west Scotland, from the Atlantic to theGerman Ocean, a distance of 60 miles, 37 miles of which are natural waterways. It has a depth of 17 feet.

CAPE COD CANAL (U.S.). — This project, if carried through as planned, will be of inestimable value to the immensecoasting trade between New York and Southern ports and Boston and the East. Since colonial days the subject hascontinually been brought forward before the public. It is intended to cut through Cape Cod at its narrowest part —from Buzzard's Bay to Barnstable Bay, a distance of somewhat less than eight miles, and work was actually commencedin 1886. This canal will shorten the route to Boston by some 90 miles, besides offering the great advantages derivedfrom escaping the dangerous navigation off the cape. The canal is to be 23 feet in depth at low water and 200 feet wide.The estimated tonnage of the ships that will use it when completed exceeds 15,000,000.

CORINTH CANAL. — This canal, which connects the Gulf of Corinth with the Piræus (the Port of Athens),shortens, by some 250 miles, the course from Sicily or the Adriatic to Constantinople and the Black Sea. Though it isless than 4 miles in length, the cutting has been carried in many places through rocks 250 feet high. Its width is 72 feetat the bottom and its depth 27 feet.

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ERIE CANAL (U.S.) — This canal runs for 450 miles through New York State, from Lake Erie at Buffalo, via theHudson River, to New York. Although, strictly speaking, it is not a ship canal, it has recently attained some prominenceas an alternative to the Welland Canal mentioned below. As it is now, grain boats break bulk at Buffalo and load intocanal boats, their cargo being rehandled at New York.

KIEL (NORTH SEA) CANAL. — This important work, connecting the Baltic with the North Sea, was completed bythe German Government on April 1, 1896. Its strategic and commercial value to Germany is un questioned. In thesecond year of its operation there passed through its gates 23,180 vessels (including both steam and sailing vessels), ofwhich 20,307 were German, 847 Danish, 747 Swedish, 486 Dutch, 344 British, 159 Norwegian, 137 Russian, and whichaggregated 2,469,795 tons. The estimated cost of the canal was something over £7,000,000.

MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL. — This was formally opened in 1894. The length of the canal proper, from theMersey to the City of Manchester, is something over 35 miles. It is 26 feet deep by 120 feet wide at the bottom, and iscapable of admitting vessels of 6,000 tons to the docks at Manchester, 40 miles from the sea. The cost approximated to£16,000,000. Sea-going traffic amounts to something over 1,000,000 tons per year, and the barge traffic half as muchmore.

NORTH HOLLAND CANAL. — This canal, which runs from Amsterdam to the Helder, was completed in 1825. Itis 51 miles in length, 125 feet wide at water level, 20 feet deep, and 31 feet wide at bottom.

WELLAND CANAL. — This waterway, which runs through Canadian territory around Niagara Falls, and connectsthe waters of Lake Erie with those of Lake Ontario, apart from its political value, is in the first rank of commercialimportance. As already constructed it is available for sea-going vessels of moderate size carrying cargoes of grain fromthe ports of the great North-West Territory to Europe. A difficulty is experienced further down, at its junction with theSt. Lawrence River, at which point it is necessary to lighten the ship before entering the Lachine Canal (which is of nogreat depth) in order to pass the rapids — a fault which ought not to be hard to remedy, if this great waterway Weremade the most of.

14 The High Seas

THE territory of a State includes the mouths of all rivers, bays, and estuaries, as well as the sea along its coast to thedistance of a marine league. This is a regulation dictated by the necessities of self-protection. For the policing ofcommerce the distance is extended to four leagues; i.e. according to the usage prevailing in Great Britain and the UnitedStates, foreign goods coming within that distance cannot be transhipped without the payment of duties.

Vessels belonging to the citizens of any nation on the high seas, and public vessels wherever found, have some of theattributes of territory. If a ship is confiscated on account of piracy or of violation of custom-house laws in a foreignport, or is there attached by the owner's creditor and becomes his property, we never think that territory has been takenaway. For a crime committed in port a vessel may be chased into the high seas and there arrested, without a suspicionthat territorial rights have been violated, though on the other hand to chase a criminal across the borders and seize himon foreign soil is a gross offence against sovereignty. Yet again, a private vessel, when it arrives in a foreign port, ceasesto be regarded as territory, unless treaty provides otherwise, and then becomes merely the property of aliens. Thequalities of a private ship which resemble rights of territory are (1), as against its own crew on the high seas (for its ownterritorial or municipal law accompanies it as long as it is beyond the reach of other law, or until it comes within thebounds of some other jurisdiction), and (2), certain rights as against foreigners, who, on the high seas, are excludedfrom exercising any form of sovereignty over it, just as they would have been if the vessel in question had actuallyformed part of the soil of its own country. Public vessels, on the other hand, stand on a higher ground; they are notonly public property, as being either built or bought by their Government, but they are, as it were, floating barracks, apart of the public organism, and represent the national dignity, and on this account, even in foreign ports, they areexempt from the local jurisdiction. In both cases, however, it is on account of the crew, rather than on that of the shipitself, that they have any territorial quality. Take the crew away, let the forsaken hulk be met at sea, and it becomes mereabandoned property, and nothing more.

The high sea is now free and open to all nations, but formerly the ocean, or some portions of it, were claimed as amonopoly. Thus the Portuguese prohibited the ships of other nations, and even half-blood subjects of their own racefrom sailing in the seas of Guinea and the East Indies. " No native-born Portuguese or alien," says one of their ancientordinances, "shall traverse the lands or seas of Guinea and the Indias, or any territory conquered by us, without license,on pain of death and the loss of all his goods."

So too the Spaniards formerly claimed the right of excluding all others from the Pacific, and it was against such claims,

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especially against those of the Portuguese, that Grotius, in 1609, wrote his Mare Liberum, in which he lays down thegeneral principle of the free right of navigation, and argues that the sea cannot become property, and that the claims ofthe Portuguese to the discovery of countries which the ancients have left us an account of, as well as their claimsthrough the donation of Pope Alexander VI., were without foundation. And yet the countrymen of Grotius, who hadbeen the defenders of the liberty of the seas, sought to prevent the Spaniards on their way to the Philippines fromtaking the route of the Cape of Good Hope. The English, in the seventeenth century, claimed property in the seassurrounding Great Britain, as far as to the coasts of the neighbouring countries, and it was only in the eighteenth thatthey softened down this claim of property into one of sovereignty. Selden, who published his Mare Clausum in 1635,while contending against the monopolising pretensions of Spain and Portugal, contended zealously, on the ground ofancient precedent for this claim of his country. "The shores and ports of the neighbouring States," said he, "are thelimits of the British sea-empire, but in the wide ocean to the north and west the limits are yet to be constituted." Russiafinally, at a more recent date, based an exclusive claim to the Pacific, north of the 51st degree, upon the ground that thispart of the ocean was a passage to shores lying exclusively within her jurisdiction. But this claim was resisted by the U.S.Government, and withdrawn in a temporary convention of 1824. A treaty of the same empire with this country, madein 1825, contained similar concessions, and at the present day it has come to be generally recognised that the rights ofall nations to the use of the high sea being the same, their right to fish upon the high seas, or on banks and shoal placesin them are equal. — From Woolsey's International Law.

15 Yachting

(a) ITS DEVELOPMENT.

THE yacht of to-day is practically the outcome of a development which has been proceeding during the last hundredyears. The origin of the word "yacht," as might be readily supposed, is Dutch, and was intro-duced into the Englishlanguage early in the seventeenth century.

In Falconer's Dictionary of 1770 the word was defined as meaning — "A vessel of state usually employed to conveyPrinces, ambassadors, or other great personages from one kingdom to another." Through a very slight process ofevolution the yacht has become the pleasure vessel of the wealthier classes of to-day, and a voyage on such a craft maybe said to still carry with it some measure of the honour and distinction which it possessed in former days.

Practically, then, all yachts are pleasure-boats, whether propelled by sail or steam, or by a combina-tion of both; and thepresent luxurious aspect of this kind of vessel is but a natural development of the times.

The building and sailing of yachts that were designed for pleasure alone naturally excited a spirit of rivalry when theboats passed each other upon the seas. Charles II., it is known, was himself especially fond of yachting, and it isrecorded that he built several yachts for the purpose of trying their speed against those of the Duke of York, who inthese competitions often sailed his vessels himself.

With so extensive a sea-coast, and such favourable conditions, small wonder it is that the art of yacht-building, no lessthan the art of sailing and handling them, has reached so great a perfection in the British Isles.

The Cork Harbour Water Club (now the Royal Cork Yacht Club), across the Irish Sea, was the first recognisedassociation formed for the promotion of yachting. But the beginning of the nineteenth century saw a large fleet ofyachts throughout Great Britain come into being. Some of these boats, owned and sailed in the south of England, methabitually in the waters off Cowes, in the Isle of Wight; and in 1812 a club was formed at East Cowes which wasformally organized a year or two later in London. The Prince Regent and the Duke of Clarence favoured the club bybecoming members, and soon after the latter came to the throne as William IV. the club's name was caused to bealtered to "The Royal Yacht Squadron."

Such were the first beginnings of yachting in Great Britain, and from this time forward it grew in favour, not only onaccount of its healthful and exhilarating nature, but by reason of the large number of people who could at one and thesame time participate therein. The original members of the Royal Yacht Squadron were all yacht owners, thequalification for membership being the owning of a pleasure vessel of not less than ten tons burthen. The majority ofyachts of that time were, however, of large size and roomy, being cutters of from fifty to one hundred and fifty or moretons, and with a length approximate to 80 feet and a breadth of 30 feet.

Apart from the questions of pleasure and hospitality, racing conditions were developed by some of the boats of thatday, which were constructed of lighter build and fittings than these craft intended solely for cruising, and the design ofthese boats began to take shape thus early as being the most suitable for attaining a high speed under favourable

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conditions. Improvements and innovations were the order of the day, various expedients were tried in order to obtain amaximum of lightness, speed and stability, and the methods of ballasting, sparring, and rigging were continuallyim-proved, so that it is now very doubtful whether any of the "crack" yachts of the past — say even as little as twenty-five years ago — could possibly compete, on at all equal conditions, against any of the advanced types of the samedimensions at the present day.

The United States is the only other country which has developed yachting to anything like the same pitch at which ithas arrived in Great Britain. With a sea-coast that affords a well-nigh inexhaustible extent of cruising ground, and anenthusiasm and ingenuity capable of obtaining the highest measure of success in competitive work, the Americans earlyentered into the full appreciation of the possibilities of the sport. The first public recognition given to the pastime inthe United States was in 1844, when the New York Yacht Club was founded.

Early American yachts were of the shallow centre-board type, though they had a tendency, from the first, to developthe schooner on lines resembling those of the since famous America.

At the present day the predominant type of racing-craft in America, as in England, is a big "single-sticker" of the cutter,or fin-keel, type.

Steam-yachting, essentially a sport of the very wealthy, only reached a stage of assured development in the earlyseventies. In Great Britain, in 1877, there were 280 registered steam-yachts, which had increased by fifty per cent. andaggregated 50,000 tons by 1883, since which time the tonnage has practically doubled, until now the number ofpleasure craft in Great Britain depending either upon steam alone, or upon steam and sail, is close upon nine hundred.

The sailing yachts owned in Great Britain, though something over 3,000 in point of numbers, aggregate less than60,000 tons, i.e. only about 60 per cent. of the total tonnage of steam yachts. Altogether the pleasure craft of both thesetypes number about 4,000 and their total tonnage amounts to 153,420, representing a capital investment of perhaps£7,000,000, which calls for the further outlay of another million per annum to keep them in commission, and whichgives employment to as many as 15,000 men.

(b) A LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT STEAM AND SAILING YACHTS OWNED IN GREATBRITAIN, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE CONTINENT.

STEAM YACHTS.

STANDART, St. Petersburg; the Emperor of Russia. (Copenhagen, 1895.) Tw. sc., 3 masts, 4,334 r.t., 370 by 50.5 by36.

HOHENZOLLERN, Kiel; the German Emperor. (Stettin, 1893.) Tw. sc., 3,773 r.t., 382.6 by 45.9 by 32.1.

MAHROUSSA, Alexandria; the Khedive of Egypt. (London, 1865.) Paddle-schooner, 4,200 r.t., 400 by 42 by 26.5.

POLIARNAIA ZVEZDA, St. Petersburg; the Czar of Russia. (St. Petersburg, 1888.) Tw. sc., 3 masts, 3,270 r.t., 336.5by 46 by 19.7.

VICTORIA AND ALBERT. (Pembroke, 1899.) Tw. SC., 3 masts, 4,700 r.t., 439 by 50 by 18; Belleville boilers, 11,000h.p.; 17 knots.

VALIANT, New York; W. K. Vanderbilt. (Birkenhead, 1893.) Tw. sc., 1,886 r.t., 307.7 by 39.1 by 13.8.

LYSISTRATA, New York; James Gordon Bennett. (Dumbarton, 1900.) Tw. sc., 2,082 r.t., 285 by 39,9 by 21.5.

SUNBEAM, London; Rt. Hon. Lord Brassey, K,C.B. (Seacomb, 1874.) Aux. sc., 3 masts, 334 r.t., 159 by 27,6 by 13.9.

NIAGARA, New York; Howard Gould. (Wilmington, U.S., 1898.) Tw. sc. bark; 1,443 r.t., 245 by 3.7 by 19.4.MAYFLOWER, New York. (Glasgow, 1896.) Tw. sc. schooner, 1,778 r.t., 294.1 by 36.7 by 17.4.

MARGARITA, Philadelphia; A. J. Drexel. (Greenock, 1900.) Tw. sc. schooner, 1,780 r.t., 288.1 by 36.65 by 17.5.

VARUNA, New York; Eugen Higgins. (Glasgow, 1896.)Tw. sc., 2 masts, 1573 r.t., 273.2 by 35.15 by 17.3.

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VALHALLA, Havre; Comte de Castellane. (Leith, 1892.) Aux. sc., 3 masts full rigged, 1,207 r.t., 239.6 by 37.2 by 20.7.

ERIN, London; Sir Thos. J. Lipton. (Greenock, 1896.) Sc. schooner, 1,057 r.t., 264.7 by 31.65 by 18.5.NOURMAHAL, New York; J. J. Astor. (Wilmington, U.S.A., 1884.) Sc. bark, 768 r.t., 235 by 29.3 by 18.5.

NAMOUNA, New York; James Gordon Bennett. (New-burgh, U.S., 1882.) Sc. schooner, 617 r.t., 219.4 by 26.4 by 18.

WHITE LADYE, Cowes; C. Lawson Johnston. (Leith, I891.) Sc. schooner, 568 r.t., 204 by 27.15 by 16.45.

(c) THE AMERICA CUP RACES.

Including the second attempt of Sir Thomas Lipton, in 1901, when Shamrock II. was beaten by the Columbia, therehave been eleven contests in which the American yachts have been uniformly victorious.

The famous Cup Was won by the America at Cowes in 1851, and Was contested in the following events which havebeen sailed since that time: —

1870. Magic beat Cambria.1871. Columbia beat Sironia.1876. Madeline beat Countess of Dufferin.1881. Mischief beat Atlanta.1885. Puritan beat Genesta.1886. Mayflower beat Galatea.1887. Volunteer beat Thistle.1893. Vigilant beat Valkyrie II.1895. Defender beat Valkyrie III.1899. Columbia beat Shamrock I.1901. Columbia beat Shamrock II.1903. Challenge by Shamrock III.

(d) PRINCIPAL YACHT CLUBS OF GREAT BRITAIN.*

NAME OF CLUB. STATION.ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON.ALBERT, ROYAL.ALDEBURGH.ALEXANDRA.ALFRED, ROYAL.ANCHOR SAILING.ANGLESEY, ROYAL.BARROW, ROYAL.BRISTOL CHANNEL.CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CRUISING.CASTLE.CHANNEL ISLANDS, ROYAL.CINQUE PORTS, ROYAL.CLYDE, ROYAL.CLYDE CORINTHIAN.CORINTHIAN, ROYAL.CORK, ROYAL.CORNWALL, ROYAL.CRUISING CLUB, ROYAL.DART, ROYAL.DEE, ROYAL.DORSET, ROYAL.EASTERN, ROYAL.ENGINEERS, ROYAL.ERITH.

Cowes.Southsea.Aldeburgh.Southend-on-Sea.Shankill, co. Dublin.Deal.Beaumaris, Anglesey.Barrow-in-Furness.Mumbles, nr Swansea.Cambridge.Warsash, Hants.Jersey.Dover.Hunter's Quay.Glasgow.Port Victoria.Queenstown.Falmouth. LondonDartmouth.Liverpool.Weymouth.Edinburgh.Chatham.Erith.

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NAME OF CLUB. STATION.ESSEX.EXE.FORTH, ROYAL.FORTH CORINTHIAN.FOWEY.GALWAY, ROYAL.GUERNSEY.HARWICH, ROYAL.HIGHLAND, ROYAL.HYTHE.IRISH, ROYAL.LARGS, ROYAL.LONDON, ROYAL.LORN CORINTHIAN.LOUGH DERG.LOUGH ERNE.LOUGH NEAGH.MEDWAY.MERSEY, ROYAL.MUNSTER, ROYAL.NAVAL VOLUNTEER CRUISING CLUB.NEWHAVEN AND SEAFORD.NEW THAMES.NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK, ROYAL.NORTH OF IRELAND.NORTHERN, ROYAL.NORTHUMBERLAND.NORTH SHANNON.OCEAN YACHT SQUADRON.ORWELL CORINTHIAN.PENARTH.PLYMOUTH CORINTHIAN, ROYAL.POOLE.PORTSMOUTH CORINTHIAN, ROYAL.RHYL.ST. GEORGE, ROYAL.SALCOMBE.SEAVIEW.SOLENT.SOUTH-WESTERN, ROYAL.SOUTHAMPTON, ROYAL.SOUTHAMPTON CORINTHIAN.SOUTHERN, ROYAL.SOUTHPORT CORINTHIAN.START BAY.SUSSEX.SUSSEX CORINTHIAN.TAY, ROYAL.TEMPLE, ROYAL.THAMES, ROYAL.THAMES ESTUARY CRUISING CLUB.TORBAY, ROYAL.ULSTER, ROYAL.VICTORIA, ROYAL.WELSH, ROYAL.WEST LANCASHIRE.WESTERN OF ENGLAND, ROYAL.

Leigh.Exmouth.Granton.Edinburgh.Fowey, Cornwall.Galway.Guernsey.Ipswich.Oban.Southampton.Kingstown, co. Dublin.Largs.Cowes.Oban.Nenagh, co. Tipperary.Belturbet, co. Cavan.Northern Ireland.Rochester.Birkenhead.Monkstown, co. Cork.Brighton.Newhaven.Gravesend.Lowestoft.Cultra.Rothesay.Newcastle-on-Tyne.Drumsna, co. Leitrim.Dalmally.Ipswich.Penarth.Plymouth.Poole.Portsmouth.Rhyl.Kingstown, Ireland.Salcombe.Seaview.Yarmouth, I.W.Plymouth.Southampton.Southampton.Southampton.Southport.Dartmouth.Southwick, Sussex.Brighton.Broughty Ferry.London and Ramsgate.London.Queenboro, Kent.Torquay.Bangor.Ryde, I.W.Carnarvon.Southport, LancsPlymouth.

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NAME OF CLUB. STATION.WESTERN OF SCOTLAND, ROYAL.WINDERMERE, ROYAL.YARMOUTH (GREAT).YORKSHIRE, ROYAL.YORKSHIRE CORINTHIAN.YACHT RACING ASSOCIATION.

Glasgow.Bowness.Yarmouth.Hull.Bridlington Quay.Not specified.

*By kind permission, from Lloyd's Calendar.

(e) THE PRINCIPAL YACHTING FIXTURES IN ENGLAND ARE : —

ROYAL DEE Holyhead.ROYAL LONDON River Thames.NEW THAMES Southend to Harwich.ROYAL HARWICH Harwich.NEW THAMES River Thames.ROYAL THAMES River Thames.ROYAL THAMES Nore to Dover.ROYAL CINQUE PORTS Dover.ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON Cowes, I.W.ROYAL VICTORIA Ryde, I.W.

16 "Lloyd's"

(a) HISTORY

THE development of Lloyd's from the time of the humble Coffee Tavern in Tower Street, in which its business wastransacted over two centuries ago, down to that of the great Maritime Exchange of the present day, was from the firstbound to become an eventual success, in view of the extraordinary services which it has continually rendered to themaritime world.

The following paragraph is taken from the London Gazette of 1689: —

"Run away from Capt. J. Bradlye, a tawney Moor, 20 years of age, bow-legged, light coloured coat, white waistcoat, anda pair of shammy breeches. Whoever gives notice at Mr. Lloyd's coffee-house in Great Tower Street, shall have 20shillings reward."

This allusion gives us an idea of some of the kinds of work in which "Lloyd's" was even in those early days engaged.

Richard Steele, in No. 268 of The Tatler (Dec. 23, 1710), devotes himself to the discussion of a letter, dated from"Lloyd's Coffee House," which he had just received, and wherein a number of the habitués of the place had set forththeir opinion that all "Coffee Houses" ought to make arrangements, for the benefit of their clientèle, to have the"news" read aloud every day and that such places of resort should be established and duly recognised as marts for thepurveying of news. Thus it is seen how the public function of news distribution Was identified with the institution fromthe very first. And so it is to-day; "Lloyd's" is still the foremost institution in the world for the dissemination ofmaritime news.

In the Secretary's room is preserved the original policy which was effected at Lloyd's upon the life of the greatNapoleon. It was intended to run for one month and the premium was three guineas per cent. It was worded thus: —

"In consideration of three guineas per one hundred pounds, and according to that rate for every greater or lesser sumreceived of William Dorrington, we have hereunto subscribed our names, and do for our respective heirs andOurselves, executors, administrators, and assigns of the other or others of us, assume, engage, and promise that Werespectively, or our several re-spective heirs, executors, administrators or assigns, shall and will pay or cause to be paidunto the said William Dorrington the sum and sums of money which we have hereunto respectively subscribed againstour names: without any abatement whatsoever, in case Napoleon Bonaparte shall cease to exist, or be taken prisoner onor before the 21st June, 1813.

London, 21st May, 1813 £100 R. Heath £150 Anthony Finn Kemp £150 B. I. Mitchell."

67

In the Committee Room is preserved the first Insurance Policy of which there is any record, and which was taken inthe name of a ship, the Golden Fleece, which was insured for a voyage from Lisbon to Venice for £1,200, at 4 percent., On January 20, 1600.

The wording of the usual policy in use at Lloyd's at the present day is, with one exception, the same that was used in1779. The exception consists in the substitution of the words, "Be it known that," for "In the name of God, Amen!"

The effecting of Marine Insurance is, however, the main duty of underwriters at Lloyd's, and it is in respect of this veryimportant function that the members of and subscribers to Lloyd's may be classified as (1) the underwriters, who acceptthe risks; and (2) the brokers, who place the insurance on behalf of the owners of the ships or cargoes.

Here, then, in a great room, without the slightest pretence to artistic surroundings, sits the army of under-writers whosebusiness it is to assist the brokers who appear before them in effecting the insurance of ships throughout the world.

It is very necessary that an underwriter should be possessed of a minute knowledge of ships and of the individual andpersonal history of the people connected with them, no less than the peculiarities and conditions of the trade in whichthey may be (or have been) en-gaged, as this information, reinforced by the reports which are constantly being receivedby Lloyd's Intelligence Department from its correspondents in all parts of the world, places them in a position todetermine speedily and correctly the condition of almost every merchant vessel afloat. A great deal of this informationis pub-lished daily in Lloyd's List, which is the legitimate successor of Lloyd's News, established in 1696, and which,with the exception of the London Gazette, is the oldest existing newspaper published in Europe.

The Captain's Register is a marine "Dictionary of Biography," wherein is recorded as minutely as the history of thevessels themselves, every known fact regarding the seafaring life of every captain, the names of the various ships whichhe has commanded, the accidents and disasters his ships have met with, as well as any record he may have for creditableperformances or for heroic service; in short, every. thing that can possibly have any bearing on any case connected withhim.

In the instance of a ship that has either met with a serious accident or has been wrecked, the whole circum-stances arerecorded in the Loss Book, which is posted up from the records supplied to Lloyd's from day to day.

The famous bell which hangs in the Underwriters' Room is tolled twice when an overdue ship is heard from, and onceupon the announcement of a ship's being lost. This bell was taken from H.M.S. Lutine, which sank in the Zuider Zee in1799, carrying down with her treasure amounting to upwards of one million sterling, £40,000 of which were recoveredas recently as 1870.

A ship is never "posted" at Lloyd's until all hope is gone. This formality consists simply of posting up a notice to theeffect that the ship — left the Port of — on a certain day, and has not since been heard of. After this posting at Lloyd'sall insurances on the ill-fated ship become payable, and the crew and officers are then considered legally dead.

An "Inquiry Office" is also established at Lloyd's, where the relatives of the passengers or crew may obtain without costinformation concerning the movements of the vessel in which they are interested.

A medal is presented by the Corporation of Lloyd's as an honorary acknowledgment to those who have, by means ofextraordinary exertions, contributed to the saving of life at sea, and a medal for "Meritorious Services" is granted toofficers and others who, by extraordinary exertions, have contributed to the preservation of their vessels or cargoes.

The legal status of Lloyd's is that of a Society incorporated by Act of Parliament. Its main objects are briefly as follows:—

I. To carry on the business of Marine Insurance.

II. To protect the interests of members of the Society in respect of shipping and cargoes and freight.

III. To collect, publish and diffuse marine intelligence and information.

The duties of Lloyd's agents throughout the world may be broadly defined as follows: —

In case of shipwreck: to render to masters of vessels any advice or assistance they may require; to report by telegraphdirect to Lloyd's all casualties which may occur to vessels within their district; and to otherwise report, under rules laid

68

down for their guidance, all marine happenings within their ken.

Lloyd's has also, with the sanction of the various Governments interested, the control and working of Signal Stations inthe United Kingdom and abroad. If a shipowner, charterer, or consignee wishes to communicate with any vessel at anyLloyd's Signal Station he has only to communicate with the head office and instructions will be given accordingly.

(b) LIST OF LLOYD'S SIGNAL STATIONS [By kind permission, from Lloyd's Calendar.]

United Kingdom.

SOUTHEND.DEAL.DOVER.SAND GATE.DUNGENESS.BEACHY HEAD.NO MAN'S FORT, SPITHEAD.LUNDY ISLAND.BARRY ISLAND.MUMBLES HEAD.ST. ANNE'S HEAD.ROCHE'S POINT.OLD HEAD OF KINSALE.BROW HEAD.TORY ISLAND.INISTRAHULL.MALIN HEAD.RATHLIN ISLAND.TORR HEAD.

ST. CATHERINE'S POINT.PORTLAND BILL.BRIXHAM.PRAWLE POINT.THE LIZARD.PENZANCE.SCILLY ISLANDS.LAMLASH.KILDONAN.STORNOWAY.BUTT OF LEWIS.DUNNETT HEAD. PETERHEAD.ST. ABB'S HEAD.TYNEMOUTH.RIVER TEES.FLAMBOROUGH HEAD.SPURN HEAD.ALDEBURGH.

The more important stations abroad are: —

ELSINORE.HELIGOLAND.HOLTENAU (Baltic Entrance of the Kaiser Wilhelm Kiel Canal).BRUNSBUTTELKOOG (Elbe Entrance of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal).HEYST.GIBRALTAR.MALTA.THE DARDANELLES.PORT SAID.SUEZ.PERIM.ADEN.CAPE SPARTEL.PONTA FERRARIA (St. Michael's).GOODE ISLAND (Torres Straits).CAPE MARIA VAN DIEMAN (New Zealand).

HONOLULU.PONTA DO ARNEL (St. Michael's).FAYAL.LAS PALMAS (Grand Canary).CAPE VERDE.ST. HELENA.ASCENSION.CAPE POINT.CAPE L'AGULHAS.BLUFF (Port Natal).FORT SAN SEBASTIAN (Mozambique).POINT DE GALLE.HERNANDO NORONHA (Brazil ).BARBADOS.BERMUDA.CAPE RACE (Newfoundland).FAREWELL SPIT (New Zealand).NUGGET POINT (New Zealand).

(See also SIGNALS.)

(c) CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS [By kind permission, from Lloyd's Calendar.]

STEEL AND IRON SHIPS are classed by Lloyd's Register as A1, with a numeral prefixed, thus — 100 A1, 95 A1, 90A1, 85 A1, 80 A1, and 75 A1; also A1 (without a numeral) for special trades; for which they re-tain their characters solong as, on careful annual and periodical surveys, they are found to be in a fit and efficient condition to carry dry andperishable cargoes. Every ship must be submitted to a special survey every four years, or oftener in some cases.

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WOODEN SHIPS are classed A1 as first-classers for a term of years, subject to occasional or annual surveys whenpracticable, also to half-time or intermediate special surveys. They are eligible for continuation or restoration of thecharacter Al for further periods upon special surveys.

WOODEN SHIPS are also classed A1 in red. This also is a class of vessel fit for the safe conveyance of dry andperishable goods.

WOODEN SHIPS are likewise classed Æ1, for the conveyance of dry and perishable goods on shorter voyages.

(d) LOAD LINE MARKS

Under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, all British ships (excepting those under 80 tons register employed solely in thecoasting trade or as fishing boats and pleasure yachts) must be marked with load-lines in accordance with the"Freeboard" tables in the Act. These marks, which are sometimes called Plimsoll marks, after the name of theirintroducer, consist of a disc with a horizontal line running through the centre and extending somewhat on each side ofthe circle. In addition to this there are, on steamships, a number of lines at right angles to a perpendicular, whichindicate the load limit for different seasons of the year and for fresh water. These ships are marked with the followinginitials : —

F.W. Fresh water. S. Summer.I. S. Indian Summer. W. Winter. W.N.A. Winter, North Atlantic.

1. Markings on the star-board side of a sailing ship engaged in the coasting trade only.

2. Markings on the starboard side of a sea-going sailing ship.

3. Markings on the star-board side of a steamship.

17 Gazetteer

(a) OF COLONIAL AND FOREIGN PORTS

ADELAIDE (South Australia). — Population, 163,430. Capital of South Australia and University town. The port isseven miles distant, on Gulf St. Vincent.

Exports: Wool, gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, wine, wheat, and tallow.

ADEN. — Population, 42,000. A bare, rocky peninsula, 75 miles square in extent. A strongly fortified coaling stationon the Red Sea trade route. Non-productive, but carries on a great trade with Arabia. Aden and Perim are under theBombay Government.

Exports: Coffee, ostrich feathers, tobacco, gum, and hides.

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ALBANY (West Australia). — Population, 3,700. Prin-cipal port of West Australia. Naval base and coal-ing station.

Exports: Wool, timber, gold, pearls, and hides.

ALEXANDRIA. — Population, 320,000. Principal port of Egypt. Is well fortified and has two harbours, a breakwater2 miles long, and a large floating dock. Consulate.

Exports: Cotton, cotton-seed, wheat, rice, onions and gum.

ALGIERS. — Population, 120,000. Has a harbour of 220 acres; two dry docks. Coaling station. Consulate.

Exports: Flour, metals, esparto grass, cork, and phosphates.

AMSTERDAM. — Population, 523,558. Once the first commercial city of the world; still remains a centre of greatcommercial activity. The town contains a Royal Palace of enormous size, and remarkable from the fact that it standsupon 13,659 piles driven 70 feet into the ground. Consulate.

ANTWERP. — Population, 262,255. One of the busiest seaports of the world, possessing wide thorough-fares andfine buildings. Very extensive quays. Consulate.

Exports: Grain, textiles, chemicals, resins, metals, wines.

ANTIGUA, see St. John's.

APIA (Samoa). — The residence of the Foreign Consuls in Samoa. Much resorted to by whalers. Has an openroadstead for harbour. Coaling station. Consulate.

ARGENTINA, see Buenos Ayres.

ASCENSION. — Population, about 400. An island in the South Atlantic, on the Cape route between Africa and SouthAmerica. Coaling station, sanatorium, and Admiralty depôt. Strongly fortified.

ATHENS. — Population (including the port of Firmus) 179,755. Capital of Modern Greece. Contains the RoyalPalace. The principal city lies 12 miles from the port, with Which it is connected by railway.

AUCKLAND (New Zealand). — Population, 67,226. Fortified coaling station, with one of the finest of harbours andtwo graving docks.

Exports: Gold, timber, gum, flax, wool, hides tallow.

AZORES (Dependencies of Portugal). — Population, 280,000. Consists of nine volcanic islands with an area of 700square miles, called St. Michael, St. Mary, Tercera, Graciosa, St. George, Pico, Fayal, Corvo, Flores.

BAHAMAS, see Nassau.

BAHIA (Brazil). — Population, 200,000. The second sea-port of Brazil. Natural History Museum, Art Gallery, PublicLibrary, Theological Seminary, Technical College, Ship Building Yards. Legation and Consulate.

Exports: Tobacco, sugar, coffee, feathers, rubber, coco nuts, tapioca, hides, fine woods, and diamonds.

BALTIMORE (U.S.). — Population, 508,957. A thriving city of some commercial importance; on Chesapeake Bay, 180miles from the open sea, and mid-way between New York and Washington. From its situation on Chesapeake Bay, it isprobably destined, as a grain-distributing centre, to secure pre-eminence among the ports of the U.S. Has a dry dock600 feet long, and a Consulate.

Exports: Petroleum, grain, flour, and tobacco.

71

BANGKOK (Siam). — Population, 600,000, Chief seaport of Siam. Magnificent Royal Palace of King Chulalongkorn,and many fine pagodas. Legation.

Exports: Rice, ebony, fish, woods, gum, teak, pepper, ivory, and hides.

BARBADOS (West Indies). — Population, 182,286. An island about the size of Isle of Man, locally known as"Bimshire" or "Bims," and claiming to be "the most densely populated part of the habitable globe." Its chief town,Bridgetown, is the first port of call for Royal Mail Steamers outward bound.

Exports: Sugar, rum, and molasses.

BARCELONA (Spain). — Population, 510,000. The most important commercial centre of Spain. Fine harbour,floating dock. Consulate.

Exports: Cork, wines, fruits, lead, iron, silk, copper, and quicksilver.

BATAVIA (Dutch East Indies). — Population, 105,000. Capital of Java. Commercial emporium of the Dutch EastIndies. Coaling station and Consulate. Magnificent museum.

Exports: Sugar, coffee, pepper, rice, sago, tin, tea, and tobacco.

BATOUM (Black Sea). — Population, 23,200. The centre of the corn and petroleum trade of Transcaucasia, Oil-refining works. Consulate.

Exports: Petroleum and petroleum products, manganese, walnut, and liquorice.

BEIRA (Portuguese East Africa). — Population, 4,055. Nearest port to Rhodesia, and Railway Terminus.

Exports: Beeswax, ivory, and hides.

BELIZE (Honduras). — Population, 7,000. The chief town of British Honduras.

Exports: Mahogany, logwood, cedar, coconuts, sponges, and fruit.

BERGEN (Norway), — Population, 55,000. Important fortified city and seaport with fine harbour — deep, sheltered,but rocky. Fishing is the principal industry. Consular Agent. Cathedral, Museum and Naval Academy.

Exports: Codfish, herrings, skins, bones, horses, and sheep.

BERMUDAS (chief town, Hamilton).--Population, 1,296. Lie some 600 miles east from the coast of the U.S. Importantnaval base and naval dockyard.

Exports: Potatoes, tomatoes, beetroot, arrow-root, and onions.

BEYRUT (Syria), — Population, 100,000. The port of Damascus. Tideless harbour. Consulate. English and otherSchools and Colleges. Small harbour and mole.

Exports: Silk, oils, wool, soap, lemons, oranges, madder, gums, gall, and cotton.

BILBAO (Spain). — Population, 50,800. Principal port in the north of Spain. Large deposits of iron ore in vicinity,much of which is exported to England. Consulate.

Exports: Iron ore, pig iron, fish, fruits, flour, and wine.

BOMBAY. — Population, 776,006. Capital of the Indian Presidency so-called. Built on three islands; magnificentnatural harbour, and docks of over 200 acres. University. Chamber of Commerce.

Exports: Cotton, wheat, opium, indigo, rice, oil, seeds, etc.

72

BORDEAUX (France). — Population, 260,000. On the River Garonne, 55 miles from Bay of Biscay. Numerous docksand shipbuilding yards. The centre of the wine shipping trade. Consulate.

Exports: Wines, brandy, grain, fruit, seeds, tur-pentine, and wood.

BOSTON (U.S.). — Population, 500,000. Capital of State of Massachusetts. Outer and inner harbours , both excellent;railway termini, large trade with West Indies, Canada, and Newfoundland. Con-sulate.

Exports: Cattle, woollens, cottons, beef, pork, fish, ice, petroleum, and lard.

BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. — Population, 46,001. On the direct route between London and Paris, and within 3/ hoursof both capitals. Deep-sea harbour, and wine port. Chief French fishing port. Consular Agent.

Exports: Cement, fruit, vegetables, fish, silks, wine, brandy, and eggs.

BREMEN (Germany). — Population, 227,832. One of the chief commercial ports of Germany, 50 miles from theNorth Sea, on the River Weser. Is one of the Free towns of the Hanseatic League, Hamburg and Lübeck being theother two. The port is Bremerhaven, 28 miles distant. Has large docks. Consular Agent.

Exports: Woollens, linens, toys, machinery, glass, iron, steel Ware, and beer.

BREST (France). — Population, 75,000 (1891). A sea-port of Brittany, on the Atlantic. Arsenal, Observatory, and chiefstation of the French Navy.

BRINDISI (Italy). — Population, 17,111. Starting-point of direct mail and passenger route from Europe to Egypt,Australia, and the East. Consulate.

Exports: Olive oil, wines, figs, almonds, oats, and linseed.

BRISBANE (Queensland). — Population, 1I9,428. Principal seaport and capital of Queensland. Govern-ment dock.Coaling station.

Exports: Wool, hides, ore, tallow, meat, and timber.

BUENOS AYRES (Argentina), — Population, 900,000. Capital of the Argentine Republic. On the Rio de la Plata,which is here 36 miles in width. Fine harbour works and docks.

Exports: Maize, wheat, flax, sheep, cattle, hides, and horns.

CALCUTTA. — Population, 1,026,987, the vast majority being Hindus, about half that number Mohammedans.Capital of Bengal Presidency. University. Cham-ber of Commerce. Observatory, Botanical Garden, and School of Art.Government dockyard.

CALLAO (Peru). — Population, 35,596. Principal sea-port of Peru.

Exports: Guano, silver ore, sugar, and salt. In 1746 it suffered from an earthquake in which 3,000 of the inhabitantsperished.

CANARY ISLANDS, see Teneriffe.

CAPE TOWN. — Population, 167,200. Situated on Table Bay, and the principal seaport in South Africa, Extensiveharbour works in process of con-struction. An Imperial Garrison, and station of the Cape and West African Squadron.Climate healthy and dry with uniform temperature.

CAPE VERDE, see St. Vincent.

CASTRIES or PORT ISLANDS, (St. Lucia, West Indies). — Population, 8,000. Situated on the largest and mostpicturesque of the Windward Islands, possessing one of the finest ports in the West Indies, and an important naval andcoaling station.

73

CHARLESTOWN (U.S.). — Population 55,807. An im-portant southern city in the United States, with a great trade incotton and lumber.

CHERBOURG (France). — Population, 31,100. A Naval Station on the English Channel, nearly opposite the Isle ofWight. Military port and commercial har-bour. Magnificent roadstead.

Exports: Agricultural produce, Macadam stone, etc.

CHILE, see Valparaiso.

CHRISTIANIA (Norway). — Population, 227,600. Capi-tal of Norway, on the Christiania Fiord.

Exports: Timber, Wood pulp, fish, paper, skins, minerals, ice, matches, condensed milk, margarine, and horse-shoenails.

COLOMBO (Ceylon). — Population, 154,556. Capital of Ceylon (the population of which numbers 3,576,990, thoughthe area is but 25,365 square miles).

Exports: Coffee, tea, cinchona, vanilla, carda-moms, cocoa, cinnamon, precious stones (rubies and cat's-eyes), andpearls.

COLON (Colombia, Central America). — Population, 5,000. The Atlantic port of the Isthmus of Panama, founded in1849, at the commencement of the Panama (Inter-oceanic) Railway, which is 47 miles in length. Until 1896 a free port.

Exports: Bananas, india-rubber, live stock, cabinet woods, and medicinal plants.

CONSTANTINOPLE. — Population (1885), about 1,000,000. Capital and chief port of the Ottoman Empire, andresidence of the Sultan. Possesses a magnificent harbour called the Golden Horn. Arsenal.

Exports: Tobacco, cereals, fruits, silk, oil-seeds, valonia, mohair, opium, gum, tragacanth, carpets, and wool.

COPENHAGEN. — Population, 408,300. The capital and principal port of Denmark.

DANTZIG (Germany). — Population, 140,539. A sea-port and fortress on the Vistula, near the Baltic Sea.Observatory. Its export trade has largely de-creased of late. Royal dockyard.

DOMINICA (B.W.I.), see Roseau.

DURBAN (South Africa). — Population, 48,410. Also called Port Natal. The only harbour of any import-ance on theSouth-east Coast of Africa. Possesses a railway to Pietermaritzburg, the capital of Natal.

Exports: Coffee, dye-stuffs, hides, and wool. The Colony is also rich in coal and iron.

GALVESTON (U.S.). — Population, 37,789. One of the principal cotton shipping ports on the Gulf of Mexico, and agreat railway terminus of lines from the interior. Wrecked, a few years ago, by a tidal wave, which caused immensedamage and loss of life.

GENOA (Italy), — Population, 237,486. On the Gulf of Genoa. Fortress, Archbishopric, numerous palaces andchurches, University, and Botanical Gardens. Ample harbour.

Exports: Macaroni, vermicelli, oils, metals, arti-ficial flowers, etc.

GIBRALTAR. — Population, 20,355. A rocky promontory 3 miles in length by mile broad, and 1,439 feet high,connected with the mainland of Spain by a low isthmus. A free port: it enjoys an extensive shipping trade. Garrison,dockyard, and coaling station. In 1901 nearly 4,000 ships entered the port. Enclosed harbour and docks, to cost£4,000,000, now in course of construction, and further works under consideration.

GRENADA (Windward Islands, West Indies), see St. George's.

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HALIFAX (Nova Scotia). — Population, 47,000. The capital of Nova Scotia. Terminus of the Inter-colonial Railway.Magnificent harbour, and prin-cipal Naval Station in North America. Apples, hay, coal, iron, and fisheries.

HAMBURG. — Population, 787,446. On the Elbe. The ocean port is Cuxhaven, 65 miles distant. Ham-burg shareswith Bremen and Lübeck the major portion of Germany's fast increasing export trade, these three being known as theFree Hanse Towns, and retaining their own sovereignty.

HAVANA (Cuba). — Population, 250,000. The capital of Cuba, in the West Indies. The island which formed one ofthe chief causes of the Spanish-American War. Universally famed for its tobacco.

Exports: Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, sugar, coffee, and mahogany.

HAVRE (France). — Population, 119,470. Principal commercial port of Northern France, at the mouth of the Seine.Arsenal, Fortifications.

HAWAII, see Honolulu.

HOBART (Tasmania). — Population, 41,585. The capital of the Island, which contains 26,215 square miles. Meanannual temperature of 54 degrees rainfall, 20 inches.

HONDURAS, see Belize.

HONG KONG (the name of an island off China, of which the chief town is Victoria). — Population, 248,710. ACrown Colony, consisting of the Island of Hong Kong, and a portion of the main-land, which have been leased toGreat Britain for ninety-nine years. Area, 252½ square miles. Fine harbour, excellent docks. Military and Naval Station.

Exports: Opium, tea, cotton, ivory, rice, woollens, silks, etc. White population, including garrison, about 14,000.

HONOLULU (Hawaii). — Population, about 30,000. Capital and chief port of the Sandwich Islands, on the southcoast of Oaku. Natural harbour formed by a coral reef. Cable to San Francisco. Annexed by the United States in 1899.

JAFFA (Palestine) — the ancient Joppa. — Population, 16,000. The principal port of Palestine, in Syria, connected withJerusalem by railway. No har-bour, and poor anchorage.

Exports: Oranges, olive oil, and sesame.

JAVA, see Batavia.

KINGSTON or KINGSTOWN (Jamaica). — The chief city of the British West Indian Island of Jamaica, which has apopulation of 745,104, and an area of 4,193 square miles. The seat of Government and largest port in the island,recently connected with Bristol by a direct line of steamers (Elder Dempster Line).

Exports: Bananas, sugar, molasses, pines, dye-stuffs, drugs and spices.

KINGSTOWN (St. Vincent, West Indies). — Population, 4,547. Has been a British possession since 1783. The sceneof the terrible eruption of a volcano known as "La Soufrière," Which killed many hundreds of persons, and destroyedcrops and buildings throughout a third of the island.

LEEWARD ISLANDS. — Antigua (with Barbuda and Redonda), St. Christopher (with Nevis and Anguilla),Dominica, Montserrat, and the Virgin Islands make up the West Indian Colony known as the Leeward Islands.Population, 127,723.

LISBON. — Population, 307,661. Capital and chief seaport of Portugal, on the River Tagus, 10 miles from the sea.Castle, Aqueduct, 64 Churches, Archbishopric.

MADAGASCAR, see Tamatave.

MADRAS. — Population 509,346. The chief city of the Presidency of that name. Possesses a large arti-ficial harbour.University. Chamber of Commerce.

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MALAGA (Spain). — Population, 125,579. Capital of the Province of that name on the Mediterranean.

Chief export: A sweet wine.

MALTA, see Valetta.

MANILA (Philippines). — Population, 244,000. Capital of the Island of Luzon in the Philippine Islands, captured bythe U.S. from Spain in the war of 1898.

Exports: Hemp, sugar, coffee, indigo, copra, and tobacco.

MARSEILLES. — Population, 442,239. French seaport on the Mediterranean. Important port of call for steamers tothe Far East, and the largest of all French ports.

MONTE VIDEO (Uruguay). — Population, 238,000. The capital of Uruguay, on the north shore of the Rio de laPlata. Possesses architecturally imposing and handsome buildings. It was once a Spanish possession, and the populationincludes a large pro-portion of Spaniards, Italians, and Frenchmen.

Exports: Beef, wool, hides, horns, hair, live stock, and skins.

MONTREAL (Canada). — Population, 216,651 (1891). On the River St. Lawrence. The commercial metropolis of theDominion of Canada, and the centre of the grain export trade north of Newport.

MONTSERRAT, see Plymouth.

NAPLES. — Population, 544,057. Situated on the Gulf of Naples. Castle, Picture Galleries, Cathedral, University. It isthe nearest regular port to Sicily, and Mount Vesuvius, with Herculaneum and Pompeii, are close by.

Exports: Wine, olive oil, chemicals, perfumery, hemp, and flax.

NASSAU (Bahamas). — The chief town of the Bahamas, situated upon an island called Providence, the group havingremained a British possession since 1783.

Chief Exports: Sponges, fruits, bananas, coco-nuts, valuable woods, and fibre

NEWPORT NEWS (U.S.). — Population, 19,635. Both commercially and strategically an important Atlan-tic port.Ships large cargoes of beef and grain to Great Britain and the Continent.

NEW ORLEANS (U.S.). — Population, 287,104. The principal commercial port on the Gulf of Mexico. Originally aFrench settlement, it still retains much that is characteristic of the Gaul. Ships cotton to Manchester and Liverpool.

NEW YORK. — Population, 3,437,202. The commercial metropolis of the United States, and one of the largest andbusiest ports of the world. By Railway from Chicago, twenty-six hours; from San Francisco and Pacific coast ports, fourand a half days; from Washington, six hours, and from Montreal, twelve hours.

ODESSA (Russia). — Population, 338,000. A seaport on the Black Sea. Has three fine harbours, which are seldomfrozen. The commercial and intellectual capital of the Province of Novorossoya. Population chiefly Russian, butcontains large numbers of Jews, Roumanians, Slays, and Tartars.

Exports: Grain, flour, wool, hides, and cattle.

OPORTO (Portugal). — Population, 138,860. The sea-port of Portugal, which gave its name to the "port wines" ofDouro. Bishopric, Cathedral, Opera, Library, Botanical Garden, Hospital. An artificial harbour has been built atLeixoes.

PALERMO (Sicily). — Population, 292,799. In the N.W. Province of Sicily. Fort, Archbishopric, Palaces, Castle,Cathedral, University, Botanical Garden, Mole and Light.

Exports: Oranges, lemons, grain, oil, wine, and sulphur.

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PALESTINE, see Jaffa.

PANAMA, see Colon.

PARAMAIRIBO (Dutch Guiana). — Population, 28,000. The capital of Dutch Guiana, on the left bank of theSurinam, 20 miles from the sea.

Exports: Cocoa, sugar, gold, timber, balata, bananas, and coffee.

PERNAMBUCO (Brazil). — Population, 111,556. A sea-port of Brazil, situated on a sandy island lying near themainland.

Exports: Sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco, hides, dyewoods, etc.

PERU, see Callao.

PHILADELPHIA (U.S. ). — Population, 1,293,697. A growing port, both for commerce and passenger traffic, on theAtlantic sea-board. One of the oldest cities of the United States; founded by William Penn.

PHILIPPINES, see Manila.

PLYMOUTH (Montserrat, West Indies), — Population, 1,461. Has been a British possession since 1784.

Chief Exports: Limes and sugar.

PORT OF SPAIN (Trinidad). — Population, 54,000. One of the most prosperous towns in the West Indies. Thecapital and chief port of Trinidad, which is the most southerly of all the West India Islands, and is separated by a straitbut 7 miles broad from Venezuela and the mainland of South America, of which it is thought to have formed once anintegral part. Port of Spain is finely laid out, possessing an electric tramway and an excellent Botanical Garden. At LaBrea is the celebrated Pitch Lake of Trinidad.

Exports: Sugar, rum, molasses, bitters, cocoa, and coconuts.

PORTLAND (U.S.). — Population, 50,145. Situated in the State of Maine. The most northerly trans-atlantic port ofthe United States. Terminus of the Canadian steamship lines when the Canadian ports are closed with ice.

PORTLAND (U.S.). — Population, 90,426. On the Columbia River in Oregon. The great grain-ship-ping port of thePacific Coast. Headquarters of the Columbia River salmon-canning industry.

PORT SAID (Egypt), — Population, 42,000. At the Mediterranean entrance of the Suez Canal. It bears a sinisterreputation.

QUEBEC. — Population, 68,824. The capital of the Province of that name in Canada, of which it is the great seaport,with a considerable export timber trade. Nearly a million tons of shipping cleared in 1900. The most characteristically "Old World " city on the American continent. On the Heights of Abram, in view of the St. Lawrence, is a monumenterected in joint memory of the French and English who fell in the great battle between General Wolfe and Montcalmde Saint Veran, which, on September 14, 1759, decided Canada's future.

RANGOON (Burma). — Population, 234,881.

RIO DE JANEIRO (Brazil). — Population, 674,972. The chief seaport of Brazil, on a bay of the same name. Fineharbour, Fortifications.

Chief Export (forming nearly two-thirds of the total), coffee.

Other Exports are: tobacco, cotton, sugar, cocoa, india-rubber, maize, beans, cassava-root, and Brazil nuts.

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ROSEAU (Dominica, Leeward Islands). — The port of Dominica, the "Pearl of the Lesser Antilles," an island famousas the home of the last of the Caribs, and also for its scenery, especially for its chief moun-tain, Morne Diablotin (5,000feet), named from one of the rarest of birds, and its Boiling Lake, at which an English traveller with one or two nativeguides recently lost his life. The island, long under a cloud through mal-administration, is now making rapid progress,numerous European estates having been recently formed there.

Exports: Sugar and cane products, cocoa, and limes.

ROTTERDAM (Holland). — Population, 318,468. The largest commercial city and port in the Nether-lands; situatedon the Maas, one of the outlets of the Rhine.

SAMOA, see Apia.

ST. GEORGE'S (Grenada, West Indies). — The chief town of Grenada, possessing a good harbour and a fort. Theisland was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and then named " Conception." It became a British possession in 1783.Next to Trinidad, it is one of the most prosperous of these islands, growing cocoa, spices, sugar, cotton, coffee, andfruit.

ST. JOHN (New Brunswick, Canada). — Population, 39,179. The principal seaport of New Brunswick, and theprincipal winter port of Canada, being free of ice usually throughout the year.

ST, JOHN'S (Antigua, West Indies). — Population, 9,262. Chief town of Antigua, settled by the British in 1632.

Exports: Sugar, rum, molasses.

ST. JOHN'S (Newfoundland). — Population, 31,142. The site of two Cathedrals, and the capital of the twelfth largestisland in the world, lying six hours by steamer from the mainland.

Exports: Codfish, cod and seal oil, sealskins, tinned lobsters, copper and copper ore, and iron pyrites.

ST. LUCIA, see Castries.

ST. PETERSBURG. — Population, I,267,023. Capital of the Russian Empire, at the head of the Gulf of Finland, andat the mouth of the Neva, which is frozen over for about 150 days in the year. Winter Palace, the residence of theEmperor. Hermitage, Picture Gallery, Cathedral, Academies of Art and Science, Observatory and University. Its Libraryranks next to the Bibliothèque Nationale and the British Museum. About 85 per cent. of the population belong to theGreek Church, the remaining 15 per cent. being divided between Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Jews.

ST. VINCENT (Cape Verde Islands). — Chief town and port of the Cape Verde Islands, which belong to Portugal,their area being 1,490 square miles, and population 111,000.

ST. VINCENT (Windward Islands), see Kingstown.

SAN DIEGO (U.S.). — Population, 17,700. The prin-cipal port of Southern California, a few miles from the Mexicanborder, and one of the finest harbours on the American continent.

SAN FRANCISCO. — Population, 342,782. The prin-cipal Pacific port on the North American continent, terminus ofthe trans-continental railways, and chief shipping port for China, Japan, the Philippines, and Australasia.

SAVANNAH (U.S.). — Population, 54,244. An import-ant cotton-shipping port and market on the Atlantic sea-boardof the U.S. It has also a considerable export trade in lumber.

SCARBOROUGH (Tobago, West Indies). — Population, 1,370. Situated on the island of Tobago, about 18 miles N.E.of Trinidad, of which island it was con-stituted a ward in 1899. One of the healthiest islands in the West Indies.

Exports: Sugar and cane products.

SEATTLE (U.S.). — Population, 80,671. A thriving city on Puget Sound, and the chief point of embarkation for theKlondyke and the Gold Fields of Alaska.

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SHANGHAI (S. China), — Population, 380,000, including 3,000 foreigners. Situated in the Province of Kiangsu, onthe Yang-tse-kiang. It suffers greatly from heat in summer, and, generally speaking, is not over healthy, but in respect ofthe volume and value of its trade, it is without a rival among the Treaty Ports of China.

Exports: Silk, tea, raw cotton, paper, wheat, tobacco, wax, wool, skins and furs, straw and bristles.

SICILY, see Palermo.

SINGAPORE (Straits Settlements). — Population, 228,555. Founded by Sir Stamford Raffles in February, 1819.Situated upon a small island off the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula. In respect of its shipping, it is one ofthe greatest ports of the world, and is well provided with docks, It is also of great strategical importance, and is wellfortified, being frequently alluded to as the "Gibraltar of the East." The climate is healthy. It has a small Museum, andfine Botanical Gardens, in which there is a small Menagerie.

Chief Export: Tin.

STOCKHOLM (Sweden). — Population, 303,356. Capital of Sweden. National Museum, Academy of Science, of FineArts, and National Library. The Port, 40 miles from the open sea, has 5 miles of quays, but is often closed by ice threemonths in the year.

Exports: Cattle and butter, paper, matches, stone, iron, steel, oats, timber and wood products, zinc, and machinery.Average temperature, 41.7 degrees.

SUEZ (Egypt). — Population, 17,000. Situated on the Gulf of Suez. The southern terminus of the Suez Canal.

SYDNEY (New South Wales). — Population, 487,900. The capital of New South Wales, situated on the shores of thefinest harbour in the world — Port Jackson. Royal Mint, University, Art Gallery, Library, Observatory, and twoCathedrals.

TAMATAVE (Madagascar). — The port of Madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world, with an area of 230,000square miles, the capital of which is Tananarive. Madagascar became a French pos-session in 1896, the Malagasy Queenbeing deposed by a French military expedition, which suffered considerable losses.

Exports: Cattle, hides, india-rubber, gum-copal, wax, sugar, coffee, and rice.

TENERIFFE (Canary Islands). — Chief port and capital of the Canary Islands, which belong to Spain, their area being3,000 square miles, and population 300,000.

TOBAGO, see Scarborough.

TOULON (France), — Population, 80,000. French Naval station, on the Mediterranean. Strongly Fortified MilitaryStation, Magazines, Arsenals, and Naval Hospital. Observatory.

Exports: Wine, brandy, olive oil, and fruits.

TRIESTE (Austria). — Population, 158,344. The principal seaport of Austria, at the N.E. extremity of the Adriatic.

Exports: Corn, rice, wine, oil, sumach, tobacco, hemp, wool, skins, and timber. Trieste has steam-ship communicationwith the Black Sea, Turkey, Egypt, India, and China.

TRINIDAD, see Port of Spain.

TUNIS (Barbary, N. Africa). — Population, 153,000. An inland port near the site of Ancient Carthage, and connectedby canal with the Mediterranean. The capital and commercial emporium of Barbary. Under French protection.Fortifications. The population consists of: Turks, Moors, Jews, Arabs, Kabyles, and Christians.

Exports: Grain, wool, oil, and esparto grass. Its chief manufactures are silk and woollen stuffs, car-pets, shawls,mantles, fezzes, burnouses; also otto of roses and jessamine.

URUGUAY, see Monte Video.

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VALETTA (Malta). — Population, 60,763. Fine har-bour, and the most important British port of call in theMediterranean. Extensive arsenal and dock-yards

VALPARAISO (Chile). — Population, 143,000. Chief seaport of Chile. Arsenal, shipbuilding yard, and Naval College.

Exports: Nitrate of soda, iodine, gold, copper, silver, iron and coal, skins, wheat, flour, and guano.

VANCOUVER (British Columbia). — Population, 30,000. Eighty miles from Victoria, the most important centre ofcommerce on the Pacific Coast of British North America, the western terminus of the Cana-dian Pacific Railway, andthe point of departure for Japan and the Far East.

VENICE. — Population, 157,785. A fortified city and port of Italy, built upon 120 islands connected by nearly 500bridges. Formerly one of the most im-portant commercial and maritime cities of the world. Her trade is nowoutstripped by that of Trieste, and her commercial supremacy seems to have gone the way of the Campanile of St.Mark's.

VERA CRUZ (Mexico). — Population, 24,000 (1889), The chief seaport of Mexico.

Exports: Silver and gold, flax and hemp, tobacco, cochineal, sugar, indigo, drugs, vanilla, logwood, timber, hides, andskins.

VLADIVOSTOCK. — Population, 14,900 (chiefly Mili-tary, 1891). The chief Naval station of Russia, on the Pacific. Agreat Naval and Military base, and terminus of the Siberian Railway.

WINDWARD ISLANDS. — These include Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and the Grenadines. Barbados(v. Bridgetown), though included in the list, is a separate colony.

YOKOHAMA (Japan). — Population, 193,762. An "open" seaport of Japan. Government dry docks; shelteredharbour.

Exports: Silk, rice, tea, fish, copper, coal, matches, camphor, straw plaits, and marine pro-ducts

(b) OF IMPORTANT SHIPPING EVENTS [By kind permission, from Lloyd's Calendar.]

1492 America discovered.

1508 First Marine Insurance in England.1545 First Treatise on Navigation issued.1550 Sextant invented.

1642 New Zealand discovered.1666 Fire of London.1688 First notice of Lloyd's Coffee House in Tower Street.1694 Bank of England founded.

1700 First Dock opened in Liverpool.1704 Gibraltar taken by the English.1707 Union of England and Scotland.1709 First London Daily Paper.1714 First Steam Engine built.1758 First English Canal.1767 Nautical Almanac published.1768 Capt. Cook's first voyage.1786 Shipping first registered in the River Thames, and throughout the Empire in 1787. Board of Trade constituted.1788 London Times established. First Settlement in Australia.1790 Lifeboat first used at South Shields.1799 H.M.S. Lutine wrecked.

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1801 Union of Great Britain and Ireland.1802 West India Docks opened.1805 London Docks opened.1806 East India Docks opened.1807 Gas first used in London.

1812 First steamboat (Comet) on the Clyde.1815 First Steam Vessel on the Thames.1817 Present Custom House opened in London.1818 First Steamer crossed the Atlantic.

1824 National Lifeboat Institution established.1825 First steam voyage to India.1828 St. Katherine's Docks opened.

1831 New London Bridge opened.1833 Trade with India thrown open.1838 First regular steamboat service across Atlantic; voyage 17 days.

1840 First Cunard Steamer Britannia sailed. P. & O. Steam Navigation Company opened. Penny Post introduced.1843 Iron Steamships first built in Great Britain. Thames Tunnel opened.1845 Penny Steamers commenced.1847 Gold discovered in California.1848 North-West Passage discovered.

1850 Inman Company established.1851 First Submarine Telegraph.1858 Great Eastern Steamer launched. First message by Atlantic cable.

1860 First Steam Ironclad launched.1863 Twin screws first used.1866 Atlantic cable laid by Great Eastern.1869 Suez Canal opened.

1870 Telegraphs transferred to Government.

1880 Royal Albert Docks opened.1882 New Eddystone Lighthouse opened.1886 Tilbury Docks opened.1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

1890 Forth Bridge opened.1893 Corinth Ship Canal opened.1894 Tower Bridge opened. Manchester Ship Canal opened.1895 Southampton Graving Dock opened. Kaiser Wilhelm Canal opened.1896 New Docks inaugurated at Cuxhaven.1897 Blackwall Tunnel opened. War between Greece and Turkey.1898 War between United States and Spain. Imperial Penny Postage instituted.1899 Launch of steamship Oceanic.

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1900 British Pacific cable authorised. Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners) Act passed. Subsidised Steamship Service with Jamaica arranged.1901 Commonwealth of Australia established. Death of Queen Victoria. Accession of King Edward VII. International Exhibition at Glasgow. Royal tour of the Empire.1902 Atlantic (Morgan) Steamship Trust formed. First successes with Trans-Atlantic Wireless Telegraphy (Marconi). Introduction of Wireless Telegraphy into the Navy. End of South African War. Treaty of Alliance with Japan. Report of Royal Commission on the Port of London issued. Volcanic Eruption at Martinique and St. Vincent. Successful trials of British Submarines.1903 Reform of Naval Education.

18 Nautical Vocabulary

"A.B." — An able seaman.ABAFT. — Towards the stern.ABOUT, TO GO. — To take the opposite tack.ALEE. — On the side away from the wind.APEAK. — Perpendicular, of the anchor, when the cable is drawn so as to bring the ship's bowl directly over it.ASTERN. — In the direction of the stern.ATHWART. — In a line across the ship.AUXILIARY ENGINES. — Small engines for electric light-ing, refrigerating, etc., etc.AWASH. — Level with the surface of the sea, egg, of an anchor.

BATTEN. — To fasten down with battens (i.e. pieces of boards, or scantlings), as the hatches of a ship during a storm.BEAM. — The width of a vessel.BEATING, — Sailing against the wind by tacking.BELAY. — To fasten, or make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel.BELAYING PINS, — Strong pins in the side of a vessel, or in the mast, for making fast, or belaying, ropes to.BEND, — To fasten; as, to bend on a rope.BERTH. — A ship's anchorage; a narrow shelf or bunk for sleeping on.BILGE KEEL. — A keel or fin attached to each side of a ship below the water-line, to prevent rolling.BILGE WATER. — Water lying in the bilge or bottom of a boat or vessel.BINNACLE. — The box containing the ship's compass, and a light to show it at night.BLOCK. — A pulley.BOLT ROPE, — The rope edge surrounding a sail (to which it is sewed).BONNET. — An additional part laced to the foot of a sail, in moderate winds.BOOM. — The spar by which a sail is extended at the bottom.BOW OR BOWS. — The front of a vessel.BOWLINE. — A rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perpendicular edge of square sails, to keep theirweather edge taut, when the ship is close-hauled.BRACE. — A rope attached to a boom or yard and by which they are moved.BRIDGE. — The small observation-deck occupied by the navigating officers.BULKHEAD. — A partition in the hull.BULWARKS. — The sides of a vessel surrounding and ex-tending above the deck.

CABLE. — A strong rope or chain.CABLE'S LENGTH. — About 200 yards, or 1-10th of a sea mile.CABOOSE. — A kitchen on deck.CAMEL. — An arrangement for assisting a ship over shoals.CARRY AWAY. — To break or lose a rope or spar.CAT BLOCK. — The tackle block for hoisting the anchor,CAT'S PAW. — A light puff of wind.CAULK. — To make tight the seams of a vessel.

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CHIPS. — Sailor's name for the carpenter.CLEAT. — A small piece of wood around which a rope may be made fast.CLEW. — To bind up.CLEW LINES. — Ropes for clewing.COCK PIT. — A room for wounded men in a war vessel.COMBINGS OR COAMINGS. — The raised edges around the hatches.COMPANIONWAY. — The cabin stairway.COMPASS. — An instrument showing the vessel's course.COMPOUND ENGINE, — One wherein the steam from boilers is made use of more than once.CONDENSERS. — The apparatus in which the returned steam from cylinders is condensed back into water.COXSWAIN. — The steerer of a small boat.CRINGLE. — An iron ring or thimble attached to the bolt rope of a sail.CROW'S NEST. — A "look-out" place usually on the fore-mast 25 feet or more above the deck.CUTLASS. — A broad curving one-edged sword.CUTWATER. — That portion of a ship's prow which first meets the water.CYLINDER. — The steam-chest in which the steam is forced to give energy to the engines through the piston.

DAVITS. — Pieces of timber or iron, projecting over a ship's side, with tackle to raise or lower a boat by.DEADLIGHT. — An iron shutter covering a port hole.DEAD RECKONING. — The keeping of a vessel's course with the use of log line and compass.DERRICK. — A boom with tackle for handling cargo.DINGY. — A small row-boat.DOCTOR. — Sailors' name for the cook.DOG WATCH. — The name given to two short (two-hours') watches, the first being from 4-6 p.m., and the secondfrom 6-8 p.m.DONKEY ENGINE. — A small engine for supplying power to work cargo.DRAUGHT. — The depth of water required to float a vessel.DROGUE. — A particular kind of storm anchor.

FATHOM. — SIX feet.FORCED DRAUGHT. — An artificial method of conveying air to the furnaces.FENDER. — A piece of wood or other material used to deaden the impact of two vessels, or of a vessel against thewharves.FOOTROPE. — A rope for standing on which extends along and under a yard.FORE AND AFT. — Used of anything fixed longitudinally between bow and stern.FORECASTLE. — That part of a vessel which is forward of the foremast.FOREMAST. — The mast nearest the bow.FORGE. — To move slowly ahead.FOUNDER, — TO sink.FURL. — To roll up.

GAFF. — The upper spar holding up a fore and aft sail.GALLEY. — The kitchen.GANGWAY. — An entrance to a ship.GRAPNEL. — A small anchor.GUNWALE. — The extreme outer edge of the hull.

HALYARDS. — Ropes for hoisting sails.HARBOUR-ROIL. — The turbid bottom of a harbour when stirred up by a ship passing over it.HATCH OR HATCHWAY. — An opening in the deck.HAWSER. — A cable.HEAVE TO. — To stop a ship by bringing her bow to the Wind.HOLD. — The interior of a vessel.HULL. — The body (only) of a vessel.

JAW. — The mast end of a boom or gaff.JIB. — A triangular sail at the bow.JIBE. — To shift a sail from one side to the other.JURYMAST. — A temporary mast.

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KEEL. — The lowest timber in a ship.KEVEL. — A piece of timber for belaying great ropes to.KNOT. — A nautical mile (equal to 1.151 miles, or 6,082.66 feet) per hour; really a rate of speed, and not a measure oflength.

LARBOARD. — The left hand of a ship looking toward the bow.LEAD. — A mass of lead used in sounding.LEE. — The side which looks away from the wind, and which hence is sheltered.LEEWAY. — The sideward motion of a ship in travelling.LOCKER, — A chest or box.LOG OR LOGLINE. — The rope used for measuring the speed of a vessel.LOG OR LOGBOOK. — The ship's record or diary.LOOK-OUT. — The seaman posted in the extreme bow or in the crow's nest to give warning of approaching danger.LOOM. — The part of an oar within the rowlocks.LUBBER'S HOLE. — A hole in the top of a vessel next the mast, through which sailors may mount without goingover the rim by the futtock-shrouds, so called because considered by sailors to be only fit for lubbers.LUFF. — To bring a ship nearer to the wind.LUFF. — The side of a ship towards the wind, the round-est part of a ship's bow, the forward or weather leech of asail.

MAINMAST. — The central mast or "stick" of a three-masted ship; the aft or hinder mast of a "two-master." See alsoForemast, Mizzen-mast, and Jury-mast.MARLINE. — A small line composed of two strands a little twisted, used for winding round ropes and cables, toprevent their being fretted by the blocks, etc.MARLINE-SPIKE. — An iron tool, tapering to a point, used to separate the strands of a rope in splicing.MASTER. — Captain.MASTHEAD. — Head or top of a mast.MAST TABERNACLE. — The socket in which a mast is stepped.MANROPE. — A rope used in going up or down the ship's side.MESS. — A set of men who eat together.MIDSHIPS. — The middle, or widest part of a ship.MIDDY. — An old name for a midshipman.MIZZEN-MAST, MIZZEN-SAIL. — The hinder mast (when there are three).MOOR. — To secure a Ship in any position.MUSTER. — A review of all hands on duty.

NAUTICAL MILE.-6,08266 feet, or one geographical mile and 802,66 feet.NIP. — A short turn, as in a rope.

ORDINARY SEAMAN. — A seaman of the second rate.

PAINTER. — A rope used for making fast a boat.PAY OUT. — To slacken or give out, as to "pay out a rope."PEAK. — The upper and outer corner of a boom sail.PINTLE. — The bolt on which a rudder is hung.PLIMSOLL MARK, — A mark on the outside of the hull indicating the load-line.PORT. — The same as larboard.PORT OR PORTHOLE. — An opening in the ship's side to admit light and air.PROMENADE-DECK. — Usually a covered deck amidships.

QUARTER, — The stern portion of a ship's side.QUARTER-MASTER. — The seaman in charge of the wheel.QUARTER-MASTERS. — Picked A,B.'s, with a slight increase in pay. In sailing ships they attend to the steering. Inthe mail steamers they rank as petty officers; steer; clean and polish binnacles, telegraphs, and care for the wheels andwheelhouses, hoist, or superintend the hoisting of flags and signals; take temperature of air and water; heave the log;read the patent log; and in port usually attend at the gangway.

RAKE . — The inclination or curve of a mast.REEF. — A portion of the sail which is clewed up when the wind is too high to expose the whole.REEVE. — To pass the end or a rope through a pulley, etc.

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ROAD. — An open space of water where ships may anchor.ROSTER. — A list of officers and crew.ROWLOCK. — A contrivance for giving leverage to an oar in rowing.

SAWBONES. — The familiar name of the doctor among sailors.SCUD. — To sail at great speed before a heavy wind or gale.SCUPPER. — The channel cut through the waterways and side of a ship for carrying off the water from the deck.SEAMS. — The "joins" of a ship's planks.SHEET. — A rope for controlling and moving a sail.SHELTER-DECK, OR AWNING-DECK, Usually erected over the promenade-deck. When the boats are keptthereon, it is often called the boat-deck.SHORE. — A prop giving support to a beam.SKIPPER. — The name generally given to the master of a small vessel.SLOOP. — A vessel with but one mast.SMOKE-STACK, — The funnel.SOUND. — To ascertain the depth of the water.SPAR. — The general name for a mast, boom, gaff, yard, etc.STANCHION. — A pillar or post of slight dimensions giving support to a deck.STARBOARD. — The right side of a ship or boat, looking forward.STAY. — A rope for supporting or keeping a mast in its place.STEM. — The forward part of a vessel.STEM-PIECE. — A curved piece of timber to which the two sides of a ship are united at the fore-end, and the lowerend of which is scarfed to the keel.STERN. — The rear portion of a vessel.STEERAGE. — The emigrants' quarters aboard ship.STEERING ENGINE. — The steam steering-gear by which the rudder is controlled.STOKER. — A fireman.STRAKE. — A continuous range of planks on the bottom or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the stern.The range next the keel are called the garboard strokes; the next, bilge strokes; the next, wales.

TACK. — TO go against the wind in a zigzag course, and to change a ship's course by shifting her rudder and sails.TACKLE. — Rope and pulley (block).TAFFRAIL, — The rail extending around the stern.TAUT. — Tight.THOWL OR THOLE. — The rowlock.THWARTS. — A boat's seats.TILLER. — The bar for moving the rudder.TRICK. — Duration of a sailor's duty in steering.TWIN SCREWS. — Two screw propellors, in substitution for the more usual single propellor.

WAIST. — The portion of the deck between the quarter-deck and forecastle.WARP. — To move a vessel by means of a line or lines made fast to anything immovable at the further end.WATCH. — A portion of time assigned to certain duties.WAKE. — The track left in the water by a moving vessel.WEATHER. — The side which fronts towards or meets the wind.WEIGH ANCHOR. — To raise the anchor.WINCH. — A small windlass.WINDLASS. — A machine for raising the anchor or cargo.WINDSAIL. — Apparatus for directing the wind into cabins, etc.WINDWARD. — The point from whence the wind blows.

YACHT. — A sailing vessel used for pleasure.YARD. — A spar supporting and extending a sail.YARDARM. — Either of the two halves of a "yard."YAW. — A slight movement of the vessel involving a temporary change of course

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CRUISER OF TO-DAY - H.M.S. KING ALFRED

19 ILLUSTRATED LIST OF THE SHIPS OF THE ROYAL NAVY

Battleships

BATTLESHIPS, I CLASS

KING EDWARD VII CLASS.

King Edward VII (Laid down 1902). Dominion (Laid down 1902). Commonwealth (Laid down 1902). Maori(Projected 1902). New Zealand (Projected 1902).

Length, 425 ft. Beam, 78 ft. Draught, 26 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 16,350 tons. I.H.P. 18,000 — 18.5 kts. Boilers, Babcockand Wilcox, and cylindrical. Armament, 4 12-in. (50 ton wire) in hooded barbettes, 4 9.2-in. singly in turrets, 10 6-in.,24, 12 and 3-pdrs. Torpedo tubes, 4 submerged.

DUNCAN CLASS.

Duncan (1901). Cornwallis (1901). Exmouth (1901). Russell (1901). Albemarle (1901). Montagu (1901).

Length, 429 ft. Beam, 75 ft. 6 in. Draught, 26 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 14,000 tons. I.H.P. 18,000 — 19 kts. Boilers, 24Belleville. Armament, 4 12-in. (50 ton wire) in pairs in barbettes, 12 6-in., 12 12-pdrs., 6 3-pdrs., 4 submerged torpedotubes. Torpedo tubes, 4 submerged.

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LONDON CLASS.

London (1899). Bulwark (1899). Venerable (1899). Queen (1902). Prince of Wales (1902).

Length, 400 ft. Beam, 75 ft. Draught, 26 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 15,000 tons. I.H.P. 15,000 — 18 kts. Boilers, Babcockand Wilcox in Queen, 20 Belleville in others. Armament, 4 12-in. (50 ton wire) 12 6-in. 18 12-pdrs., 6 3-pdrs., 4submerged torpedo tubes.

Formidable (1898). Irresistible (1898). Implacable (1898).

Same as above, with Belleville boilers, and 3 sub-merged torpedo tubes and 1 above water-line aft.

MAJESTIC CLASS.

Majestic (1895). Magnificent (1894). Victorious (1895). Prince George (1895). Jupiter (1895). Illustrious (1896).Hannibal (1895). Caesar (1896). Mars (1896).

Length, 413 ft. Beam, 75 ft. Draught, 27 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 14,900 tons. I.H.P. 12,000 — 17.5 kts. Marine boilers, 8each with 4 furnaces. Armament, 4 12-in., 12 6-in., 18 12-pdrs., 4 submerged torpedo tubes, and 1 above water-line aft.

ADMIRAL CLASS.

Benbow (1885). Anson (1886). Camperdown (1885).

Length, 330 ft. Beam, 68 ft. 6 in. Draught, 27 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 10,600 tons. I.H.P. 11,500 — 17.5 kts. Boilers, 12cylindrical.

Armament (Benbow), 2 16,25-in,, (111 ton) 10 6-in., 2 9-pdrs, boat; 12 6-pdrs.; 10 3-pdrs.; 5 torpedo tubes; 6-in., 12 6-pdrs., (Anson and Camperdown), 4 67-ton, 6 10 3-pdrs.; 4 torpedo tubes.

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Rodney (1884). Howe (1885).

Length, 325 ft. Beam, 68 ft. Draught, 27 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 10,300 tons. I.H.P. 11,500-16.7 kts, Boilers, 12 oval.Armament, 4 67-ton (Rodney, 1 69-ton, 3 67-ton), 6 6-in. Torpedo tubes; Rodney 4; Howe 5.

Collingwood (1882)

Length, 325 ft. Beam, 68 ft. Draught, 26 ft. 10 in. Displacement, 9,500 tons. I.H.P. 9,500 — 16.5 kts. Boilers, 12 oval,36 furnaces, Armament, 4 12-in. (67-ton) 6 6-in., 12 6-pdrs., 10 3-pdrs. 4 torpedo tubes (Rodney); 5 (Howe).

CANOPUS CLASS.

Vengeance (1899). Albion (1898). Canopus (1897). Glory (1899). Goliath (1898). Ocean (1898).

Length, 418 ft. Beam, 74 ft. Draught, 26 ft. Displacement, 12,950 tons. I.H.P. 13,500 — 18.25 kts. Boilers, 20 Belleville.Armament, 4 12-in. (46 ton), 12 6-in., 12 12-pdrs., 6 3-pdrs., 4 submerged torpedo tubes.

Renown (1895).

Length, 380 ft. Beam, 72 ft. 4 in. Draught, 26 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 12,350 tons. I.H.P. 12,000 — 18 kts. Boilers,cylindrical. Armament, 4 10-in , 10 6-in., 14 12-pdrs., 12 3-pdrs., 5 torpedo tubes (4 submerged).

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Barfleur (1892). Centurion (1892).

Length, 360 ft. Beam, 70 ft. Draught, 25 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 10,500 tons. I.H.P. 13,000 — 18.5 kts. Armament, 4 10-in., 10 6-in., 2 9-pdrs. boat, 8 6-pdrs., 12 3-pdrs., 7 submerged torpedo tubes.

ROYAL SOVEREIGN CLASS.

Empress of India (1891). Ramillies (1892). Repulse (1892). Resolution (1892). Revenge (1892). Royal Oak (1892). RoyalSovereign (1891).

Length, 380 ft. Beam, 75 ft. Draught, 27 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 14,150 tons. I.H.P. 13,000 — 17 kts. Boilers, 8 single-ended, 32 furnaces. Armament, 413.5 in., 10 6-in., 16 6-pdrs., 2 9-pdrs. boat, 12 3-pdrs., 7 torpedo tubes, 2 submerged.

Hood (1891) — as above with minor differences. Nile (1888). Trafalgar (1887).

Displacement, 11,940 tons. I.H.P. 12,000 — 17 kts. (minor differences).

Sanspareil (1887)

Displacement, 10,470 tons. I.H.P. 14,000 — 17.5 kts. (minor differences).

BATTLESHIPS, II CLASS

Colossus (1882). Edinburgh (1882).

Length, 325 ft. Beam, 68 ft. Draught, 25 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 9,420 tons. I.H.P. 5,500 — 14.2 kts. Boilers, 10 oval, tobe replaced by tubular. Armament, 4 12-in., 5 6-in,, 2 torpedo tubes.

Inflexible (1876)

Length, 320 ft. Beam, 75 ft. Draught, 26 ft. 4 in. Displacement, 11,880 tons. I.H.P. 6,500 — 12,6 kts. Boilers, 12.Armament, 4 12-in. (45-ton), 5 6-in., 4 6-pdrs., 10 3-pdrs., 2 9-pdrs. boat. Torpedo tubes, 2 above water.

Alexandra (1875). Superb (1875).

With minor differences. Length, 325 and 332 ft. Beam, 63 ft. 8 in. and 59 ft. Draught, 26 ft. 5 in. each. Displacement,9,490 and 9,170 tons. I.H.P. 7,000 and 8,500-14.5 kts. Boilers, 4 double and 1 single ended. Armament (Superb), 12 10-in., 10 6-in., 4 torpedo tubes; (Alexandra), 4 9.2-in., 8 10-in., 4 torpedo tubes.

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Neptune (1874) (non-effective, to be sold). Dreadnought (1875)

Length, 320 ft. Beam, 63 ft. 10 in. Draught, 26 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 10,820 tons. I.H.P. 6,500 — 13.5 kts. Armament,4 12.5-in., 6 6-pdrs,, 12 3-pdrs,, 2 boat guns, 2 Submerged torpedo tubes.

Devastation (1871). Thunderer (1872).

Length, 285 ft. Beam, 62 ft. 3 in. Draught, 27 ft, 6 in. Displacement, 9,330 tons. I.H.P. 7,00014.2 kts. Boilers,cylindrical. Armament, 4 10-in., 6 6-pdrs., 8 3-pdrs., 2 7-pdr. Boat-guns, 2 submerged torpedo tubes.

BATTLESHIPS, III CLASS

Conqueror (1881). Hero (1885).

Length, 270 ft. Beam, 58 ft. Draught, 24 ft. Displacement, 6,200 tons. I.H.P. 6,000 — 15.5 kts. Boilers, oval, returntube. Armament, 2 12-in. (45-ton), in each; Conqueror, 4 6-in., 6 6-pdrs., 2 3-pdrs.; Hero, 4 6-in., 7 6-pdrs., 2 9-pdrs.(boat), 5 3-pdrs.; 6 torpedo tubes.

Sultan, (1870)

Length, 325 ft. Beam, 59 ft. 1 in. Draught, 27 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 9,290 tons. I.H.P. 8,000 — 15 kts. Boilers, 8single-ended. Armament, 8 10-in., 4 9-in., 4 4.7-in., 9 6-pdrs., 13 3-pdrs., 2 boat guns, 4 torpedo tubes.

Hercules (1868)

Length, 325 ft. Beam, 59 ft. 1 in., Draught, 26 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 8,680 tons. I.H.P. 8,500-15 kts. Armament, 8 10-in., 2 9-in., 2 6-in., 2 7-in. (upper deck); 6 4.7-in., 9 6-pdrs., 13 3-pdrs., 2 boat guns, 4 torpedo tubes.

Monarch (1868)

Length, 330 ft. Beam, 57 ft. 6 in. Draught, 26 ft. 7 in. Displacement, 8,845 tons. I.H.P. 8,000 — 14.5 kts. Boilers, 8cylindrical. Armament, 4 12-in,, 2 9-in,, 1 7-in., 4 12-pdrs., 10 3-pdrs., 2 boat guns, 2 torpedo tubes.

Swiftsure (1870) (non-effective). Iron Duke (1870) (Training ship). Bellerophon (1865)

Length, 300 ft. Beam, 56 ft. 1 in. Draught, 26 ft. 7 in. Displacement, 7,550 tons. I.H.P. 4,000 — 12,2 kts. Armament, 108-in., 4 6-in., 6 4-in., 4 6-pdrs., 4 boat guns, 2 torpedo tubes.

COAST DEFENCE IRONCLADS

Rupert (1872),

5,440 tons. Armament, 2 9.2-in., 2 6-in., 4 6-pdrs., 6 3-pdrs., 2 boat guns, 4 torpedo tubes.

Hotspur (1870),

4,010 tons. Armament, 2 12-in., 2 6-in., 6 12-pdrs., 2 boat guns, 2 torpedo tubes.

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Orion (1879),

4,870 tons. Armament, 4 12-in., 6 6-pdrs., 2 boat guns, 4 3-pdrs., 4 torpedo tubes.

Glatton (1871), 4,910 tons (non-effective, to be sold). Magdala (1870), 3,340 tons. Armament, 4 8-in. Abyssinia (1870),

2,900 tons. Armament, 4 8-in., 2 boat guns. Wivern (1863), 2,750 tons (to be sold).

Above are for coast defence purposes only, being of small engine power, speed, boiler capacity, and coal supply, andonly partially armoured.

ARMOURED CRUISERS, I CLASS

COUNTY CLASS (Improved).

Devonshire (1902). Argyll (building). Antrim (building). Hampshire (building). Roxburgh (building). Carnarvon(building).

Length, 454 ft. Beam, 68 ft. 6 in. Draught, 24 ft, 6 in. Displacement, 10,800 tons. I.H.P. 22,000 — 23 kts. Boilers, 1/5cylindrical in each ship. The other 4/5 will be Niclausse in Dev. and Carn., Yarrow in Hamps, and Antr., Dürr inRoxb., and Babcock and Wilcox in Argyll, Armament, 2 7.5-in, 10 6-in., 13 smaller.

Two other ships projected, 1903. Displacement, about 10,800 tons.

DRAKE CLASS.

Drake (1901). Leviathan (1901). King Alfred (1901). Good Hope (1901).

Length, 529 ft., 6 in. Beam, 71 ft. Draught, 26 ft. Displacement, 14,100 tons. I.H.P. 30,000 — 23 kts. Boilers, 43Belleville. Armament, 2 9-2-in. (120-ton), 16 6-in., 14 12-pdrs., 3 3-pdrs., 2 submerged torpedo tubes.

COUNTY CLASS (Unimproved).

Essex (1901). Monmouth (1901). Cornwall (1902). Berwick (1902). Donegal (1902). Kent (1901). Bedford (1901).Suffolk (1902). Cumberland (laid down 1901). Lancaster (1902).

Length, 440 ft. Beam, 66 ft. Draught, 24 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 9,800 tons. I.H.P. 22,000 — 23 kts. Boilers, 31 Belleville(except Cornwall, Babcock and Wilcox; Berwick and Suffolk, Niclausse). Armament, 4 6-in., in turrets, 10 6-in. incasemates, 10 12-pdrs., 3 3-pdrs., and 2 submerged torpedo tubes.

CRESSY CLASS.

Cressy (1899). Hogue (1900). Euryalus (1901). Aboukir (1900). Sutlej (1899). Bacchante (1901).

Length, 440 ft. Beam, 69 ft. 6 in. Draught, 26 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 12,000 tons, I.H.P. 21,000 — 21 kts, Boilers, 30Belleville. Armament, 1 9'2-in. (120-ton), 12 6-in., 14 12-pdrs., 3 3-pdrs., 2 submerged torpedo tubes.

91

IMMORTALITÉ CLASS.

Aurora (1887). Galatea (1887). Narcissus (1886). Undaunted (1886), Australia (1886). Immortalité (1887). Orlando(1886).

Length, 300 ft. Beam, 56 ft. Draught, 22 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 5,600 tons. I.H.P. 8,500 — 18 kts. Armament, 2 9.2-in.(22-ton), 10 6-in., 3 9-pdrs. (boat), 6 6-pdrs,, 10 3-pdrs., and 2 torpedo tubes.

Impérieuse (1883). Warspite (1884).

Length, 315 ft. Beam, 62 ft. Draught, 27 ft. 4 in. Displacement, 8,400 tons. I.H.P. 10,000 — 16.7 kts. Boilers, cylindricaland oval. Armament, 4 9.2-in. (22-ton), 10 6-in., 4 6-pdrs. in Warspite: 8 in Impérieuse; 9 3-pdrs. in Warspite: 10 inImpérieuse; 2 boat guns in each, 6 torpedo tubes.

Northampton (1876)

Length, 280 ft. Beam, 60 ft., Draught, 26 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 7,630. I.H.P. 4,500 — 12 kts. Armament, 4 10-in., 8 9-in., 6 6-pdrs., 8 3-pdrs., 3 boat guns, 2 torpedo tubes.

PROTECTED CRUISERS, I CLASS

AMPHITRITE CLASS.

Spartiate (1898). Argonaut (1898). Amphitrite (1898). Ariadne (1898).

Length, 462 ft. 6 in. Beam, 69 ft. Draught, 25 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 11,000 tons. I.H.P. 18,000 — 2075 kts. Boilers, 30Belleville. Armament, 16 6-in., 14 12-pdrs., 3 3-pdrs., 3 torpedo tubes.

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DIADEM CLASS.

Andromeda (1897). Europa (1897). Diadem (1896). Niobe (1897).

Length, 462 ft. 6 in. Beam, 69 ft. Draught, 25 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 11,000 tons. I.H.P. 16,500 — 20.5 kts Boilers, 30Belleville. Armament, 16 6-in., 14 12-pdrs., 4 3-pdrs., 3 torpedo tubes, 2 submerged.

Terrible (1895). Powerful (1895).

Length, 538 ft. Beam, 71 ft. Draught, 28 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 14,200 tons. I.H.P. 25,000 — 22 kts. Boilers, 48Belleville. Armament, 2 9.2-in., 16 6-in., 18 12-pdrs., 12 3-pdrs., 4 torpedo tubes, all submerged.

ROYAL ARTHUR CLASS.

Crescent (1892). Gibraltar (1892). Royal Arthur (1891). St. George (1892).

Length, 360 ft. Beam, 60 ft. 8 in. Draught, 23 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 7,700 tons. I.H.P. 12,000 — 19.5 kts. Boilers, 6double-ended cylindrical. Armament, 1 9.2-in., 12 6-in., 12 6-pdrs., 2 9-pdrs., 5 3-pdrs., 4 torpedo tubes, 2 submerged.

EDGAR CLASS.

Edgar (1890). Grafton (1892). Endymion (1891). Hawke (1891). Theseus (1892).

Length, 360 ft. Beam, 60 ft. Draught, 23 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 7,350 tons. I.H.P. 12,000 — 20 kts. Boilers, 3cylindrical, 6 double-ended cylindrical. Armament, 2 9.2-in., 10 6-in., 2 9-pdrs. (boat), 12 6-pdrs., 5 3-pdrs., 4 torpedotubes.

93

BLAKE CLASS.

Blake (1889). Blenheim (1890).

Length, 375 ft. Beam, 65 ft. Draught, 25 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 9,000 tons. I.H.P. (Blenheim), 21,400 — 22 kts.;(Blake), 20,000-21 kts. Boilers, 6 double-ended cylindrical. Armament, 2 9.2-in., 10 6-in., 2 9-pdr. (boat), 16 3-pdrs., 4torpedo tubes, 2 submerged.

CRUISERS, II CLASS

CHALLENGER CLASS.

Encounter (1902). Challenger (1900).

Length, 355 ft. Beam, 56 ft. Draught, 21 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 5,880 tons. I.H.P. 12,50021 kts. Boilers (Encounter),Dürr; (Challenger), Babcock and Wilcox. Armament, 11 6-in., 9 12-pdrs., 6 3-pdrs., 2 submerged torpedo tubes.

HIGHFLYER CLASS.

Highflyer (1898). Hyacinth (1898). Hermes (1898).

Length, 350 ft. Beam, 54 ft. Draught, 20 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 5,600 tons. I.H.P. 10,000-20 kts. Boilers, 18 Belleville(Hermes, Babcock and Wilcox). Armament, 11 6-in., 9 12-pdrs., 6 3-pdrs., 2 submerged torpedo tubes.

FURIOUS CLASS.

Furious (1896). Gladiator (1896). Arrogant (1896). Vindictive (1897).

Length, 320 ft. Beam, 57 ft. 6 in. Draught, 21 ft. Displacement, 5,750 tons. I.H.P. 10,000 — 19 kts. Boilers, 18Belleville, without economisers (Arrogant fitted to burn oil fuel in 6 boilers). Armament, 4 6-in., 6 4.7-in., 9 12-pdrs,, 33-pdrs., 2 submerged torpedo tubes.

DORIS CLASS.

Diana (1895). Dido (1896). Doris (1896). Isis (1896). Juno (1895). Venus (1895).

Length, 370 ft. 3 in. Beam, 54 ft. Draught, 20 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 5,600 tons. I.H.P. 9,60019.5 kts. Boilers, 8 single-ended, 24 furnaces. Armament, 5 6-in., 6 4.7-in., 10 12-pdrs., 7 3-pdrs,, 3 torpedo tubes.

94

MINERVA CLASS.

Eclipse (1894). Minerva (1895). Talbot (1895).

Length, 350 ft. Beam, 53 ft. 6 in. Draught, 20 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 5,600 tons. I.H.P. 9,600 — 19.5 kts. Boilers, 8single-ended, 24 furnaces. Armament, 5 6-in., 6 4,7-in., 9 12-pdrs., 6 3-pdrs., 3 torpedo tubes.

CHARYBDIS CLASS.

Astræa (1893). Bonaventure (1892). Cambrian (1893). Charybdis (1893). Flora (1893). Forte (1893). Fox (1893).Hermione (1893).

Length, 320 ft. Beam, 49 ft. 6 in. Draught, 19 ft. Displacement, 4,360 tons. I.H.P. 9,000 — 19.5 kts. Armament, 2 6-in.,8 4.7-in., 8 6-pdrs., 1 3-pdr., 4 torpedo tubes.

INDEFATIGABLE CLASS.

Æolus (1891). Brilliant (1891). Indefatigable (1891). Intrepid (1891). Iphigenia (1891). Pique (1890). Rainbow (1891).Retribution (1891). Sirius (1890). Spartan (1891).

Length, 300 ft. Beam, 43 ft. 8 in. Draught, 17 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 3,600 tons. I.H.P. 9,000 — 191 kts. Boilers,cylindrical. Armament, 2 6-in., 6 4.7-in., 8 6-pdrs-, 1 3-pdr., 4 torpedo tubes.

APOLLO CLASS.

Apollo (1891). Andromache (1890). Latona (1890). Melampus (1890). Naiad (1890). Sappho (1891). Scylla (1891).Terpsichore (1890). Thetis (1890). Tribune (1891).

Length, 300 ft. Beam, 43 ft. Draught, 16 ft. Displacement, 3,400 tons. I.H.P. 9,00020 kts. Armament, 2 6-in., 6 4.7-in., 86-pdrs., 1 3-pdr., 4 torpedo tubes.

MERSEY CLASS.

Forth (1886). Mersey (1885). Severn (1885). Thames (1885).

Length, 300 ft. Beam, 46 ft. Draught, 19 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 4,050 tons. I.H.P. 5,700 — 17.2 kts. Boilers, 6cylindrical. Armament, 2 8-in. (15-ton), 10 6-in., 3 6-pdrs., and other small guns. Torpedo tubes, from 2 to 4.

95

LEANDER CLASS.

Amphion (1883). Arethusa (1882). Leander (1882). Phaeton (1883).

Length, 300 ft. Beam, 46 ft. Draught, 20 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 4,300 tons. I.H.P. 5,000 — 16,5 kts. Boilers, cylindrical.Armament, 10 6-in., 4 3-pdrs. (Arethusa 8 3-pdrs.), 4 torpedo tubes.

Iris (1877). Mercury (1878).

Length, 300 ft. Beam, 46 ft. Draught, 22 ft. Displacement, 3,730 tons. I.H.P. 6,000 — 17 kts. Boilers, oval andcylindrical. Armament, 13 5-in., 4 3-pdrs., 1 boat gun, 4 torpedo tubes.

Inconstant (1868).

Length, 333 ft. Beam, 50 ft. 1 in., Draught, 23 ft. Displacement, 5,780 tons. I.H.P. 4,200 — 15 kts. Armament, 10 9-in.,6 7-in., 2 3-pdrs., 6 20-pdrs., 2 torpedo tubes.

CRUISERS, III CLASS

Two ships projected (1903), Details unknown.

Amethyst (building). Topaze (building).

Length, 360 ft. Beam, 40 ft. Draught, 14 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 3,000 tons. I.H.P. 9,80021.75 kts. Boilers (Amethyst),Yarrow; (Topaze), Laird. Armament, 12 4-in., 8 3-pdrs.

"P" CLASS.

Pandora (1900). Psyche (1898). Pioneer (1899). Pomone (1897). Pactolus (1896). Perseus (1897). Prometheus (1898).Pegasus (1897). Pyramus (1897). Pelorus (1896). Proserpine (1896).

Length, 300 and 305 ft. Beam, 36 ft. 6 in.-36 ft. 9 in. Draught, 13 ft. 6 in.-15 ft. Displacement, 2,135 tons-2,200 tons.I.H.P. 7,000 — 20 kts. Boilers, Normand, Reed, Blechynden and Thorneycroft. Armament, 8 4-in., 8 3-pdrs., 2 torpedotubes.

Pallas (1890). Pearl (1890). Philomel (1890). Phoebe (1890). Katoomba (1889). Mildura (1889). Ringarooma (1889).Tauranga (1889). Wallaroo (1890).

Length, 265 ft. Beam, 41 ft. Draught, 15 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 2,575 tons. I.H.P. 4,977 — 17 kts. Boilers, 4 cylindrical.Armament, 8 4.7-in., 8 3-pdrs,, 1 7-pdr. (boat), 4 torpedo tubes.

"B" CLASS.

Barham (1889). Bellona (1890).

Length, 280 ft. Beam, 35 ft. Draught, 13 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 1,830 tons. I.H.P. 4,70019 kts. Boilers, Thorneycroftwater-tube. Armament, 6 4.7-in., 4 3-pdrs., 2 torpedo tubes.

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Barracouta (1889). Barrosa (1889). Blanche (1889). Blonde (1889).

Length, 233 ft. Beam, 35 ft. Draught, 14 ft. Displacement, 1,580 tons. I.H.P. 3,000 — 16.5 kts. Boilers, Blonde has onefitted for oil fuel. Armament, 6 4.7, 4 3-pdrs., 2 torpedo tubes.

"M" CLASS.

Magicienne (1888), Marathon (1888). Melpomene (1888).

Length, 265 ft. Beam 41 ft. Draught, 17 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 2,950 tons. I.H.P. 9,000 — 19 kts. Armament, 6 6-in., 96-pdrs., 1 3-pdr,, 1 9-pdr, (boat), 4 torpedo tubes.

Medea (1888). Medusa (1888).

Length, 265 ft. Beam, 41 ft. Draught, 16 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 2,800 tons. I.H.P. 9,000 — 19 kts. Boilers, (Medea),Yarrow tube; (Medusa), Dürr. Armament, 6 6-in., 9 6-pdrs., 1 3-pdr,, 1 9-pdr. (boat), 4 torpedo tubes.

Calliope (1884). Calypso (1883).

Length, 235 ft. Beam, 44 ft. 6 in. Draught, 19 ft. 11 in. Displacement, 2,770 tons. I.H.P. 4,000 — 14.6 kts. Boilers,single-ended fire tube. Armament, 4 6-in., 12 5-in., 2 boat guns. (Torpedo tubes have been removed.)

Champion (1878).Cleopatra (1878).Comus (1878) (non-effective).Cordelia (1879) (non-effective).Curaçoa (1878) (non-effective).

Length, 225 ft. Beam, 44 ft. 6 in. Draught, 18 ft.Displacement, 2,380 tons. I.H.P. 2,000 — 12.7 kts.Boilers, single-ended fire tube.Armament, 4 6-in., 8 5-in., 4 3-pdrs, 2 boat guns, 2 torpedo tubes.

Pylades (1884). Royalist (1883).

Length, 200 ft. Beam, 38 ft. Draught, 14 ft. 7 in. Displacement, 1,420 tons. I.H.P. 1,400 — 13.1 kts. Boilers, cylindricallow-pressure naval, and Laird. Armament (Pylades), 14 5-in., 1 boat gun; (Royalist), 2 6-in,, 10 5-in., 1 boat gun. Notorpedo tubes.

Archer (1885). Brisk (1886). Cossack (1886). Mohawk (1886). Porpoise (1886). Racoon (1887). Tartar (1886).

Length, 240 ft. Beam, 36 ft. Draught, 14 f b. 6 in Displacement, 1,770 tons. I.H.P. 3,500 — 16.5 kts. Racoon, 4,500 —17.5 kts. Boilers, 4 navy type. Armament, 6 6-in., 8 3-pdrs., 1 9-pdr. (boat), 3 torpedo tubes.

Fearless (1886). Scout (1885).

Length, 220 ft. Beam, 34 ft. Draught, 14 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 1,580 tons. I.H.P. 3,200 — 16.7 kts. Boilers, 4 navytype. Armament, 4 4.7-in., 8 3-pdrs., 1 field gun, 3 torpedo tubes.

97

GUNBOATS, I CLASS (TORPEDO-BOAT CATCHERS)

Dryad (1893). Halcyon (1894). Harrier (1894). Hazard (1894). Hussar (1894).

Length, 250 ft. Beam, 30 ft. 6 in. Draught, 9 ft. Displacement, 1,070 tons. I.H.P. 3,500 — 18.5 kts. Boilers, marine-loco.Armament, 2 4.7-in., 4 6-pdrs., 6 torpedo tubes.

Alarm (1892). Antelope (1893). Circe (1892). Hebe (1892). Jaseur (1892). Jason (1892). Leda (1892). Niger (1892). Onyx(1892). Renard (1892). Speedy (1893).

Length, 230 ft. Beam, 27 ft. Draught, 8 ft. 8 in. Displacement, 810 tons. I.H.P. 3,500 to 6,282 — 19.25 to 22.5 kts.Boilers, (except Speedy and Niger), locomotive; (Speedy), Thorneycroft water tube; (Niger), Reed. Armament, 2 4.7-in.,4 3-pdrs., 3 torpedo tubes.

Plassy (1890). Assaye (1891). Boomerang (1889). Gossamer (1890), Gleaner (1890). Karrakatta (1889). Salamander(1889). Seagull (1889), Sharpshooter (1888), Sheldrake (1889). Skipjack (1889). Spanker (1889). Speedwell (1889).

Length, 230 ft. Beam, 27 ft. Draught, 8 ft. 3 in. Displacement, 735 tons. I.H.P. 3,500 to 6,000 — 19 to 20.5 kts. Boilers,various: Belleville, Babcock and Wilcox, Du Temple, Mumford, Palmer, Niclausse. Armament, 2 4.7-in., 4 3-pdrs.Torpedo tubes (Plassy and Assaye) 3; others 5.

Grasshopper (1887). Sandfly (1887). Spider (1887). Rattlesnake (1886).

Length, 200 ft. Beam, 23 ft. Draught, 8 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 525 tons. I.H.P. 2,700 — 19 kts. Boilers, locomotive.Armament, 1 4-in., 6 3-pdrs., 4 torpedo tubes.

98

GUNBOATS III CLASS (COAST DEFENCE AND AUXILIARY)

Excellent (1883).

Length, 115 ft. Beam, 37 ft. Draught, 8 ft. Displacement, 508 tons. I.H.P. 380 — 9.2 kts.

Bouncer (1881). Griper (1879). Insolent (1881). Tickler (1879). Pincher (1879).

Length, 85 ft. Beam, 26 ft. Draught, 6 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 265 tons. I.H.P. 110 — 7.5 kts.

Ant (1873). Fidget (1872).Arrow (1871.) Hyæna (1873).Badger (1872). Kite (1871).Blazer (1870). Mastiff (1871).Bloodhound (1871). Pickle (1872).Bonetta (1871). Pike (1872).Bulldog (1872). Scourge (1871).Bustard (1871). Snake (1871).Comet (1870). Snap (1872).Cuckoo (1873). Weazel (1873).

Length, 85 ft. Beam, 26 ft. Draught, 6 ft. 4 in. Displacement, 254 tons. I.H.P. 110 — 8 kts.

Dee (1877). Slaney (1877).Don (1877). Spey (1876).Esk (1877). Tay (1876).Medina (1876). Tees (1876).Medway (1876). Trent (1877).Sabrina (1876). Tweed (1877).

Length, 110 ft. Beam, 34 ft. Draught, 5 ft. 8 in. Displacement, 363 tons. I.H.P. 200 — 8.5 kts.

Plucky (1870).

Length, 80 ft. Beam, 25 ft. Draught, 5 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 195 tons. I.H.P. 90 — 7 kts.

Staunch (1867).

Length, 80 ft. Beam, 25 ft. Draught, 6 ft. 5 in. Displacement, 180 tons. I.H.P. 60 — 7 kts.

SCOUTS.

Provided for in estimates (1902-3). No details specified.

PROJECTED NEW CLASS OF SHIPS.

Four ships are projected of a new class similar to enlarged torpedo-boat destroyers.

99

TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS

Name. Tons. I.H.P. Guns. L'nched. Name. Tons. I.H.P. Guns. L'nched.AlbatrossAnglerArabArdentArielAvonBansheeBatBitternBoxerBrazenBruiserBullfinchChamoisChargerCheerfulConflictContestCoquetteCraneCygnetCynthiaDaringDasherDecoyDesperateDoveDragonEarnestElectraExpressFairyFalconFameFawnFerretFerventFlirtFlying FishFoamGipsyGreyhoundGriffonHandyHardyHartHastyHaughtyHavockHornetHunterJanusKangarooKestrelLeeLeopard

430310430265310355295360355265345265345360250355320295335360335335265255260310345295360350430355376310360290275360360310355360360275270275250270240240275280370350335350

7,5005,4008,0004,3005,4006,0004,4005,9006,0004,3005,8004,3005,8005,9003,1005,8004,5004,4005,4005,9005,4005,4004,2003,8004,2005,6005,8004,4006,3005,8009,2506,3006,2505,7005,9004,4003,8505,9005,9005,4006,0006,0006,0004,0004,2004,0003,1004,2003,0003,8004,0003,9006,1005,8006,0006,000

66666666666666666666664646666666666466666666666644666666

18981897190118941897189618941896189718941896189518981896189418971894189418971896189818981893189418941896189818941896189618971897189918961897189318951897189718961897190018961895189518951894189518931893189518951900189818991897

LevenLightningLivelyLocustLynxMallardMermaidMyrmidonOpossumOrwellOspreyOstrichOtterPantherPeterelPorcupineQuailRacehorseRangerRecruitRocketRoebuckSalmonSealSharkSkateSnapperSparrowhawkSpitefulSpitfireSprightlyStagStarStarfishSturgeonSuccessSunfishSurlySwordfishSylviaSyrenTakuTeazerThornThrasherTigerVigilantVioletViragoVixenVultureWhitingWizardWolfZebraZephyr

370280365360290310355370295360355376350360374280360360295350280360280360280270280360365295365325360270270350295280295350365

320383360383383350360370355360320360310280

6,0003,9006,0006,3004,4005,7005,8006,2004,0006,0006,0006,2006,3006,3006,2003,9006,3006,0004,0005,8004,1006,0003,6006,0004,1004,0003,6006,3005,9004,5006,0005,8005,9004,0004,0006,0004,0004,1004,5006,0006,2006,5004,5006,4006,3006,4006,4006,3006,3006,0005,8005,9004,5006,0004,8003,850

66664666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

18981895190018961894189618981900189518981897190018961897189918951895190018951896189419011895189718941895189518951899189519001899189618951894190118951894189518971900189818951900189519001900189718951900189818961895189718951895

100

Nine others building and nine projected in naval estimates for 1902 - 1903.

TORPEDO BOATS.

One hundred and sixteen of the First Class. R.T. 28-194 tons; 87-166 ft. length; 16-25 kts.; 360-2,900 I.H.P.

Sixty-three of the Second Class. R.T. 12-16 tons; 60-64 ft. length; 12-17 kts.; 120-230 I.H.P.

SUBMARINES (five of the Holland U.S.A. type).

No. 1. (1901). No. 2. (1902). No. 3. (1902). No. 4. (1902). No. 5. (1902). No. 6. (1902).

Length, 63 ft. 4 in, (No. 6, 100 ft.), Beam, 11 ft. 9 in. Displacement, 120 tons. I.H.P. 190; surface speed, 10-12 kts.;submerged speed, 7 to 8 kts. Motive power, on surface, from gasoline. Motive power, submerged, electric motors.Armament, 1 torpedo tube in bow.

GUNBOATS, I CLASS

Bramble (1898). Britomart (1899). Dwarf (1898). Thistle (1899).

Length, 180 ft. Beam, 33 ft. Draught, 8 ft. Displacement, 710 tons. I.H.P. 1,300-13.5 kts. Boilers, Yarrow. Armament, 24-in., 4 12-pdrs.

Goldfinch (1889). Lapwing (1889). Magpie (1889). Redbreast (1898). Redpole (1889). Ringdove (1889). Sparrow (1889).Thrush (1889). Widgeon (1889).

Slightly smaller dimensions and varying details. Armament: 6 4-in., 2 3-pdrs.

Partridge (1888). Peacock (1888). Pheasant (1888). Pigeon (1888), Pigmy (1888). Plover (1888).

Displacement, 755 tons. I.H.P. 1,200-13.2 kts.

Curlew (1885). Landrail (1886).

Displacement, 950 tons. I.H.P. 1,200 — 14.5 kts. Armament various: 6, 5, 4-in.

Cockatrice (1886). Rattler (1886). Lizard (1887).

Length, 160 ft. Beam, 27 ft. Draught, 11 ft. 2 in. Displacement, 715 tons. I.H.P. 1,00013 kts. Armament, 6 4-in.

101

GUNBOATS, II CLASS

Albacore (1883). Firebrand (1877). Raven (1882).

Length, 125-135 ft. Beam, 23 ft. 6 in.-26 ft, Draught, 10 ft.-10 ft. 6 in. Displacement, 455-560 tons. I.H.P. 360-500. Sp.9.5-10.9 kts. Armament, 2 5-in., 2 4-in. (Raven, 2 64-pdrs., 2 20-pdrs.).

Skylark (1855), 284 tons. Kinsha (1900), 160 tons. Herald (1890), 82 tons. Mosquito (1890), 82 tons. Heron (1897), 85tons. Jackdaw (1897), 85 tons. Nightingale (1897), 85 tons. Robin (1897), 85 tons. Sandpiper (1897), 85 tons. Snipe(1897), 85 tons. Woodcock (1897), 150 tons. Woodlark (1897), 150 tons. Teal (1901), 180 tons. Moorhen (1901), 180tons.

Slightly varied details.

SLOOPS

Modern unarmoured ships of approximately 1,000 tons and 1,400 I.H.P. and a speed of 14 kts. General dimensions,160 to 180 ft. in length, with a beam of 33 ft., and draught of 11 ft.

Espiegle (1900). Fantome (1901). Odin (1901). Merlin (1901). Clio (1902). Cadmus (1902). Rosario (1898). Shearwater(1900). Vestal (1900). Mutine (1900). Rinaldo (1900). Algerine (1895). Phoenix (1895). Alert (1894). Torch (1894).Basilisk (1889). Beagle (1889). Buzzard (1887). Daphne (1888). Nymphe (1888). Swallow (1885). Icarus (1885). Melita(1888) (condemned). Racer (1884).

AUXILIARY SHIPS

Vulcan (1889), 6,620 tons. I.H.P. 12,000 — 20 kts. Torpedo depôt ship.

Hecla (1878), 6,400 tons. I.H.P. 2,400 — 11.7 kts. Torpedo depôt ship; repairing ship for Wei-hai-Wei.

Polyphemus (1881), 2,640 tons. I.H.P. 5,500 — 17,8 kts. Torpedo ram, now dismantled to serve as tender to Vernon.

20 Merchant Ships Available for War Purposes

As we are going to press comes an announcement that the Government intend to discontinue the policy of subsidisingmerchant vessels for war purposes.

Name. Gross Tonnage. Speed - Kts.ALLAN LINE.

BavarianTunisianParisian

ANCHOR LINE.City of RomeFurnessia

INTERNAT. S. NAV. CO.KensingtonSouthwark

ATLANT. TRANSPORT CO.MesabaMinneapolisMinnehahaMenomineeManitouMarquette

10,37610,576 5,395

8,453 5,495

8,669 8,607

6,83313,40113,400 6,919 6,849 7,057

161615

1715

14½14½

14151513

13½13½

102

Name. Gross Tonnage. Speed - Kts.BIBBY LINE.

StaffordshireDerbyshireCheshireShropshire

LEYLAND LINE.WinifredianDevonianArmenianCestrianVictorianCanadian

ORIENT LINE.OmrahOphirOrmuzAustralOrient

PACIFIC S. N. COOrtonaOrizabaOrotavaOroyaOrubaOraviaIberiaLiguriaOrissaOropesaOrcanaOrella

P. & O. S. N. CO.CaledoniaArabiaChinaEgyptIndiaPersiaAustraliaHimalayaArcadiaBritanniaOceanaVictoriaOrientalPeninsularAssayePlassyRomeCarthageClydeShannonMassiliaBallaaratParramatta

6,0056,6365,7085,721

10,40510,4058,8258,8238,82510,405

8,2916,9106,3875,5245,631

7,9456,2985,8576,2975,8575,3214,6894,6775,3175,3034,8034,821

7,5587,9037,9127,9127,9117,9006,9016,8986,6036,5256,6036,5275,2845,2877,3767,3805,5455,1984,0994,3625,0264,7484,756

14½14/1414

14½14½141414

14½

1818181716

1816½16½16½16½16415½15½15½15½15½15½

18½1818181818

17½17½17171717

16½16½1616

15½151515

14½14½14½

103

Name. Gross Tonnage. Speed - Kts.CAN. PAC. RAILWAY CO.

Empress of ChinaEmpress of IndiaEmpress of Japan

CUNARD LINE.CampaniaLucaniaEtruriaUmbriaAuraniaServiaIverniaSaxoniaUltonia

UNION-CASTLE LINE.BritonCarisbrook CastleKildonan CastleKinfauns CastleNormanSaxonScotDunottar CastleDunvegan CastleHawarden CastleNorham CastleRoslin Castle

ROYAL MAIL S. N. CO.AtratoClydeDanubeMagdalenaNileTagusThamesTrentOrinocoParaLa Plata (ex Moor)Elbe

WHITE STAR LINE.OceanicMajesticTeutonicCelticGermanicBritannicCopticCymricDoricGothicCevicGeorgicAfricMedic

5,9055,9055,905

12,95012,9528,1288,1207,2697,39213,80013,8008,845

10,2487,6269,6529,6647,53712,5707,8155,4655,9584,3804,3924,487

5,1405,6455,9465,1405,9465,5455,6455,5734,4344,0284,4643,140

17,2749,9659,98420,8805,0715,0044,35612,6474,6767,7558,30110,07711,94811,985

16½16½16½

2222

19½19½16½16

15½15113

17½17½17½17½17½17½1711616151515

171717171717171715151515

2020201717161515151513131313

104

Name. Gross Tonnage. Speed - Kts.WHITE STAR LINE

PersicRunicSuevic

DOMINION LINE.CommonwealthNew EnglandCanadaDominionVancouver

11,97311,98511,985

12,09711,3948,8066,6185,231

131313

13½13½13½13½13½

DESPATCH VESSELS.

Alacrity (1885), 1,700 tons. I.H P. 3,000 — 17.8 kts.

Surprise (1885), 1,650 tons. I.H.P. 3,000 — 17.8 kts.

Armament, (Alacrity) 10 6-pdrs.; (Surprise) 2 6-pdrs.

SAILING TENDERS.

Cruiser (1879) 1,130 tons. Barque-rigged.Dolphin (1882) 925 tons. Barque-rigged.Wanderer (1883) 925 tons. Barque-riggedWave (1874) 308 tons. Barque-rigged.

Wooden Sailing Brigs.

Martin (1890) 508 tons.Nautilus (1890) 501 tons.Pilot (1890) 501 tons.Liberty (1850) 447 tons.Seaflower (1837) 454 tons.

Special Service Torpedo Vessel

Vesuvius (1874)

245 tons. Tw. Sc. I.H.P. 350 — 9.7 kts..

STORESHIPS, TROOPSHIPS, SURVEYING SHIPS.

Discovery 1,570 tons. I.H. P. 450. (Antarctic Discovery Ship).Wye (1873) 1,370 tons. I.H.P. 700 — 10.4 kts.Industry (1854) 1,126 tons. Sp. 8 kts.Humber (1878) 1,640 tons. Sp. 10 kts.Tyne (1878) 3,560 tons. Sp. 10 kts.Columbine 260 tons. Sp. 9 kts.Imogene (1882) 460 tons. Sp. 11 kts.Sphinx (1882) 1,130 tons. Sp. 12.5 kts.Hearty (1885) 1,300 tons. Sp. 14.1 kts.Jackal (1885) 750 tons. Sp. 12.8 kts.Magnet (1883) 430 tons. Sp. 12.3 kts.Seahorse (1880) 670 tons. Sp. 12.6 kts.Traveller (1883) 700 tons. Sp. 12.1 kts.Dart (1882) 470 tons. Sp. 8.7 kts.

105

Penguin (1876) 1,130 tons. Sp. 10 kts.Rambler (1880) 836 tons. Sp. 10 kts.Research (1888) 520 tons. Sp. 9.5 kts.Stork (1882) non-effective.Triton (1882) 410 tons. Sp. 9.7 kts.Water Witch (1878) 620 tons. Sp. 10 kts.Egeria (1873) 940 tons. Sp. 10 kts.

YACHTS.

Victoria and Albert (new), 1899. Cost £512,034.

Length, 439 ft. Beam, 50 ft. Draught, 18 ft. Displacement, 4,700 tons. I.H.P. 11,000 — 20 kts. Boilers, 18 Belleville.

Victoria and Albert (old), 1855.

Length, 338 ft. Beam, 40 ft. 3 in. Draught, 16 ft. 11 in. Displacement, 2,470 tons. I.H.P. 2,400 — 15.7 kts.

Osborne (1870) 1,850 tons. I.H.P. 3,360 — 15 kts.

Alberta (1863) 370 tons. I.H.P. 1,000 — 13 kts.

Enchantress (1865) 1,000 tons. I.H.P. 1,100 — 12.8 kts.

Vivid (1883) 550 tons. I.H.P. 425 — 11.5 kts.

Fire Queen (1881) 446 tons. I.H.P. 500 — 11 kts.

Wildfire (1887) 453 tons. I.H.P. 360 — 9 kts.

Mavourneen (1900) 160 tons, wooden schooner sailing yacht.

COASTGUARD STEAM CRUISERS.

Nine vessels of approximately 300-500 tons and 150-650 I.H.P.

COASTGUARD SAILING CRUISERS.

Thirteen vessels of 30 to 130 tons - Six coastguard station tenders - Four coastguard watch vessels.

AUXILIARY CRAFT.

Comprise some hundreds of vessels stationed in various home and foreign ports.

TUGS, NAVAL ORDNANCE STORE SHIPS, CARGO BOATS, TANKS, LAUNCHES AND MINERS,STATIONARY SHIPS, COAL DEPÔTS, COAL LIGHTERS, MOORING LIGHTERS; MAGAZINES,HOSPITAL SHIPS, HULKS, TRAINING SHIPS.

In completing the foregoing list of Ships in the Royal Navy, the Editor desires to acknowledge his indebtedness toMessrs. Thacker & Co., the publishers of the "Naval Pocket Book," for kind permission to use their valuable Work.

106

21 Fleets of Principal Steamship Companies.

ABERDEEN LINE LONDON — AUSTRALIA (via THE CAPE).

FUNNELS: Yellow.HOUSE FLAG: Red and Blue Stripe with White Star in centre.

SOPHOCLES. — Belfast, 1883. R.T. 4,784. Ds. 427.6 X 44.2 X 28.9. I.H.P. 3,000 — 14 knots.

SALAMIS, — Aberdeen, 1899. R.T. 4,508. Ds. 392.7 X 47.2 X 29.5. I.H.P. 4,000 — 15 knots.NINEVEH. — R.T. 3,808. Ds. 365.0 X 45.1 X 28-5. I.H.P. 3,000 — 13 knots.MORAVIAN. — R.T. 4,573. Ds, 390.4 X 47.0 X 29-5. I.H.P. 4,000 — 15 knots.AUSTRALASIAN. — Glasgow, 1884. R.T. 3,662. Ds. 361.6 x 44.2 x 29.1. I.H.P. 2,800 — 13 knots.ABERDEEN. — Glasgow, 1881. R.T. 3,659. Ds. 362.5 X 44.4 x 31.2. I.H.P. 2,700 — 13 knots.DAMASCUS. — Glasgow, 1887, R.T. 3,609. Ds. 362.0 X 44,3 X 31.6. I.H.P. 3,000 — 13 knots.

ALLAN LINE LIVERPOOL — MONTREAL (via MOVILLE).

FUNNELS: Red with White Band and Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: Red next mast, then White and Blue, overtopped by a Pennant, Red, Blue, Red.

BAVARIAN (Tw. Sc.). — R.T. 10,576. Ds. 500 X 59.2 X 39.8.

TUNISIAN (Tw. So.). — Glasgow, 1900. R.T. 10,576. Ds. 500.6 X 59.2 X 39.8.

PARISIAN. — Glasgow, 1881. R.T. 5,595. Ds. 440.8 X 46.2 X 25.2.

107

ASSYRIAN, R.T. 4,017; AUSTRIAN, R.T. 2,704; BUENOS AYREAN, R.T. 4,163; BRAZILIAN, R.T. 3,046;CALIFORNIAN, R.T. 4,436; CANADIAN, R.T. 2,910; CARTHAGINIAN, R.T. 4,187; COREAN, R.T. 3,487;CORINTHIAN, R.T. 5,961; GRECIAN, R.T. 3,481; HIBERNIAN, R.T. 2,996; IONIAN (Tw. Sc.), R.T. 9,000;LAURENTIAN, R.T. 4,522; LIVONIAN, R.T. 4,017; MONGOLIAN, R.T. 4,837; MONTE VIDEAN, R.T. 2,951;NORWEGIAN, R.T, 3,523; NUMIDIAN, R.T. 4,835; ONTARIAN, R.T. 4,309; ORCADIAN, R.T. 3,546;PERUVIAN, R.T, 3,262; PHOENICIAN, R.T. 2,425; POMERANIAN, R.T. 4,257; PRETORIAN, R.T. 8,000;ROSARIAN, R.T. 2,950; SARDINIAN, R.T. 4,348; SARMATIAN, R.T. 3,920; SIBERIAN, R.T. 3,845; SICILIAN,R.T. 6,285; STATE OF NEBRASKA, R.T. 3,986; WALDENSIAN, R.T. 2,306.

AMERICAN LINE (1) SOUTHAMPTON — NEW YORK (via CHERBOURG),

FUNNELS: Black with white bands.HOUSE FLAG: White, with Blue Eagle.

ST. LOUIS (Tw. Sc.). — American built, 1895. R.T. 11,629. Ds. 535.5 X 63.0 X 26.8. I.H.P. 20,000 — 21½ knots.ST. PAUL (Tw. Sc.). — American built, 1895. R.T. 11,629. Ds. 535.5 X 63.0 x 26.8. I.H.P. 20,000 — 21½ knots.

PHILADELPHIA (Tw. Sc.). — Glasgow, 1888. R.T. 10,803. Ds. 527.6 X 63.2 X 32.0. I.H.P. 20,000 — 20½ knots.NEW YORK (Tw. Sc.). — Same as Philadelphia.

HAVERFORD (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast. R.T. 11500. Ds. 530-0 x 59.0 x 39.0.MERLON (Tw. Sc.). — Same as Haverford.

108

AMERICAN LINE (2) LIVERPOOL — PHILADELPHIA (via QUEENSTOWN)

WESTERNLAND. — R.T. 5,783. Ds. 455.0 x 47.0.PENNLAND. — Glasgow, 1870. R.T. 3,867. Ds. 361.2 X 41.1 X 26.0.NOORDLAND. — R.T. 5,212. Ds. 419.0 x 47.0.BELGENLAND. —RHYNLAND. —

AMERICAN-AUSTRALIAN LINE SAN FRANCISCO — HONOLULU & SYDNEY.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: (not specified).

SIERRA, SONOMA, VENTURA. — Philadelphia, 1900. R.T. 5,500. Ds. 398.0 X 50-0 X 38.0.ALAMEDA and MARIPOSA.-Philadelphia, 1883. R.T. 3,158. Ds. 314.0 x 41.0 X 17.3. 16 knots.AUSTRALIA. — Glasgow, 1875. R.T. 2,755. Ds. 376.9 X 37.4 x 18.7.

ANCHOR LINE GLASGOW — BOMBAY.GLASGOW — NEW YORK (via MOVILLE).MEDITERRANEAN — NEW YORK.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: White with Red Anchor.

CITY OF ROME. — Barrow, 1881. R.T. 8,453. Ds. 560.2 x 52.3 x 37.0.COLUMBIA. — R.T. 8,000.FURNESSIA. — R.T. 5,495. I.H.P. 3,856.ASTORIA. — R.T. 5,086. I.H.P. 4,200.

ASSYRIA. — Glasgow, 1900. R.T. 6,280. D. 450 0 X 55.0 X 30.0.

109

ALGERIA, R.T. 4,510, H.P. 3,000; ALSATIA, R.T. 2,766, H.P. 1,938; ANCHORIA, R.T. 4,156, H.P. 2,854; ARABIA,R.T. 3,598, H.P. 1,920; AR-MENIA, R.T. 3,395, H.P. 1,744; ASIA, R.T. 3,611, H.P. 1,920; AUSTRALIA, R.T. 3,595,H.P. 1,350; BAVARIA, R.T. 4,711, H.P. 3,256; BOHEMIA, R.T. 3,189, H.P. 2,000; BOLIVIA, R.T. 3,999, H.P. 2,914;BRITANNIA, R.T. 3,069, H.P. 1,451; CALABRIA, R.T. 4,500, H.P. 4,000; CALIFORNIA, R.T. 3,413, H.P. 1,653;COLUMBIA (building), H.P. 10,000; DALMATIA, R.T. 3,318, H.P. 1,700; ETHIOPIA, R.T. 4,004, H.P. 2,846;HESPERIA, R.T. 2,993, H.P. 1,312; HISPANIA, R.T. 3,380, H.P. 1,478; KARAMANIA, R.T. 3,148, H.P. 1,792;NUBIA, R.T. 3,551, H.P. 1,928; NUMIDIA, R.T. 6,399, H.P. 3,680; OLYMPIA (building) H.P. 3,200; PERSIA, R.T.3,596, H.P. 1,920; PERUGIA (building) H.P. 4,000; SCINDIA, R.T. 4,803, H.P. 3,111; SCOTIA, R.T. 2,846, H.P.I,100; VICTORIA, R.T. 3,358, H.P. 1,924.

ARGO S.S. CO. LONDON & HULL — BREMEN

FLEET.

ADLER, ALBATROSS, FALKE, MOWE, REIHER, SCHWAN, SCHWALBE, SPERBER, STRAUSS, CONDOR.

ATLANTIC TRANSPORT LINE LONDON — NEW YORK.

FUNNELS: Red with Black Top.HOUSE FLAG: Red, White and Blue horizontal Stripes with Stars of alternate colours.

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNEHAHA, MINNEWASKA, MINNETONKA. — Belfast, 1900. R.T. 13,402. Ds. 600.7 x65.5 X 39.7.MARQUETTE. — Glasgow. R.T. 7,057. Ds. 486.5 X 52.3 X 34.0. I.H.P- 5,000-13½ knots.MENOMINEE. — Glasgow. R.T. 6,919. Ds. 475 X 34.8 X 52.3. I.H.P. 5,000 — 13½ knots.MESABA. — Belfast. R.T. 6,833. Ds. 482.1 X 52.25 X 35.3. I.H.P. 5,000 — 14 knots.MANITOU. — Hartlepool. R.T. 6,849. Ds. 475.5 X 56.25 X 31.15. I.H.P. 5,000-13½ knots.

ATLAS LINE (Hamburg-American Line Owners)NEW YORK — KINGSTON, SAVANILLA, CARTAGENA, PORT LIMON & GREYTOWN.

FUNNELS: Buff.HOUSE FLAG: White Square.

FLEET.

ALTAI. — R.T. 2,480.ALLEGHANY. — R.T. 1,725.ADIRONDOCK. — R.T. 2,494.ALINE. — R.T. 2,293.ATHOS. — R.T. 1,994.ANDES. — R.T. 1,864.ALPS. — R.T. 1725.

110

AUSTRIAN LLOYD LINETRIESTE — MEDITERRANEAN PORTS, CONSTANTINOPLE & BLACK SEA

FUNNELS: BlackHOUSE FLAG: Blue with anchor and motto in gold.

FLEET.

IMPERATRIX, G.T. 4,194, H.P. 4,400; IMPERATOR, G.T. 4,119, H.P. 4,000; CLEOPATRA, G.T. 4,070, H.P. 5,000;SEMIRAMIS, G.T. 4,017, H.P. 5,000; HABSBURG, G.T. 4,014, H.P. 5,000; BOHEMIA, G.T. 4,000, H.P. 5,300;POSEIDON, G.T. 3,878, H.P. 3,147; AMPHITRITE, G.T. 3,820, H.P. 3,147; ELEKTRA, G.T. 3,185, H.P. 1,990;MARIA TERESA, G.T. 3,042, H.P. 1,990; ORION, G.T. 2,841, H.P. 1,732; STYRIA, G.T. 2,771, H.P. 1,850;CARINTHIA, G.T. 2,771, H.P. 1,850; CARNIOLIA, G.T. 2,771, H.P. 1,850; TIROL, G.T. 2,771, H.P. 1,850;BUCOVINA, G.T. 2,771, H.P. 1,850; URANO, G.T. 2,618, H.P. 1,684; VORWÆRTS, G.T. 2,476, H.P. 2,300;THALIA, G.T. 2.371, H.P. 2,554; EUTERPE, G.T. 2,296, H.P. 2,633; HUNGARIA, G.T. 2,011. H.P. 1,521;ACHILLE, G.T. 1,964, H.P. 1,517; HELIOS, G.T. 1,956, H.P. 1,499; ETTORE, G.T. 1,935, H.P. 1,517; DAPHNE,G.T. 1,902, H.P. 1,291; AGLAJA, G.T. 1,898, H.P. 1,291; CASTORE, G.T. 1,839, H.P. 1,132; AURORA, G.T. 1,829,H.P. 1,560; MEDEA, G.T. 1,826, H.P. 1,291; ESPERO, G.T. 1,822, H.P. 1,417; SATURNO, G.T. 1,812, H.P. 1,337;VENUS, G.T. 1,811 H.P. 1,560; VESTA, G.T. 1,810, H.P. 1,417; TEBE, G.T. 1,769, H.P. 910; APOLLO, G.T. 1,710,H.P. 1,243, JUPITER, G.T. 1,708, H.P. 1,337; JUNO, G.T. 1,685; H.P. 1,243; FLORA, G.T. 1,372, H.P. 812;SELENE, G.T. 1,347, H.P. 751; GALATEA, G.T. 1,339, H.P. 892, LEDA, G.T. 1,329, H.P. 751; THETIS, G.T.1,133, H.P. 685; GRAF WURMBRAND (Tw. Sc.), G.T. 952, H.P. 2,500; METCOVICH, G.T. 879, H.P. 700;ALMISSA, G.T. 859, H.P. 800; DANUBIO, G.T. 817; H.P. 800; SULTAN, G.T. 752, H.P. 700; BOSNIA, G.T. 370,H.P. 650; AUSTRIA, G.T. 6,500, H.P. 3,400: ERZH. FRANZ FERDINAND, G.T. 6,043, H.P. 3,859; CHINA, G.T.5,400, H.P. 3,000; NIPPON, G.T. 5,600, H.P. 3,000; SILESIA, G.T. 5,159, H P. 2,500; TRIESTE, G.T. 5,095, H.P.3,200; MARQ. BACQUE-HEM, G.T. 4,409, H.P. 2,800; VINDOBONA, G.T. 4,351, H.P. 2,800; GISELA, G.T.4,253, H.P. 2,800; MARIA VALERIE, G.T. 4,235, H.P. 2,800; MORAVIA, G.T. 3,504, H.P. 1,760; MELPOMENE,G.T. 2,968, H.P. 1,854; INDIA, G.T. 2,650, H.P. 1,600; ISTRIA, G.T. 2,507, H.P. 1,300; POLLUCE, G.T. 2,046, H.P.1,500; CALIPSO, G.T. 1,702, H.P. 800; PERSIA (building), G.T. 6,000, H.P. 3,500; ASIA (Tw. Sc,), G.T. 4,800, H.P.4,300; AFRICA (Tw. Sc,), G.T. 4,400, H.P. 4,000; DALMATIA, G.T. 2,950, H.P. 2,200; GORICIA, G.T. 2,950, H.P.2,200; SALZBURG, G.T. 2,950, H.P. 2,200; GALICIA, G.T. 2,771, H.P. 1,850.

BAILEY & LEETHAM LINE LONDON — ST. PETERSBURG.

FUNNELS: White, perpendicular Black Stripe and Black Top.HOUSE FLAG: Square White, Red St. George Cross, Red Centre.

FLEET.

URIA. — R.T. 1,407.JAFFA. — R.T. 1,594.ZARA. — R.T. 1,566.

BEAVER LINE LIVERPOOL — QUEBEC & MONTREAL.

FUNNELS: Black, with two White Bands.

111

HOUSE FLAG: Blue with White Centre, containing a Beaver in Black.

LAKE ONTARIO. — Sunderland, 1887. R.T. 4,289. Ds. 400,0 x 44.2 X 24.2. Sp. 13 knots.LAKE SUPERIOR. — Glasgow, 1884. R.T. 4,562. Ds. 400.0 x 44.2 X 24.2. Sp. 13 knots.LAKE MEGANTIC. — Dumbarton, 1884. R.T. 5,060. Ds. 439.6 X 46.3 X 28.9.LAKE ERIE (Tw. Sc.). — Glasgow, 1900. R.T. 7,550. Ds. 446.0 X 52.0 X 35.5.LAKE CHAMPLAIN (Tw. Sc.). — Glasgow, 1900. R.T. 6,546. Ds. 446.0 X 52.0 X 27.8.LAKE SIMCOE. — Not specified.MONTROSE. — Middlesboro', 1897. R.T. 5,440. Ds. 444.3 X 52.0 x 27.5.MONTEREY. — Not specified.MONTEAGLE (Tw. Sc.). — Newcastle, 1899. R.T. 6,955. Ds. 445.0 X 52.2 X 27.7.

BELGIAN STATE RAILWAYS DOVER — OSTEND.

FLEET.

RAPIDE,LEOPOLD II,MARIE HENRIETTE,PRINCESSE CLEMENTINE,PRINCESSE HENRIETTE,PRINCESSE JOSEPHINE,PRINCE ALBERT,LA FLANDRE.

BENNETT LINE GOOLE & LONDON — BOULOGNE.

HOUSE FLAG: Black with Red Cross.FUNNELS: White with Blue Border and Red Cross.

FLEET.

CHINA. — Not specified.BURMA. — R.T. 760.INDIA. — R.T. 760.COREA. — R.T. 760.

BIBBY LINE LIVERPOOL — RANGOON & TUTICORIN.

FUNNELS: Yellow with horizontal Red Stripes, Black Top.HOUSE FLAG: Square Red.

STAFFORDSHIRE (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1894. R.T. 6,005. Ds- 445.5 x 49.1 x 29.9. I.H.P. 4,000 — 14 knots.WARWICKSHIRE. — Belfast, 1901. R.T. 7,820. Ds. 470.0 x 58.0 x 30.5. I.H.P. 5,500 — 14½ knots.DERBYSHIRE (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1897. R.T. 6,635. Ds. 445.5 X 52.2 X 29.9. I.H.P. 5,000 — 14 knots.

112

SHROPSHIRE (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1891. R.T. 5,721, De. 445.5 x 49.1 x 29.7. I.H.P. 4,000 — 14 knots.CHESHIRE. — Belfast, 1891. R.T. 5,775. Ds. 445.5 X 49.1 X 29.7. I.H.P. 4,000 — 14 knots.LANCASHIRE. — Belfast, 1889. R.T. 4,244. Ds, 400.7 X 45.2 X 28.1. I.H.P. 3,800 — 14 knots.YORKSHIRE. — Belfast. R.T. 4,261. Ds. 400.7 X 45.2 X 28.2. I.H.P. 3,500 — 14 knots.

BRITISH & AFRICAN STEAM NAVIGATION CO.LIVERPOOL — WEST AFRICAN PORTS, MADEIRA, & THE CANARIES.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: Blue Burgee with White Cross.

ALBERTVILLE. — Middlesboro', 1897 — R.T. 3,805. Ds, 351.9 x 39.5 x 19.6. I.H.P. 2,000 — 12 knots.

BIAFRA. — Middlesboro', 1895 — R.T. 3,363. Ds. 332 X 43.2 X 23. I.H.P. 1,100 — 11 knots.

MONMOUTH, R.T. 7,300; AKABO, R.T. 4,000; MONTROSE, R.T. 5,410; ALBERTVILLE, R.T. 3,500; NIGERIA,R.T. 5,200; SEKONDI, R.T. 5,000; FANTEE, R.T. 5,000; SOBO, R.T. 5,000; JEBBA, R.T. 5,000; BIAFRA, R.T.4,000; ILARO, R.T. 3,500 ; ANGOLA, R.T. 2,800 ; DAHOMEY, R.T. 2,800 ; CABENDA, R.T. 2,777 ;COOMASSIE, R.T. 2,625 ; ETOLIA, R.T. 3,270; ETHIOPIA, R.T. 2,523; WARRI, R.T. 4,000; ANCOBRA, R.T.4,000; LYCIA, R.T. 3,282; MAYUMBA, R.T. 2,516; MEMNON, R.T. 3,176; LOANGO, R.T. 2,935; PALMAS, R.T.2,428; MONROVIA, R.T. 2,402; BENIN, R.T. 2,223; NIGER, R.T. 1,958; CONGO, R.T. 1,800; ELMINA, R.T.1,764; MANDINGO, R.T. 1,700; WHYDAH, R.T. 1,800; AKASSA, R.T. 1,466; BIDA, R. T. 1,000; KANO, R.T.1,000; KWARRA, R.T. 812; ILORIN, R.T. 1,000; ASABA, R.T. 1,000; EKO, R.T. 400; IDDO, R.T. 1,000; EGGA,R.T. 1,000; HAUSSA, R.T. 1,000; OLENDA, R.T. 3,000; AXIM, R.T. 3,000; BAKANA, R.T. 3,000; BATANGA, R.T.3,000; BATHURST, R.T. 3,000; ACCRA, R.T. 3,000; VOLTA, R.T. 3,000; LOANDA, R.T. 3,000; BONNY, R.T.3,000; BOMA, R.T. 3,000; TENERIFFE, R.T. 2,200; MADEIRA, R.T. 2,200; ROQUELLE, R.T. 2,500; LAGOS, R.T.2,000; SHERBRO, R.T. 1,800; MONTREAL, R.T. 7,000; BURUTU (building), R.T. 5,200; AKABO (building), R.T.5,200; TARQUAH (building), R.T. 5,200; MONMOUTH, R.T. 4,500; MONTAUK, R.T. 4,500; SANGARA, R.T.3,000; PRAH, R.T. 3,000; BORNU, R.T. 3,000; SOKOTO, R.T. 3,000; ORON, R.T. 3,000; BENGUELA, R.T. 1,860;CAMEROON, R.T. 1.860; DODO, R.T. 500; FORCADOS, R.T. 455; LAGOON, R.T. 720; EKURO, R.T. 500;DELTA, R.T. 500.

BRITISH & COLONIAL LINE LONDON — NATAL (via MADEIRA & CAPE).

FUNNELS: Black with Red B on White Band.HOUSE FLAG: Red Border with Red B on White ground.

FLEET. JOHANNESBURG. FORT SALISBURY. BULUWAYO.

113

BRITISH INDIA LINE

FUNNELS: Black with two White Bands.HOUSE FLAG: White Burgee with Diagonal Red Cross.

JELUNGA. — Dumbarton, 1890. R.T. 5,186. Ds. 410.5 X 48.2 X 30.5. Sp. 14½ knots.GOLCONDA. — Sunderland, 1887. R.T. 5,874. Ds. 422.0 X 48.1 X 24.0. Sp. 13½ knots.REWA. — Glasgow, 1882. R.T. 3,922. Dc. 390.0 X 43.6 X 27.6. Sp. 12½ knots.MOMBASSA. — Sunderland, 1889. R.T. 4,662. Ds. 404.0 X 47.3 X 20.1. Sp. 12½ knots.AVOCA. — Dumbarton, 1891. R.T. 5,324. Ds. 420.0 X 48.2 X 30.6. Sp. 14 knots.DILWARA. — Glasgow, 1891. R.T. 5,441. Ds. 425.4 X 48.2 X 30.6. Sp. 14 knots.INDIA. — Dumbarton, 1881. R.T. 4,074. Ds. 390.0 X 42.2 X 21.6. Sp. 12½ knots.DIMERA. — Not specified.MATIANA. — Glasgow, 1894. R.T. 5,264. Ds. 420.4 X 49.1 X 29.5. Sp. 13 knots.MANORA. — Dumbarton, 1883. R.T. 4,697. Ds. 4100 X 45.2 X 21.7. Sp. 13 knots.GOORKHA. — Dumbarton, 1882. R.T. 4,107. Ds. 390.0 X 42.2 X 21.6. Sp. 12; knots.JUMNA. — Dumbarton, 1886. R.T. 4,749. Ds. 410.5 X 48.2 X 22.4. Sp. 13½ knots.

(And a large fleet employed in the Intercolonial trade.)

CANADIAN-AUSTRALIAN LINE VANCOUVER — SYDNEY (via HONOLULU).

FLEET.

AORANGI. — Glasgow, 1883. R.T. 4,268. Ds. 389 X 46 X 33.4. I.H.P. 5,000 — 16 knots.WARRIMOO. — Newcastle, 1892. R.T. 3,326. Ds. 360 X 42-2 X 28. I.H.P. 4,500 — 17 knots.MIOWERA. — Newcastle, 1892. R.T. 3,393. Ds. 360 X 42.2 X 28. I.H.P. 4,500 — 15 knots.

CANADIAN-PACIFIC SS. CO. VANCOUVER — YOKOHAMA.

FUNNELS: Yellow.HOUSE FLAG: Divided into Six Squares, alternately Red and White.

114

EMPRESS OF INDIA, EMPRESS OF CHINA, EMPRESS OF JAPAN. — Barrow, 1891. R.T. 5,905, Ds. 485 x 51 X33.1. I.H.P. 10,000 — 18 knots.

CARRON LINE LONDON — BO'NESS & GRANGEMOUTH.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: Square Red with Company's Device in centre.

FLEET.

AVON. — R.T. 1,722. FORTH. — R.T. 929.GRANGE. — R.T. 1,518. CARRON. — R.T. 695.THAMES. — R.T. 929. CAROLINE. — R.T. 674.

CLYDE SHIPPING CO. LONDON — GLASGOW (via BELFAST).

FUNNELS: Black.

ARANMORE. — R.T. 1,170 PORTLAND. — R.T. 1,138.COPELAND. — R.T. 1,184 RATHLIN. — R.T. 945.DUNGENESS.-R.T. I,183. SALTEES. — R.T. 1,245.EDDYSTONE.-R.T. 1,036. SANDA. — R.T. 1,154.FASTNET. — R.T. 1,158. SKERRYVORE. — R.T. 1,226.GARMOYLE. — R.T. 1,229. TOWARD. — R.T. 1,245.LIZARD. — R.T. 1,176. TUSKAR. — R.T. 1,159.PLADDA. — R.T. 1,169. VALENTIA. — R.T. 446.

COMPAGNIE BELGE MARITIME DU CONGO ANTWERP & CONGO PORTS.

FLEET.

ALBERTVILLE. PHILLIPVILLE. BRUXELLESVILLE.

COMPAGNIE GEN. TRANSATLANTIQUE HAVRE — NEW YORK.

FUNNELS: Red with Black TopsHOUSE FLAG: White Square with Red Ball and Name as above in Red.

LA LORAINE & LA SAVOIE. — St. Nazaire, 1900. R.T. 11,200. Ds. 563.1 X 60.0 X 35.9. Sp. 21 knots.LA TOURAINE (Tw. Sc.). — 1890. R.T. 8,893. Ds. 520-2 X 56.0 X 34.6.LA CHAMPAGNE. — 1885. R.T. 7,087. Ds. 493.4 X51.8 X 34.5.LA NORMANDIE. — Barrow, 1882. R.T. 6,283. Ds, 459.3 X 49.2 X 34.1.L'ACQUITAINE (Tw. Sc.). — Glasgow, 1890. R.T. 8,242. Ds. 500.0 X 57.5 X 34.0. Sp. 19 knots.

115

LA BRETAGNE. — 1886. R.T. 7,112. Ds. 4954 X 51.8 X 34.5.LA NAVARRE (Tw. Sc.). — 1892. R.T. 6,648. Ds. 471.0 X 50.5 X 36.4.

LA GASCOIGNE. — 1886. R.T. 7,395, Ds. 495 4 X 52.2 X 34.8.

COMPANIA TRANSATLANTICA LIVERPOOL — MANILLA (via SPANISH PORTS).

FLEET.

ALICANTE. MONTE VIDEO.P. DE SATRUSTEGUI. ISLA DE LUZON.BUENOS AIRES. ISLA DE PANAY.

CUNARD LINE LIVERPOOL — NEW YORK (via QUEENSTOWN).

FUNNELS: Red with Black Band and two Black Lines beneath.HOUSE FLAG: Red with Lion holding Globe in Gold.

CAMPANIA. — Glasgow, 1893, R.T. 12,950. Ds. 601 X 65.2 X 37.8. I.H.P. 28,000 — 22 knots.LUCANIA. — (Same as Campania).

UMBRIA. — Glasgow, 1884. R.T. 8,128. Ds. 501.6 X 57.2 X 38.2. I.H.P. 15,000 — 20 knots.ETRURIA. — (Same as Umbria).

116

IVERNIA. — Wallsend, 1900. R.T. 13,800. Ds. 600 X 64.6 x 41.6. I.H.P. 10,000 — 15 knots.SAXONIA (Tw. So.). — Clydebank. R.T. 13,963. Ds. 600.0 X 64.3 X 41.6. I.H.P. 10,000 — 15 knots.

ULTONIA (Tw. Sc.). — Wallsend, 1898. R.T. 8,845. Ds. 500.0 X 57.4 X 33.9. I.H.P. 4,500 — 13 knots.CARPATHIA. — 1902. R.T. 12,000.CATALONIA. — Glasgow, 1881. R.T. 4,841. Ds. 429.6 X 43.0 X 33.8. I.H.P. 2,700 — 13 knots.

CITY LINE GLASGOW & LIVERPOOL — BOMBAY & KURRACHEE.

FUNNELS: Yellow Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: Red with initials SS in white.

CITY OF ATHENS. — R.T. 5,160.CITY OF BENARES (building). — R.T. 6,200.CITY OF BOMBAY. — R.T. 4,548.CITY OF CAMBRIDGE.--R.T. 3,844.CITY OF CORINTH. — R.T. 5,443.CITY OF DELHI.-R.T. 4,443.CITY OF DUNDEE. — R.T. 3,427.CITY OF KHIOS. — R.T. 3,496.CITY OF LUCKNOW. — R.T. 3,669.CITY OF MADRID. — R.T. 4,899.CITY OF OXFORD. — R.T. 4,019.CITY OF PERTH. — R.T. 3,427.CITY OF SPARTA. — R.T. 5,179.CITY OF VENICE. — R.T. 3,456.CITY OF VIENNA. — R.T. 4,672.

DEUTSCHE OST-AFRIKA LINEHAMBURG — NATAL (via ANTWERP, ROTTERDAM, & SUEZ CANAL).

FUNNELS: Yellow with Black Tops and Red Band.HOUSE FLAG: Yellow with Black, White and Red Diamonds in centre.

FLEET.

KOENIG. REICHSTAG.HERZOG. BUNDESRATH.KANZLER. PRÆSIDENT.KAISER. SULTAN.

117

KRONPRINZ. SETOS.GOUVERNEUR. SAFARI.ADMIRAL. PETERS.GENERAL.

DOMINION LINE LIVERPOOL — BOSTON.LIVERPOOL — QUEBEC & MONTREAL

FUNNELS: Red, with Black Tops and White Band.HOUSE FLAG: Red Pennant with White Diamond enclosing Blue Ball.

CANADA. — Belfast, 1896. R.T. 8,806. Ds. 500.4 X 58.2 X 31.1. Sp. 16 knots.

COMMONWEALTH. — Belfast. R.T. 13,000. Ds. 600 X 59'3 X 40. Sp. 16 knots.NEW ENGLAND (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1898, R.T. 11,394. Ds. 550.3 X 59.3 X 35.9.DOMINION (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1894. R.T, 6,618. Ds. 445.5 X 50.2 X 29.9.

CAMBROMAN. — Birkenhead, 1892. R.T. 4,920. Ds. 429.9 x 46.3 x 30.1.COLUMBUS, VANCOUVER, LABRADOR (Bldg.).

DUNDEE, PERTH & LONDON SHIPPING CO. LONDON — DUNDEE, ETC.

FUNNELS: Red with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: Square Blue.

FLEET.

LONDON. — R.T. 1,700. H.P. 3,000.PERTH. — R.T. 1,700. H.P. 3,000.DUNDEE. — R.T. 1,300. H.P. 2,000.

FINLAND LINE HULL TO FINLAND (via COPENHAGEN).

(NO details specified.)

118

FORWOOD LINE LONDON — MADEIRA & WEST AFRICA.

FLEET.

ZWEENA. — R.T. 1,618.MOROCCO. — R.T. 2,042.ORATAVA. — R.T. 1,621.TELDE. — R.T. 1,461.WOZZAN. — R.T. 1,484.

FURNESS LINE LONDON — HALIFAX.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: Union Jack with small F on White Square in centre.

FLEET.

EVANGELINE. LOYALIST.DAHOME. — Middlesboro'. R.T. 2,854. Ds. 312 X 40 X 24.6. I.H.P. 1,200 — 10 knots.

GENERAL STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LONDON & HARWICH — CONTINENT:LONDON — BORDEAUX & MEDITERRANEAN:LONDON — EDINBURGH.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: White Square, Red Globe in centre. Red initials in corner: G.S.N. Co.

FLEET.

ADJUTANT, ALBATROSS, AUK, BENBOW, BITTERN, CAPULET, CONDOR, CORMORANT, CYGNET,EGRET, FALCON, GANNET, GRANTON, GREBE, GUILLEMOT, HERON, HIRONDELLE, IRIS,LAPWING, LINNET, MALLARD, MERLIN, NAUTILUS, OSPREY, PEREGRINE, PETREL, PLOVER,PRESTON, PTARMIGAN, RAINBOW, RAVEN, REDSTART, SEAMEW, SHELDRAKE, STARLING, SWAN,SWALLOW, SWIFT, TEAL, TERN, TETUAN, VIRGO, WIDGEON.

SALOON PASSENGER STEAMERS.

EAGLE, HALCYON, LAVEROCK, MAVIS, ORIOLE, PHILOMEL. Steam Tender — GULL.

GLEN LINE LONDON — YOKOHAMA (via STRAITS).

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: Blue Burgee with White Circle enclosing initial G in Blue.

FLEET.

GLENROY. GLENSHIEL. GLENGARRY.GLENFARG. GLENARTNEY. GLENESK.GLENOGLE. GLENLOCHY. GLENLOGAN.GLENGYLE. GLENTURRET.

GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY CO. HARWICH — HOOK OF HOLLAND & ANTWERP.

FLEET.

AMSTERDAM, VIENNA, BERLIN, DRESDEN CHELMSFORD, CAMBRIDGE, COLCHESTER.

119

GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY CO. WEYMOUTH — GUERNSEY & JERSEY.

FLEET.

IBEX, ROEBUCK.

HAMBURG-AMERICAN LINEHAMBURG — NEW YORK (via CHERBOURG & SOUTHAMPTON).HAMBURG — NEW YORK (via BOULOGNE).GENOA — NEW YORK.SOUTHAMPTON — YOKOHAMA.SOUTHAMPTON — AUSTRALIA.

FUNNELS: Bug on Express Steamers, Black on Intermediate.HOUSE FLAG: Square divided diagonally into quarters, alternately Blue and White & Shield with Letters H. A. P. A,Co. superimposed on an anchor.

DEUTSCHLAND (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1900. R.T. 16,502. DS. 662.7 X 67.0 X 40.8.

AUGUSTA VICTORIA (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1889. R.T. 7,148. Ds. 459.3 X 55.7 X 33.8. Sp. 18. knots.

PENNSYLVANIA (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1896. R.T. 13,333. Ds. 559.4 X 62.2 X 30.0.

FUERST BISMARCK (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1890. R.T. 8,430. Ds. 504.4 X 57.6 X 34.1.PRETORIA (Tw. Sc.). — Hamburg, 1897. R.T. 13,190. Ds. 561.0 x 62.2 X 37.9.

120

PATRICIA (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1899. R.T. 13,424. Ds. 584.0 X 62.3 X 37.1.COLUMBIA (Tw. Sc.). — Birkenhead, 1889. R.T. 7,241. Ds. 463.5 X 55.6 X 35.5.

PRINCESSIN VICTORIA LUISE (Tw. Sc.). — (Cruising Yacht). R.T. 5,000. Ds. 450.0 X 47M X 30.0.BLUCHER, MOLTKE. — 1902. R.T. 12,372.

OTHER TWIN-SCREW PASSENGER STEAMERS.

ALESIA, R.T 5,167; AMBRIA, R.T. 5,148 ; ARAGONIA, R.T. 5198; BATAVIA, R.T. 11,046 ; BELGIA, R.T. 7,507;BELGRAVIA R.T. 10,982; R.T. 13,193; HAMBURG, R.T. 10,600; KIAUTSCHOU, R.T. 10,911; PALATIA, R.T.7,979; PHOENICIA, R.T. 7,412.

OTHER STEAMERS.

ABESSINIA, R.T. 5,697; ACILIA, R.T. 5,697; ADRIA, R.T. 5,472; ALEXANDRIA, R.T. 5,697; ALLEMANNIA,R.T. 1,818; ANDALUSIA, R.T. 5,441; ARCADIA, R.T. 5,454; ARMENIA, R.T. 5,471; ARTEMISIA, R.T. 5,697;ASCANIA, R.T. 2,046; ASSYRIA, R.T. 6,581; ASTURIA, R.T. 5,290; ATHEN, R.T. 2,199; ATHESIA, R.T. 5,751;AUS-TRALIA, R.T. 2,151; BENGALIA, R.T. 7,661; BETHANIA, R.T. 7,492; BOLIVIA, R.T. 2,646; BOSNIA, R.T.7,437; BRISGAVIA, R.T. 7,419; CALABRIA, R.T. 3,004; CANADIA, R.T. 2,404; CASTILIA, R.T. 2,911; C. FERD.LAEISZ, R.T. 5,872; CHERUSKIA, R.T. 3,254; CHRISTIANIA, R.T. 2,811; CONSTANTIA, R.T. 2,997; CROATIA,R.T. 1,991; DACIA, R.T. 3,511; DORTMUND, R.T. 5,150; ETRURIA, R.T. 4,408; FLANDRIA, R.T. 2,041;FRANCIA, R.T. 2,110; FRISIA, R.T. 3,738; GALICIA, R.T. 2,860; GEORGIA, R.T. 3,143; GOUVERNEURJAESCHKE, R.T. 1,738; GRANADA, R.T. 5,125; HELLAS, R.T. 2,458; HELVETIA, R.T. 2,825; HERCYNIA, R.T.2,630; HISPANIA, R.T. 2,578; HOERDE, R.T. 5,150; HOLSATIA, R.T. 3,349; HUNGARIA, R.T. 1,991; ITHAKA,R.T. 2.268; KARTHAGO, R.T. 2,860; LYDIA, R.T. 2,734; MACEDONIA, R.T. 4,304; MARKOMANNIA, R.T.3,335; NASSOVIA, R.T. 3,858; NAUPLIA, R.T. 3,500; NICARIA, R.T. 3,500; NICOMEDIA, R.T. 4,250; NUBIA,R.T. 3,494; NUMANTIA, R.T. 4,250; NUMIDIA, R.T. 3,044; PARTHIA, R.T. 2,727; POLARIA, R.T. 2,673;POLYNESIA, R.T. 2,171; PONTOS, R.T. 5,679; RHENANIA, R.T. 1,820; SAMBIA, R.T. 5,623; SARDINIA, R.T.3,601; SARNIA, R.T. 3,206; SAVOIA, R.T. 2,595; SAXONIA, R.T. 5,176; SCOTIA. R.T. 2,558; SEGOVIA, R.T.5,872; SERBIA, R.T. 3,694; SEVILLA, R.T. 5,135; SIBIRIA, R.T. 3,347; SICILIA, R.T. 2,922; SILESIA, R.T. 4,861;SILVIA, R.T. 6,700; SITHONIA, R.T. 6,700; SPARTA, R.T. 2,832; SUEVIA, R.T. 4,149; SYRIA, R.T. 3,607;TEUTONIA, R.T. 3,066; TROJA, R.T. 2,719; VALDIVIA, R.T. 2,176; VALENCIA, R.T. 2,194; VALESIA, R.T.2,295; WESTPHALIA, R.T. 3,095.

HOLLAND-AMERICA LINE ROTTERDAM — NEW YORK (via BOULOGNE).

FUNNELS: Yellow with White Stripe and Green Bands.HOUSE FLAG: Green Stripes, with NASM on White Stripe.

121

POTSDAM, RIJNDAM and NOORDAM (Tw. Sc.). — T. 12,500. R.T. 12,600. Ds. 565.0 x 62.0 x 46.0.STATENDAM. — Belfast, 1900. R.T. 10,475. Ds. 513.3 X 59.8 X 23.8.ROTTERDAM (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1897. R.T. 8,200. Ds. 467.9 X 53.0 X 22.0. H.P. — 15 knots.SPAARNDAM. — Belfast, 1881. R.T. 4,539. Ds. 427.8 X 41.9 X 32.0. H.P. — 13 knots.AMSTERDAM. — Belfast, 1879. R.T. 3,629. Ds. 410.3 X 39.0 X 28.9. H.P. — 13 knots.MAASDAM. — Belfast, 1871. R.T. 3,984. Ds. 420.0 X 40.9 X 31.0. H.P. — 13 knots.

HOULDER LINE LIVERPOOL — RIVER PLATE.

FUNNELS: Red with White Maltese Cross.HOUSE FLAG: Red with White Maltese Cross.

ROYSTON GRANGE. — R.T. 6,400. Ds. 370 X 47.6 X 30.9. I.H.P. 2,720 — 13 knots.HORNBY GRANGE. — Newcastle, 1890. R.T. 2,473. Ds. 300.0 X 40.3 X 19.9. I.H.P. 2,000 — 10½ knots.OVINGDEAN GRANGE. — Middlesboro', 1890. R.T. 2,413. Ds. 297.3 X 40.2 X 18.7. I.H.P. 2,000 — 10 knots.URMSTON GRANGE. — Belfast, 1894. R.T. 3,444. Ds. 340.0 X 46.5 X 17.6. I.H.P. 2,300 — 13 knots.LANGTON GRANGE. — Belfast, 1896. R.T. 5,803. Ds. 420.0 X 54.2 X 33.0. I.H.P. 3,250 — 13 knots.DRAYTON GRANGE (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1901. R.T. 6,500. Ds. 450.0 x 55.0 X 33.4. I.H.P. 3,500 — 13 knots.ELSTREE GRANGE. — Sunderland, 1892. R.T. 3,930. Ds. 365.0 x 45.0 X 30.0. I.H.P. 1,500 — 12 knots.BEACON GRANGE. — Belfast. R.T. 4,000. Ds. 3700 X 47.6 x 30.0. I.H.P. 2,720 — 13 knots.RIPPINGHAM GRANGE. — Belfast. R.T. 6,000. Ds. 420.0 X 54.2 x 33.0. I.H.P. 3,250 — 13 knots.OSWESTRY GRANGE (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1901. RT. 6,500. Ds. 450.0 X 55.0 X 33.4. I.H.P. 3,500 — 13 knots.SOUTHERN CROSS. — Belfast, 1892. R.T. 5,050. Ds. 400.4 X 48.1 x 29.6. I.H.P. 2,880 — 14 knots.

HOUSTON LINE LIVERPOOL — RIVER PLATE (BUENOS AYRES).

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: White Union Jack and Red Cross in centre, surmounted by letter H.

FLEET.

HELIADES.HORTENSIUS.HOSTILIUS.HYADES.HYANTHES.HYLAS.HELLOPES.HERACLIDES.HIPPOMENES. HELIOS.HERMES.HERMINIUS.HESPERIDES.HILARIUS.HONORIUS.HORATIUS.

122

HARMODIUS.HELLENES.

IMPERIAL WEST INDIA MAIL SERVICE BRISTOL — JAMAICA.

FUNNELS: Yellow.HOUSE FLAG: (Not specified.)

PORT ROYAL. — Middlesboro'-on-Tees, 1901. R.T. 4,455. Ds. 385 X 46.6 X 22. H.P. — 15 knots.PORT ANTONIO (Tw. Sc,), — Middlesboro'-on-Tees, 1901. R.T, 4,455. Ds. 385.0 x 46.6 x 22.0. H.P. — 15 knots.PORT MORANT (Tw. Sc.). — Glasgow, 1901. R.T. 2,900. Ds. 330.0 X 40.1 X 17.6. H.P. — 17 knots.PORT MARIA (Tw. Sc.). — R.T. 2.900. Ds. 334.7 X 35.0 X 24.0. H.P. — 15 knots.

LAMPORT AND HOLT LINE LIVERPOOL — RIVER PLATE & CALLAO.NEW YORK. — RIVER PLATE.

FUNNELS: Black Tops, White Band, Blue Base.

HOUSE FLAG: Two Red Stripes with White Band and initials L. & H. in Red.

FLEET.

CANOVA. GARRICK.CERVANTES. HOMER.CAVOUR. SALLUST.CANNING. ROMNEY.BELLAGIO.

LEYLAND LINE LIVERPOOL — BOSTON.

FUNNELS: Red with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: (Not specified.)

DEVONIAN. — Belfast, 1900. R.T. 10,418. Ds. 552.0 X 59.0 X 41.0.

123

WINIFREDAN. — Belfast. R.T. 10,405. Ds. 552.2 X 59.35 X 36.85. I.H.P. 5,500 — 14 knots.

ATLANTIAN. — Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1899. R.T. 9,300. Ds. 482.0 X 573.0 X 32 8. I.H.P. 3,500-12 knots.HANOVERIAN (building), R.T. 13,000; two new steamers (building), R.T. 12,000 each; CANADIAN, R.T. 9,301;INDIAN, R.T. 9,121; ARMENIAN, R.T. 8,825; VICTORIAN, 8,825; CESTRIAN, R.T. 8,823; BOHEMIAN, R.T.8,548; AMERICAN, RT. 8,195; EUROPEAN, R.T. 8,194; PINEMORE, R.T. 7,803; MAPLEMORE, R.T. 7,803;KINGSTONIAN, R.T. 7,000; COLONIAN (building), R.T. 6,600; CALI-FORNIAN (building), R.T. 6,600;CHICAGO, R.T. 6,438; CAMBRIAN, R.T. 5,626; COLOMBIAN, R.T. 5,613; ANTILLIAN, R.T. 5,608; ANGLIAN,R.T. 5,532; IBERIAN, R.T. 5,223; LANCASTRIAN , R.T. 5,120; PHILADELPHIAN, R.T. 5,120; COLUMBIAN,R.T. 5,088; GEORGIAN, R.T. 5,088; CALEDONIAN, R.T. 4,986; TAMPICAN, R.T. 4,833; BOSTONIAN, R.T.4,668; ALEXANDRIAN (building), R.T. 4,600; BARBADIAN, R.T. 4,501; JAMAICAN, R.T. 4,501; CUBAN, R.T.4,202; VIRGINIAN, R.T. 4,195; LOUISIANIAN, R.T. 3,642; NICARAGUAN, R.T. 3,642; DARIEN, R.T. 3,362;WILLIAM CLIFF, R.T. 3,352; FLORIDIAN, R.T. 3,257; TEXAN, R.T. 3,257; COSTA RICAN, R.T. 3,251;YUCATAN, R.T. 2,816; BERNARD HALL, R.T. 2,678.

LIVERPOOL & MARANHAM STEAMSHIP CO. LIVERPOOL — MARANHAM.LIVERPOOL — PARNAHIBA.

FUNNELS: Red with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: White with White and Blue Squares alternately.

FLEET.

BRUNSWICK. BOURBON.

LONDON, BRIGHTON AND SOUTH COAST RAILWAY CO. NEWHAVEN — DIEPPE & CAEN.

SUSSEX. — H.P. 5,000.ARUNDEL. — H.P. 5,000.FRANCE. — H.P. 5,000.MANCHE. — H.P. 5,000.TAMISE. — H.P. 5,000.SEINE. — H.P. 4,000.PARIS. — H.P. 3,500.BRITTANY. — H.P. 2,300.ROUEN. — H.P. 3,500.NORMANDY. — H.P. 2,700.

124

TOYO KISEN KAISHA SAN FRANCISCO — HONG KONG (via YOKOHAMA).

AMERICA MARU. — Newcastle, 1898. R.T. 6,210. Ds. 423 X 51.1 X 29.5.NIPPON MARU (Tw. Sc.). — Sunderland, 1898. R.T. 6,048. Ds. 431.0 x 50.7 x 29.7.HONG KONG MARQ (Tw. Sc,), — Sunderland, 1898, R.T. 5,878. Ds. 431.0 X 50.7 X 29.7.

MANCHESTER LINE MANCHESTER — QUEBEC & MONTREAL.

FLEET.

MANCHESTER MERCHANT. — R.T. 3,635.MANCHESTER COMMERCE. — R.T. 3,444.MANCHESTER CITY. — R.T. 3,727.MANCHESTER SHIPPER. — R.T. 2,542.MANCHESTER IMPORTER. — R.T. 2,538.MANCHESTER CORPORATION. — R.T. 3,586.MANCHESTER TRADER. — R.T. 2,136.

McIVER LINE LIVERPOOL — BUENOS AYRES.

FUNNELS: Red, Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: Square White with Red Diamond.

FLEET.

BRITTANY, SAXONY, NORMANDY, LOMBARDY, PATAPSCO, J. W. TAYLOR. Building — BARBARY,TARTARY, BURGUNDY.

MESSAGERIES MARITIMES MARSEILLES — AUSTRALIA (via COLOMBO & NEWCALEDONIA).

FUNNELS : Black.HOUSE FLAG: Square White, Red corners, with M M in, centre.

ARMAND BEHIC. — 1892. R.T. 6,467. Ds. 486.6 X 50.1 X 36.8. I-H.P. 7,200.POLYNESIAN--1890. R.T. 6,506. Ds. 482 x 49.2 X 34.1. I.H.P. 7,200.AUSTRALIEN. — 1889. R.T. 6,428. Ds. 482.3 X 49.2 X 34.1. I.H.P. 7,200.VILLE DE LA CIOTAT. — 1892. R.T. 6,461. Ds. 485.8 X 47.9 x 36.8. I.H.P. 7,200.PACIFIQUE.-1899. R.T. 2,379. Ds. 312.3 X 38 X 29.7. I.H.P. 2,000.

125

MOSS LINE LIVERPOOL — BORDEAUX, ALEXANDRIA & CONSTANTINOPLE.

FUNNELS: Black with White Band.HOUSE FLAG: Red Pennant with White Maltese Cross.

FLEET.

MEULS. — R.T. 2,495. ANUBIS. — R.T. 2,406.RAMESES. — R.T. 2,495. GUIENNE. — R.T 1,134.TABOR. — R.T. 2,406. GASCONY. — R.T. 1,134.

NATAL LINE LONDON — DURBAN, ETC.

FUNNELS: Yellow with Black Band and Black Top.HOUSE FLAG: Red with White Cross, and letters B. K. & Co. in centre.

FLEET.

UMVOTI. — R.T. 2,625. I.H.P. 2,000.UMFULI — R.T. 2,370. I.H.P. 1,300.UMTATA. — R.T. 2,655. I.H.P. 2,000.UMTALI. — R.T. 2,641. I.H.P. 2,000.UMGENI. — R.T. 2,662. I.H.P. 2,000.UMHLOTI. — R.T. 2,173. I.H.P. 3,000.UMBILO. — R. T. 1,923. I.H.P. 1,100.UMZINTO. — R.T. 1,802. I.H.P. 1,000.UMBAZI. — R.T. I,793. I.H.P. 1,000.UMKUZI. — R.T. 2,050. I.H.P. 1,000.

NAVIGAZIONE GENERALE ITALIANA GENOA — BOMBAY.GENOA — MEDITERRANEAN PORTS.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: White with Red St. George's Cross with word Postale in Black.

FLEET.

MANILLA. — Newcastle, 1873. R.T. 3,910. Ds. 399.5 x 42.2 x 28.4. I.H.P. 2,633 — 14 knots.RAFFEL RUBBATIONO. — Newcastle, 1882. R.T . 4,580. Ds. 399.3 x 44 x 31.4. I.H.P. 2,683 — 14 knots.DOM BALDUINO. — Newcastle, 1882. R.T. 4,580. Ds. 400.3 X 44.6 x 31.2. I.H.P. 3,555.SINGAPORE. — Newcastle, 1874. R.T. 3,685. Ds. 389.5 x 42.1 x 28.9. I.H.P. 1,827 — 14 knots.MARCO MINGHETTI. — Glasgow, 1876. R.T. 2,489. Ds. 350.7 X 36.8 X 25.7.ARCHIMEDE. — Glasgow, 1881. R.T. 2,853. Ds. 350.1 X 40 X 26.1.

(And a very large fleet of subsidiary steamers.)

NETHERLANDS STEAMBOAT CO. LONDON-ROTTERDAM.

FLEET.

BATAVIER I. — R.T. 731.BATAVIER II. — R.T. 1,096.BATAVIER III. — R.T. 1,096.

126

NEDERLAND STEAMSHIP CO. SOUTHAMPTON-STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

FLEET.

KONINGIN WILHELMINAPRINSES AMALIA.PRINSES SOPHIE.BURGEMEESTER DEN TEX.KONING WILLEM III. KONING WILLEM I.PRINS HENDRIK.KONINGIN REGENTES.KONING WILLEM II.

NEW ZEALAND SHIPPING CO. LONDON — NEW ZEALAND.

FUNNELS: Yellow.HOUSE FLAG: White with Red St. George's Cross and letters N. Z. S. Co. in each corner.

TONGARIRO. — 1901. R.T. 7,661. Ds. 457 X 58 X 34. I.H.P. 5,000 — 14 knots.PAPANUI. — R.T. 6,372. Ds, 430.0 X 54.0 X 30.1. I.H.P. 4,000 — 14 knots.PAPAROA. — (Tw. Sc.). R.T. 6,563. Ds. 400.0 X 54.0 X 30.1. I.H.P. 4,000 — 14 knots.RAXAIA. — Newcastle, 1895. R.T. 5,628. Ds. 420.0 X 54.0 X 28.7. H.P.-12 knots.WAIMATE. — Newcastle, 1896. R.T. 5,610, Ds. 420.0 X 54.0 X 28.6. H.P.-12 knots.WAKANUI. — R.T. 5,706. Ds. 420.0 X 54.0 X 28.6. I.H.P. 3,500 — 12 knots,WAKATANE. — R.T. 5,700. Ds. 4200 X 54.0 X 28.6. I.H.P. 3,500 — 12 knots.WAIKATO. — R.T. 4,767. Ds. 4000 X 48.0 X 21.7. I.H.P. 2,000 — 10 knots.TEKOA. — R.T. 4,050. Ds. 365.1 X 47.1 X 26.5. I.H.P. 2,000 — 10 knots.OTARAMA. — R.T. 3,808. Ds- 365.0 X 44.2 X 19.4. I.H.P. 2,000 — 10 knots.RIMUTAKA (TW. Sc.). — 1901. R.T. 7,765. Ds. 457.7 X 58.25 X 30.8. I.H.P. 5,000 — 14 knots.RUAPEKU.RUAHINE.

NIPPON YUSEN KAISHA LONDON & ANTWERP — YOKOHAMA.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: White with Red Cross. Red Dagger in upper corner.

127

AWA MARU. — R.T. 6,000. Ds. 445.0 X 49.4 X 30.4. Sp. 14 knots.INABA MARU, R.T. 6,000; SHINANO MARU, R.T. 6,000; HITACHI MARU, R.T. 6,000; WAKASA MARU, R.T.6,000; KANAGAWA MARU, R.T. 6,000; SADO MARU, R.T. 6,000; KAWACHI MARU, R.T. 6,000; BINGOMARU, R.T. 6,000; TAMBA MARU, R.T. 6,000; SANUKI MARU, R.T. 6,000; HAKATA MARU, R.T. 6,000.

NORD-DEUTSCHER LLOYD BREMEN — BALTIMORE.BREMEN — RIVER PLATE (via SOUTHAMPTON).BREMEN — AUSTRALIA (via SOUTHAMPTON).

FUNNELS: Yellow.HOUSE FLAG: White with crossed Key and Anchor under Wreath in Blue.

KRONPRINZ WILHELM. — Stettin, 1901. R.T. 15,000. Length 630.0 ft. I.H.P. 33,000.

KAISER WILHELM II. — Stettin, 1902. R.T. 19,500. Length 706.5 ft. I.H.P. 38,000.KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE. — Stettin, 1897. R.T. 14,350. Ds. 648.6 x 66.0 x 43.0. I.H.P. 28,000 2235 knots.

GROSSER KURFUERST. — Danzig, 1899. R.T. 12,500.

BREMEN AND BARBAROSSA. — Danzig, 1897. R.T. 10,500. Ds. 525.1 X 60.3 X 34.8. I.H.P. 8,000 — 17 knots.

128

LAHN. — Glasgow, 1887. R.T. 5,351. Ds. 448.4 X 490. X 34.9. I.H.P. 9,000 — 181 knots.TRAVE. — Glasgow, 1886. R.T. 5,222. Ds. 438 X 48 X 34.6. I.H.P. 9,000 — 18 knots.ALLER. — Glasgow, 1886. R.T. 5,217. Ds. 438 X 48 X 34.6. I.H.P. 7,000 — 17½ knots.

KAISER FRIEDRICH. — Elbling, 1897. R.T. 12,480. Ds. 581.7 X 63.9 x 44. I.H.P. 27,000 — 22 knots.

KAISERIN MARIA THERESA (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1890. R.T. 8,286. Ds. 528.4 X 5F8 X 36.9. I.H.P. 17,500 — 19knots.KOENIGIN LOUISE (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1896. R.T. 10,566. Ds. 525.0 x 60.0 X 34.8. I.H.P. 7,000-16 knots.FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1896. R.T. 10,536. Ds. 523 X 60M X 34.8. I.H.P. 7,000 — 16knots.

KOENIG ALBERT (Tw. Sc.). — Stettin, 1899. R.T. 10,000.

MAINZ. — R.T. 3,204. I.H.P. 1,500.

129

DRESDEN. — Glasgow, 1888. R.T. 4,527. Ds. 390.5 X 46.7 X 33M. I.H.P. 3,200 — 13 knots.RHEIN (Tw. Sc.). — Hamburg, 1899. R.T. 10,200. Ds. 500 X 58.0 X 37.0.

HOHENZOLLERN, PRINZESSIN IRENE, MAIN, PRINZ-REGENT LUITPOLD, PRINZ HEINRICH, KŒLN,FRANKFURT, HANNOVER, TAI CHIOW, PHRA CHOM KLAO, PHRA CHULA CHOM KLAO,DEVAWONGSE, CHOW FA, PHRA NANG, LOO SOK, MACHEW, KEONG WAI, CHOW TAI, WONG KOI,MENAM, PAKNAM, TANGLIN, KUDAT, PATANI, KELANTAN, KEDAH, TRING-GANU, SANDAKAN,SINGGORA, KORAT, BANGKOK, CHIENGMAI, NUEN TUNG, DAGMAR, MEI LEE, MEI SHUN,SACHSEN, PREUSSEN, WEIMAR, WITTEKIND, WILLEHAD, PFALZ, MARK, H. H. MEIER, ROLAND,CREFELD, AACHEN, BONN, HALLE, COBLENZ, TRIER, NIXE, NAJADE, SEE-ADLER, KEHREWIEDER,RETTER, LLOYD, FORELLE, HECHT, LACHS, LIBELLE, VULCAN, HERKULES, CENTAUR, SATURN,MERCUR, HELIGOLAND, NORDENEY, BORKUM, NUERNBERG, FREIBURG, WUERZBURG,MARBURG, STRASSBURG.

OCCIDENTAL & ORIENTAL SAN FRANCISCO — HONOLULU, YOKOHAMA & HONG KONG.

GAELIC. — (Owned by White Star Line). Belfast, 1885. R.T. 4,206. Ds. 420.3 X 42.4 X 29.6. I.H.P. 2,800 — 14 knots.

DORIC. — (Owned by White Star Line). Belfast, 1883. R.T. 4,676. Ds. 440.9 X 44.2 X 29.2. I.H.P. 3,200 — 14½knots.GOTHIC. — (Owned by White Star Line — Tw. Sc.). Belfast, 1893. R.T. 7,755. Ds. 490.7 X 53.2 x 33.5. I.H.P.4,40015 knots.

ORIENT-PACIFIC LINE LONDON AND PLYMOUTH — AUSTRALASIA.

FUNNELS: BlueHOUSE FLAG: White, with Blue Cross and Crown. Letters O. S. N. Co. in corners in Red.

130

OPHIR. — Glasgow, 1891. R.T. 6,910. Ds- 465.0 X 53.4 x 34.1. I.H.P. 10,000 — 18 knots.

ORMUZ. — Glasgow, 1886. R.T. 6,387. Ds. 465.5 X 52.1 X 34.1. I.H.P. 9,000-18 knots.ORIENT. — Glasgow, 1879. R.T. 5,631. Ds. 445.6 X 46.3 X 35.1. I.H.P. 7,500-17 knots.OMRAH (Tw. Sc.). — Glasgow, 1889. R.T. 8,291. Ds. 490.0 X 56.7 X 34.2. I.H.P. 10,000 — 18 knots.AUSTRAL. — Glasgow, 1881. R.T. 5,524. Ds. 4560 X 48.2 X 33.9. I.H.P. 7,000 — 16½ knots.CUZCO. — Glasgow, 1871. R.T. 3,898. Ds. 3812 X 41.4 X 35.3. I.H.P. 4,000 — 15 knots.ORTONA. — Barrow, 1899. R.T. 7,945. Ds. 4980 55.0 x 37.0. I.H.P. 10,000 — 18 knots.ORIZABA. — Barrow, 1886. R.T. 6,298. Ds. 460X 49.3 X 19.4. Sp. 16½ knots.OROYA. — Barrow, 1886. R.T. 6,297. Ds. 4600 X 49.3 X 35.3. I.H.P. 7,000 — 16 knots.ORUBA. — Barrow, 1889. R.T. 5,857. Ds. 430.0 X 49.0 X 34.2. I.H.P. 7,000 — 15 knots.ORONTES. — 1902. R.T. 9,000.

PACIFIC MAIL SS. CO. SAN FRANCISCO — HONG KONG (via YOKOHAMA).SAN FRANCISCO — PANAMA (via MEXICAN PORTS).

FUNNELS: White.HOUSE FLAG: Square, two Red Stripes, two White and one Blue.

FLEET.

KOREA, SIBERIA. — Newport News, 1901-2. R.T. 12,000. Ds. 572.4 x 63.0 X 41.10. I.H.P. 17,500.

CHINA. — (Pacific Mail). Glasgow, 1889. R.T. 5,061. Ds. 440.4 X 48.1 X 32.8.CITY OF SYDNEY. — Chester (U.S.), 1875. R.T. 3,017. Ds. 339.0 X 40.0 X 20.5.Other ships are: — PERU, R.T. 3,528; AZTEC, R.T. 3,508; NEWPORT, R.T. 2,735 , COLON, R.T. 2,686;ACAPULCO, R.T. 2,572; SAN JOSE, SAN JUAN, SAN BLAS, COSTA RICA, BARRACOUTA, CITY OFPANAMA.

PACIFIC STEAM NAVIGATION CO.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: White with Blue Cross surmounted by Gold Crown and letters P. S. N. C. in corners.

(1) ORIENT-PACIFIC LINE.

GALICIA (Tw. Sc.). — Building. R.T. 4,250. I.H.P. 4,250.SORATA. — R.T. 4,581. I.H.P. 3,500.CORCOVADO. — R.T. 4,568. I.H.P. 3,550.SARMIENTO. — R.T. 3,603. I.H.P. 3,000.INCA. — R.T. 3,593. I.H.P. 3,000.MAGELLAN. — R.T. 3,590. I.H.P. 3,000.ANTISANA. — R.T. 3,584. I.H.P. 3,000.

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(2) LIVERPOOL — W. COAST S. AMERICA (via STRAIT OF MAGELLAN).

CALIFORNIA (Tw. Sc.). — Building. R.T. 6,000. I.H.P. 4,500.MEXICO (TW. Sc.). — Building. R.T. 6,000. I H.P. 4,500.PANAMA (Tw. Sc.). — Building. R.T. 6,000. I.H.P. 4,500.VICTORIA (Tw. Sc.). — Building. R.T. 6,000. I.H.P. 4,500.OROTAVA. — R.T. 5,857. I.H.P. 7,000.ORAVIA (Tw. Sc-), — R.T. 5,321. I.H.P. 5,500.ORISSA (Tw. Sc. ). — R.T. 5,317. I.H.P. 5,000.OROPESA (Tw. Sc. ). — R.T. 5,303. I.H.P. 5,000.ORELLANA. — R.T. 4,821. I.H.P. 4,500.ORCANA. — R.T. 4,803. I.H.P. 4,500.IBERIA. — R.T. 4,689. I.H.P. 4,500.LIGURIA. — R.T. 4,677. I.H.P. 4,500.COLOMBIA (Tw. Sc. ). — R.T. 3,500. I.H.P. 3,000.GUATEMALA (Tw. Sc.). — R.T. 3,500. I.H.P. 3,000.CHILE (Tw. Sc. ). — R.T. 3,225. I.H.P. 3,000,PERU (Tw. Sc,). — R.T. 3,225. I.H.P. 3,000.AREQUIPA. — R.T. 2,953. I.H.P. 3,000.SANTIAGO. — R.T. 2,953, I.H.P. 3,000.PUNO. — R.T. 2,398. I.H.P. 2,000.SERENA, — R.T. 2,394. I.H.P. 2,000.PIZARRO. — R.T. 2,160. I.H.P. 2,000.MENDOZA. — R.T. 2,160. I.H.P. 2,000.ARICA. — R.T. 1,771. I.H.P. 1,250.ECUADOR. — R.T. 1,768. I.H.P. 1,250.QUITO. — R.T. 1,089. I.H.P. 1,000.MANAVI. — R.T. 1,041. I.H.P. 1,000.TALCA (Tw. Sc.). — R.T. 1,018. I.H.P. 1,000.TABOGA. — R. T. 649. I.H.P. 500.CHIRIQUI. — R.T. 643. I.H.P. 400.ASSISTANCE (Tug). — R.T. 214. I.H.P. 120.PERICO (Tw. Sc. Tug). — R.T. 170. I.H.P. 100.PERLITA (Tug). — R.T. 49. I.H.P. 50.

PAPPAYANNI LINE LIVERPOOL — MEDITERRANEAN.

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: Blue Pennant.

FLEET.

ADALIA. — R.T. 5,600.ANATOLIA. — R.T. 5,600.BRITANNIA. — R.T. 4,000.ROUMELIA. — R.T. 2,780.AGIA SOFIA. — R.T. 2,650.PLANTAIN. — R.T. 2,455.LACONIA. — R.T. 2,196.ARARAT. — R.T. 2,170.

PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL S. N. CO.

132

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: Square divided into quarters diagonally, colours White, Red, Blue and Yellow.

CALEDONIA. — Greenock, 1894. R.T. 7,558. Ds. 486.0 X 54-2 x 26.2. I.H.P. 11,000 — 18½ knots.

ASSAYE. — Greenock, 1899- R.T. 7,376. Ds. 450.0 X 54.0 X 31.6. I.H.P. 6,500.

EGYPT. — Greenock, 1897. R.T. 7,912. Ds. 4997 X 54.0 X 36.7. I.H.P. 11,000 — 18 knots.AUSTRALIA.--Greenock, 1892. R.T. 6,901. Ds. 4,656 X 52.2 X 26.4. I.H.P. 10,000 — 17½ knots.HIMALAYA . — Greenock, 1892. R.T. 6,898. DS. 465.6 X 522 X 26.4. I.H.P. 10,000 — 17½ knots.BRITANNIA. — Greenock, 1887. R.T. 6,525. Ds. 465.8 X 52.0 X 18.7. I.H.P. 7,500 — 16½ knots.PENINSULA. — Greenock, 1888. R.T. 5,287. Ds. 410.5 48.0 X 18.3. I.H.P. 6,000 — 16 knots.SARDINIA. — Building. T. 6,600. I.H.P. 4,500.MOLDAVIA. — Building. T. 10,000. I.H.P. 11,000.MONGOLIA. — Building. T. 10,000. I.H.P. 11,000.PERSIA. — R.T. 7,951. I.H.P. 11,000.CHINA. — R.T. 7,912. I.H.P. 11,000.INDIA. — R.T. 7,911. I.H.P. 11,000.ARABIA. — R.T. 7,903. I.H.P. ]1,000.PLASSY. — R.T. 7,405. I.H.P. 6,500.SOMALI. — R.T. 6,708. I.H.P. 4,500.SICILIA. — R.T. 6,696. I.H.P. 4,500.SOUDAN. — R. T. 6,680. I.H.P. 4,500.SYRIA. — R.T. 6,650. I.H.P. 4,500.OCEANA. — R.T. 6,603. I.H.P. 7,500.ARCADIA. — R.T. 6,603. I.H.P. 7,500.VICTORIA. — R.T. 6,527. I.H.P. 7,500CANDIA. — R.T. 6,482. I.H.P. 4,500.MALTA. — R.T. 6,064. I.H.P. 4,500.SOCOTRA. — R.T. 6,009. I.H.P. 4,500.BANCA. — R.T. 5,995. I.H.P. 3,500.NUBIA. — R.T. 5,914. I.H.P. 4,500.SIMLA. — R.T. 5,884. I.H.P. 4,500.ROME. — R.T. 5,545. I.H.P. 6,000.ORIENTAL. — R.T. 5,284. I.H.P. 6,000.CARTHAGE. — R.T. 5,198. I.H.P. 5,250.VALETTA. — R.T. 5,048. I.H.P. 5,250.MASSILIA. — R.T. 5,026. I.H.P. 5,250.MAZAGON. — R.T. 4,997. I.H.P. 2,500.

133

BALLAARAT. — R.T. 4,890. I.H.P. 5,000.PARRAMATTA. — R.T. 4,886. I.H.P. 5,000.PALAWAN. — R.T. 4,686. I.H.P. 3,500.SUNDA. — R.T. 4,674. I.H.P. 3,500.BENGAL. — R.T. 4,656. I.H.P. 4,500.COROMANDEL. — R.T. 4,652. I.H.P. 4,500.CHUSAN. — R.T. 4,636. I.H.P. 4,500.SUMATRA. — R.T. 4,607. I.H.P. 3,500.BORNEO. — R.T. 4,573. I.H.P. 3,500.JAPAN. — R.T. 4,319. I.H.P. 3,000.MANILA. — R.T. 4,210. I.H.P. 3,000.CEYLON. — R.T. 4,094. I.H.P. 3,000.JAVA. — R.T. 4,093. I.H.P. 3,000.FORMOSA.---R.T. 4,045. I.H.P. 3,000.MALACCA. — R.T. 4,045. I.H.P. 3,000.NANKIN. — R.T. 3,960. I.H.P. 3,000.PE KIN. — R. T. 3,957. I.H.P. 3,000.TIENTSIN. — R.T. 3,950. I.H.P. 3,000.CANTON. — R.T. 3,317. I.H.P. 2,500.SHANGHAI. — R.T. 3,315. I.H.P. 2,500.BOMBAY. — R.T. 3,168. I.H.P. 2,500.ISIS. — R.T. 1,728. I.H.P. 6,500.OSIRIS. — R.T. 1,728. I.H.P. 6,500.

PRINCE LINE MANCHESTER & LONDON — MEDITERRANEAN.GENOA — NEW YORK.

FUNNELS: Red with White Prince's Feather.HOUSE FLAG: Red with White Prince's Feather.

CARIB PRINCE. — Sunderland, 1893. R.T. 2,048. Ds. 282.0 X 37.7 X 14.9. Sp. 10 knots.CREOLE PRINCE. — Sunderland, 1893. R.T. 2,047. Ds. 282.0 X 37.7 X 14.9. Sp. 10 knots.SYRIAN PRINCE. — Sunderland, 1893. R.T. 1,914. Ds. 277.0 X 37.2 X 14.3. Sp. 12 knots.TARTAR PRINCE. — Sunderland, 1895. R.T. 3,272. Ds. 342.7 x 43.2 X 18.8. Sp. 12 knots.TROJAN PRINCE. — South Shields, 1896. R.T. 3,273. DS. 351.4 x 44.6 X 17.9. Sp. 12 knots.SPARTAN PRINCE. — Sunderland, 1897. R.T. 3,299. DS. 351.0 X 44.5 X 17.8. Sp. 12 knots.

RED CROSS AND BOOTH LINE LIVERPOOL — MANAOS (via HAVRE, OPORTO & LISBON).

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: Square White, St. Andrew's Cross and initial B. in Blue.

MADEIRENSE. MARANHENSE.OBIDENSE. CEARENSE.GRANGENSE. AMAZONENSE.CAMETENSE. PARAENSE.FLUMINENSE. LISBONENSE.SOBRALENSE.

134

RED STAR LINE ANTWERP — NEW YORK.ANTWERP — PHILADELPHIA.

FUNNELS: Black with White Stripe.HOUSE FLAG: White with Blue Eagle.

ZEELAND (Tw. Sc.). — and VADERLAND (Tw. Sc,), Belfast, 1890. R.T. 11,898. Ds. 580.0 X 60.0.KROONLAND (Tw. Sc.). — Philadelphia (U.S.A.), 1902. R.T. 12,000. Ds. 580.0 X 60.0.FINLAND (Tw. Sc.). — Philadelphia (U.S.A.), 1902. R.T. 12,000. Ds. 580.0 X 60.0.

KENSINGTON (Tw. Sc.) and SOUTHWARK (Tw. Sc.). — Dumbarton, 1893. R.T. 8,607. Ds. 494.0 X 57.0 X 31.1.SWITZERLAND. — R.T. 2,839. Ds. 338.0 X 39.0.NEDERLAND. — R.T. 2,839. Ds. 338.0 x 39.0.FRIESLAND. — R.T. 7,116. Ds. 455.0 x 51.0.PENNLAND. — R.T. 3,867. Ds. 374,0 X 42.0.

ROYAL DUTCH WEST INDIA MAIL SERVICE AMSTERDAM--WEST INDIES.

FLEET.

ORANJE NASSAU. — R.T. 1,304.PRINS FREDERIK HENDRIK. — R.T. 1,642.PRINS WILLEM I. — R.T. 1,723.PRINS WILLEM II. — R.T. 1,641.PRINS WILLEM III. — R.T. 1,682.PRINS WILLEM IV. — R.T. 1,741.PRINS WILLEM V. — R.T. 1,700.

ROYAL MAIL STEAM PACKET CO.SOUTHAMPTON — BRAZIL & RIVER PLATE (via CHERBOURG).

FUNNELS: Black.HOUSE FLAG: White, red diagonal cross and gold crown.

NILE. — Glasgow, 1893. R.T. 5,496. Ds. 420.0 x 52.0 x 33.5. I.H.P. 3,208 — 12 knots.TAGUS. — Glasgow, 1889. R.T. 5,500. Ds. 410.0 X 50.0 x 32.4.THAMES. — Glasgow, 1890. R.T. 5,645. Ds. 436.3 X 50.0 x 25.4.

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ATRATO. — Glasgow, 1888. R.T. 5,366. Ds. 421.2 X 50.0 X 25.0.DANUBE. — Glasgow, 1893. R.T. 5,946. Ds. 420.0 X 52.0 X 33.5.TRENT. — Glasgow, 1899. R.T. 5,500. Ds. 410.0 X 50.0 x 32.4.CLYDE. — Glasgow, 1890. R.T. 5,645. Ds. 436.3 X 50.2 x 25.4.MAGDALENA. — Glasgow, 1889. R.T. 5,362. Ds. 421.2 X 50.0 X 25.4.

SEVERN, R.T. 3,760; TYNE, R.T. 2,960; MINHO, R.T. 3,445; EBRO, R.T. 3,445; ELBE, R.T. 3,140; LA PLATA,R.T. 3,445; SOLENT, R.T. 1,908; DEE, R.T. 1,864; TYNE, R.T. 2,902; SPEY, R.T. 470; TAW, R.T. 180; TEES, R.T.180; WEAR, R.T. 180; ORINOCO, R.T. 4,581; PARA, R.T. 4,028; DON, R.T. 4,028; DERWENT, R.T. 2,466;AVON, R.T. 2,162; EDEN, R.T. 2,145; ESK, R.T. 2,145; ESSEUIBO, R.T. 1,831; EIDER, WALTHAM, EXE (notspecified).

SHAW SAVILLE AND ALBION CO.

FUNNELS: Yellow with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: Blue in corner with White Stars. Red Cross on White Square Flag.

KUMARA. — R.T. 6,034. Length, 425.0. I.H.P. 4,400.AOTEA. — R.T. 6,364. I.H.P. 4,500.KARAMEA. — R.T. 5,563. I.H.P. 4,000.MAMARI. — R.T. 3,583. I.H.P. 3,000.MAORI. — R.T. 5,317. I.H.P. 4,200.MATATUA. — R.T. 3,322. I.H.P. 2,500.PAKEHA. — R.T. 4,331. I.H.P. 3,000.RANGATIRA. — R.T. 4,045. I.H.P. 3,000.TOKOMARU. — R.T. 6, 238. I.H.P. 4,500.WAIWERA. — R.T. 6,237. I.H.P. 4,500.

SHIRE LINE LONDON — YOKOHAMA (via STRAITS).

FLEET.

CARMARTHENSHIRE. PEMBROKESHIRE.FLINTSHIRE. RADNORSHIRE.MERIONETHSHIRE. DENBIGHSHIRE.MONMOUTHSHIRE. GLAMORGANSHIRE.

136

SOUTH-EASTERN AND CHATHAM RAILWAY DOVER — CALAIS.FOLKESTONE — BOULOGNE.

FLEET.

MARY BEATRICE. LOUISE DAGMAR.VICTORIA LOUISE. EMPRESS.CALAIS-DOUVRES. VICTORIA.LORD WARDEN. DOVER.DUCHESS OF YORK. CALAIS.ALBERT VICTOR. PRINCESS OF WALES.

SOUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY CO.SOUTHAMPTON — HAVRE, CHERBOURG, ST. MALO & CHANNEL ISLES.

FLEET.

COLUMBIA. HILDA.ALMA. SOUTH-WESTERN.VERA. ELLA.LYDIA. VICTORIA.

THULE STEAMSHIP COMPANY LONDON & GRANTON — GOTHENBURG.

FUNNELS: White with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: White Pennant with Blue Border, and Blue Ball and Gold Star in centre.

FLEET.

THULE. BALDER.ALBERT EDWARD. RING.THORSTEN. BELE.CARL XV.

UNION CASTLE LINE SOUTHAMPTON — CAPE TOWN & EAST COAST OF AFRICA.

FUNNELS: Red with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: Blue with Red Diagonal Cross, superimposed on White Cross.

SAXON. — Belfast, 1899. R.T. 12,970. Ds. 585.6 X 64.0 X 42.9.

SCOT. — Dumbarton, 1891. R.T. 7,815. Ds. 514.0 X 54.8 X 37.6.BRITON. — Belfast, 1897. R.T. 10,248. Ds. 530 X 60.3 X 36.1.NORMAN. — Belfast, 1894. R.T. 7,537. Ds. 490.8 X 53.2 X 37.6.

137

DUNOTTAR CASTLE. — Glasgow, 1890. R.T. 5,465. Ds. 420.0 X 49.8 X 33.2. I.H.P. 7,000 — 16½ knots.KINFAUNS CASTLE. — Glasgow, 1899. R.T. 9,652. Ds. 515.5 X 59.25 X 34.7. I.H.P. 10,000 — 17½ knots.KILDONAN CASTLE. — Glasgow, 1899. R.T. 9,664. Ds. 515.5 X 59.25 X 34.7. I.H.P. 10,000 — 17½ knots.CARISBROOK CASTLE. — Glasgow. 1898. R.T. 7,626. Ds. 485.0 X 56.0 X 32.1. I.H.P. 8,500 — 17½ knots.BRAEMAR CASTLE.--Glasgow, 1898. R.T. 6,200. Ds. 450.0 X 52.3 X 30.3. I.H.P. 4,500 — 15 knots.DUNVEGAN. — Glasgow, 1896. R.T. 5,958. Ds. 450.5 X 50.9 X 31.7. I.H.P. 8,00017 knots.WALMER CASTLE. — 1902. R.T. 12,570.

Other Ships

ALNWICK CASTLE, TINTAGEL CASTLE, AVONDALE CASTLE, DUNOLLY CASTLE, RAGLAN CASTLE,ARUNDEL CASTLE, ROSLIN CASTLE, NORHAM CASTLE, HAWARDEN CASTLE, PEMBROKE CASTLE,DOUNE CASTLE, LISMORE CASTLE, GARTH CASTLE, HARLECH CASTLE. GERMAN, GALEKA,GASCON, GAIKA, GOORKHA, GUELPH, GREEK, GAUL, GOTH, MOOR, TITAN, SABINE,SUSQUEHANNA, NATAL.

UNITED STEAMSHIP CO. OF COPENHAGEN HARWICH & NEWCASTLE — COPENHAGEN.

(No details specified.)

WHITE STAR LINE

FUNNELS: Buff with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: Red Burgee with White five-pointed Star.

(1) LIVERPOOL — NEW YORK (via QUEENSTOWN).

OCEANIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1899. R.T. 17,274. 705.0 x 68.0 X 49½. I.H.P. 28,000.

MAJESTIC and TEUTONIC (Tw. Se.). — Belfast, 1889-90. R.T. 10,000. Ds. 582.0 x 58.0 x 39.0. I.H.P. 18,000.

138

CELTIC (Tw. Se.), and CÉDRIC. — Belfast, 1901. R.T. 20,904. DS. 700.0 X 75.0 X 49. I.H.P. 14,000.

BRITANNIC, GERMANIC. — Belfast, 1875. R.T. 5,070.0. Ds. 468.0 X 45.0 X 34.0. I.H.P. 6,000.CYMRIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1898. R.T. 12,647. Ds. 600.0 x 64.0 x 38.0. I.H.P. 6,700.GEORGIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1895. R.T. 10,077. Ds. 573.0 X 60.0 X 36.0. I.H.P. 4,500.CEVIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1894. R.T. 8,301. Ds. 515.0 x 60.0 x 34.0. I.H.P. 3,700.BOVIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1892. R.T. 6,583. Ds. 484.0 X 53.0 X 32.0. I.H.P. 3,700.NOMADIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1891. R.T. 5,749. Ds. 474.0 X 49.0 X 31.0. I.H.P. 3,500.TAURIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1891. R.T. 5,727. Ds. 474.0 X 49.0 X 31.0. I.H.P. 3,500.BRITANNIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1874. R.T. 5,004. Ds. 468.0 X 45.0 X 34.0. I.H.P. 5,000.ATHENIC. — 1902. R.T. 12,500.

(2) LIVERPOOL — AUSTRALIA (via CAPE TOWN).

PERSIC, SHEVIC, RUNIC, MEDIC, AFRIC (Tw. Sc.). — Belfast, 1899. R.T. 11,984. Ds. 550.0 X 63.40. I.H.P. 4,800— 13½ knots.ATHENIC, CORINTHIC, IONIC (Tw. Sc.). T. 12,500 (building).CEDRIC. — R.T. 21,000. Ds. 700.0 x 75.0 x 494.

WILSON LINE (1) HULL — NEW YORK. HULL — BOSTON.

FUNNELS: Red with Black Tops.HOUSE FLAG: White Burgee with Red Ball.

CONSUELO (Tw. Sc.).-1900. R.T. 6,025. Ds. 461.5 x 52.1 x 31.1. Sp. 12 knots.TORONTO (Tw. Sc.). — 1900. R.T. 6,035. Ds. 456.0 X 52.0 X 31.0. Sp. 12 knots.

139

BUFFALO. — Yarrow, 1895. R.T. 4,427. Ds. 385.0 X 45.3 X 27.9. Sp. 12 knots.IDAHO. — R.T. 6,308. Ds. 460.0 x 50.1 X 31.6. Sp. 14 knots.

(2) HULL. — NORWAY & BALTIC. HULL. — MEDITERRANEAN.

ROMEO. — 1881. R.T. 1,855. Ds. 275.0 X 34.6 X 19.9. Sp. 12½ knots.

ROLLO. — R.T. 1,610. Ds. 2747 X 32.3 x 19.0. Sp. 12 knots.

ALECTO, R.T. 3,607; ALEPPO, R.T. 3,870; ANGELO, R.T. 1,541; ARGO, R.T. 1,102; ARIOSTO, R.T. 2,377;BORODINO, R.T. 1,264; BRAVO, R.T. 1,076; BRUNO, R.T. 841; CAIRO, R.T. 1,671; CALYPSO, R.T. 1,337;CAMEO, R.T. 1,244; CASTELLO (Turret Steamer), R.T. 3,635; CATO, R.T. 1,094: CICERO, R.T. 1,834; CITO, R.T.820; CLARO, R.T. 2,400; CLIO, R.T. 2,733; COLENSO, R.T.. 3,800: COLORADO, R.T. 4,235; COMO, R.T. 1,497;CONGO, R.T. 2,906; DIDO, R.T. 4,769; DOURO, R.T. 2,442; DRACO, R.T. 1,713; DYNAMO, R.T. 504; EBRO,R.T. 2,464; ELDORADO, R.T. 1,514; ERATO, R.T. 1,522; FIDO, R.T. 954; FINLAND, R.T. 1,828; GALILEO, R.T.3,008; GITANO, R.T. 1,243; GRODNO. R.T. 1,695; HERO, R.T. 775; HIDALGO, R.T. 1,581; HINDOO, R.T.3,720; HORATIO, R.T. 3,197; IAGO, R.T. 2,400; JUNO, R.T. 905; KOLPINO, R.T. 2,352; KOVNO, R.T. 1,700;LEO, R.T. 1,083; LORENZO, R.T. 3,191; MARTELLO, R.T. 3,721; MIKADO, R.T. 3,557; MILO, R.T. 1,057;MONTEBELLO, R.T. 1,735; MOROCCO, R.T. 3,841; MURILLO, R.T. 2,419; NERO, R.T. 1,083; OHIO, R.T.3,967; ONTARIO, R.T. 4,036; ORLANDO, R.T. 1,535; OTHELLO, R.T. 5,059; OTTO, R.T. 850; POLO, R.T. 510;RINALDO, R.T. 1,663; ROSARIO, R.T. 1,862; SALERNO, R.T. 2,729; SALMO, R.T. 1,721; SCIPIO, R.T. 1,735;SILVIO, R.T. 1,193; SPERO, R.T. 1,132; TASSO, R.T. 1,467; THOS. WILSON, R.T. 1,546; TOKIO, R.T. 3,827;TOLEDO, R.T. 1,470; TORPEDO, R.T. 487; TRURO, R.T. 836; URBINO, R.T. 2,429; VASCO, R.T. 1,914; VOLO,R.T. 1,289; VOLTURNO, R.T. 2,396; YEDDO, R.T. 1,850; ZERO, R.T. 1,140.

WOERMANN LINE HAMBURG-MADEIRA, CANARIES & WEST COAST OF AFRICA.

FLEET.

ADOLPH WOERMANN, ALEXANDRA WOERMANN, ALINE WOERMANN, ANNA WOERMANN, CARLWOERMANN, EDUARD BOHLEN, ELLA WOERMANN, ERNST WOERMANN, GERTRUD WOERMANN,GRETCHEN BOHLEN, HANS WOERMANN, HEDWIG WOERMANN, HELENE WOERMANN,JEANNETTE WOERMANN, IRMA WOERMANN, KURT WOERMANN, LOTHAR BOHLEN, LULU

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BOHLEN, MARIE WOERMANN, MELITA BOHLEN, PAUL WOERMANN, PROFESSOR WOERMANN,HEKLA BOHLEN, OGUN, EPE, OYO.

ZEELAND STEAMSHIP CO. QUEENBORO' — FLUSHING.

FLEET.

KONINGEN WILHELMINA.KONINGEN REGENTES.PRINS HENDRICK.

22 The Navy League.

SEVEN YEARS' WORK Taken, by kind permission, from the Navy League Journal, January, 1902.

THE Navy League was founded in January, 1895, so that in the month of January, 1902, it completed the first sevenyears of its existence. It therefore seems timely to consider what has been accomplished by it for the Navy and Nationin its brief life.

1895. — The first year was largely occupied in organizing the work of the League, which at the very outset sustained acruel loss in the death of its first President, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Geoffrey Hornby.

The journal was first commenced in July of that year, and consisted of a single sheet. The first branches were formed inBristol, Bath, Windsor, Cape Town, Natal, Toronto, Malta and Hong-Kong, and it is pleasant to notice that with oneexception these earlier branches are now more active than ever.

The Navy League was doubtless largely instrumental in drawing the declaration from the Duke of Devonshire,Chairman of the National Defence Committee, that "the maintenance of sea supremacy has been assumed as the basisof the system of Imperial Defence." This was followed by the significant pronouncement of the Chancellor of theExchequer, Sir Michael Hicks Beach, that it was " the policy not merely of one party, but of both parties, of everybodyin the United Kingdom, to maintain our supremacy at sea, and that whatever happened we would maintain oursupremacy." These were brave Words, and the Navy League seeks to impress them upon the mass of our countrymen.

1895. — In the same year the Trafalgar celebration was also inaugurated.

1896. — Eleven branches of the League were established, and it was in that year that the influence of the Hong-Kongbranch commenced to make itself felt. In that year also Lord Charles Beresford made his first appearance on a NavyLeague platform at the Cannon Street Hotel, and the practice of taking Navy League members down to Portsmouth tovisit the establishments there was initiated.

The Nelson column was in the same year decorated from Summit to base, and the Trafalgar celebration was generalthroughout the Empire.

1897. — A return published by Mr. Clark Hall, the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen, attracted a very greatamount of attention. From this Blue Book it appeared that the number of British seamen employed in British Sea-goingmerchant vessels had steadily decreased for many years, and that the loss was unfortunately most marked and serious inthe class knOwn as young seamen and boys. The Committee, after careful consideration of the figures, addressed aletter to various county councils who had control of the money available for technical education, inquiring whether theywould feel disposed to devote some portion of it to the establishment of training-ships, with a view to increasing thefacilities for boys to enter the British mercantile marine. That work has been continued up to the present time, and anassociation was formed (in 1901) for the purpose of securing the establishment of training-ships for boys of goodcharacter and physique desirous of entering the mercantile marine and Royal Naval Reserve, and of preparing a schemeunder which these ships might be worked, The communications that have since passed between the Association, theAdmiralty, and the Board of Trade, have been of au eminently satisfactory nature.

In the same year a memorial prepared by the Toronto branch for presentation to His Excellency the Governor-Generalof Canada was widely circulated among Chambers of Commerce in Great Britain. The memorial dealt with theformation of a Colonial Naval Reserve to consist of Canadian seamen and fishermen. This matter was brought to the

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notice of Admiral Hopkins, then commander-in-chief on the Mediterranean Station, who stated that if North Americawould furnish a tithe of its magnificent sea-faring population to the Naval Reserve it would produce a force in quantityand quality unsurpassable anywhere, and that this would have the effect of binding in closer union Britain and a veryimportant portion of Greater Britain. It may fairly be considered that the movement which took place to establish areserve of Newfoundland fishermen was the outcome of this work of the League.

Mr. McHardy in the same year published for the League a book entitled The British Navy for 100 Years. To say thatthis work is invaluable would be to give it small praise.

Mr., H. F. Wyatt also produced a pamphlet entitled The Use of the Navy to You, for boys in elementary schools. Thispamphlet has since been circulated in thousands of schools throughout the country.

In the same year was published a Guide to the Naval Review, which met with considerable pecuniary success. Specialarrangements were made for members of the League to witness the Review, and, the Government having failed toinvite the Colonial troops to visit Portsmouth on that occasion, the Navy League opened a fund and organized anexpedition for that purpose. At the last moment, however, the Admiralty decided to act as hosts, and the Leaguearrangements were cancelled.

A deputation from the Executive Committee also waited upon the Colonial Premiers when they were in England, andthe League may justly consider that the offer of the Cape Colony to provide a battleship was largely due to the action ofits Cape Town branch.

1898. — There was a great accession in that year to the number of Vice-Presidents of the League. Influential gentlemennow began to take their proper place in the movement, notably headmasters of some of the great public schools.

The League in that year carried its educational propaganda still further by the publication of the Navy League Map,which has since run to more than one edition.

The League also, in conjunction with the proprietors of the National Review, offered a prize of £50 for the best essaygiving a forecast of the probable effect upon the United Kingdom of an indecisive war between two first-class Powers.Captain Sir John Colomb, K.C.M.G., M.P., acted as judge.

In the same year the League convened a Conference at the United Service Institution to consider the probable positionof the country if involved in war, with regard to the adequacy (1) of the Navy; (2) of the food supply. The Conferencewas attended by very many influential gentlemen, and the proceedings were of much interest. The lecture programmewas energetically carried out, and still further efforts were made to increase the number of British merchant seamen.

1899. — The Windsor and Eton branch initiated a scheme for giving elementary instruction in seamanship to boys whowish to go to sea, and a barge was established on the Thames at Windsor. This undertaking is notable for havingreceived the support of the late Queen Victoria.

The same year was notable in the League's history for the adverse response given by the Right Hon. Mr. Ritchie, whowith the Right Hon. Mr. Goschen received a deputation from the League on the manning question. Looking at it,however, by the light of past experiences, it is perhaps not an altogether regrettable incident, as it cleared the air.

1900. — In the following year the Executive Committee adopted the plan of drawing attention to certain seriousdefects in the fleet by means of sandwich men, and the effect of this may be judged by the reduction of the number ofships on the active list of the Navy that are still armed with muzzle-loading guns.

In the same year the Earl of Drogheda, who had been President of the League since the death of Sir Geoffrey Hornby,expressed a wish to resign his position as he was setting out on an extended foreign tour. His place was filled by Mr.Robert Yerburgh, M.P.

The Liverpool branch in the same year made enormous strides, increased its membership very largely, and became apowerful organization.

The second edition of the handbook to the Navy League Map, written by Mr. Crofts, of Tonbridge, was also issued,and the second edition of the map taken in hand.

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The Southern County Councils held a Conference at the League Offices, under the presidency of Admiral the Hon.Thomas Brand, and further steps were taken towards the establishment of training-vessels.

In the month of March a meeting was held at the Queen's Hall to protest against retaining battleships armed withmuzzle-loading guns on the active list.

1901. — The work of the year 1901 will be familiar to most of our readers. Mr. Arnold White, a member of theExecutive Committee, accompanied by Mr. Yer-burgh, visited the Mediterranean fleet, and, as the result of inquirieswhich he made in the Mediterranean, was satisfied that the position of that fleet left much to be desired. Hisconclusions were embodied in an article entitled "A Message from the Mediterranean," and though this article wasbitterly attacked, his facts were confirmed by the admissions of Ministerial speakers in Parliament. The net result hasbeen a considerable increase in the strength of the Fleet.

The honorary secretary of the League, Lieut. Knox (late R.N.), continued the work of propaganda by means Oflecturing in the schools.

Owing to current reports that, through the interference of the Treasury, the expenditure considered necessary by theAdmiralty for the maintenance of the Fleet in a condition of efficiency has been reduced, there is now great need forthe Navy League to watch the Estimates with vigilance, and to be prepared, if necessary, to support the Admiralty bypublic meetings should it protest against these reductions.

THE END