sheet 1 pdf
TRANSCRIPT
Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government
For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, 1–888–ASK–USGS
Digital files available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3316/
Suggested citation: Hare, T.M., Hayward, R.K., Blue, J.S., Archinal, B.A., Robinson, M.S., Speyerer, E.J., Wagner, R.V., Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., Neumann, G.A., and Mazarico, E., 2015, Image mosaic and topographic map of the moon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3316, 2 sheets, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3316.
Printed on recycled paper
ISSN 2329-1311 (print)ISSN 2329-132X (online)http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3316
Image Map of the MoonBy
Trent M. Hare,1 Rosalyn K. Hayward,1 Jennifer S. Blue,1 Brent A. Archinal,1 Mark S. Robinson,2 Emerson J. Speyerer,2 Robert V. Wagner,2 David E. Smith,3 Maria T. Zuber,3 Gregory A. Neumann,4 and Erwan Mazarico4
2015
1U.S. Geological Survey;2Arizona State University;3Massachusetts Institute of Technology;4NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Prepared for theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Map 3316Sheet 1 of 2
MAP DESCRIPTIONThis image mosaic is based on data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle
Camera (WAC; Robinson and others, 2010), an instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft (Tooley and others, 2010). The WAC is a seven band (321 nanometers [nm], 360 nm, 415 nm, 566 nm, 604 nm, 643 nm, and 689 nm) push frame imager with a 90° field of view in monochrome mode, and 60° field of view in color mode. From the nominal 50-kilometer (km) polar orbit, the WAC acquires images with a 57-km swath-width and a typical length of 105 km. At nadir, the pixel scale for the visible filters (415–689 nm) is 75 meters (Speyerer and others, 2011). Each month, the WAC provided almost complete coverage of the Moon.
PROJECTIONThe Mercator projection is used between latitudes ±57°, with a central meridian at 0°
longitude and latitude equal to the nominal scale at 0°. The Polar Stereographic projection is used for the regions north of the +55° parallel and south of the –55° parallel, with a central meridian set for both at 0° and a latitude of true scale at +90° and -90°, respectively. The adopted spherical radius used to define the maps scale is 1737.4 km (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008; Archinal and others, 2011). In projection, the pixels are 100 meters at the equator.
COORDINATE SYSTEMThe Wide Angle Camera images were referenced to an internally consistent inertial coordi-
nate system, derived from tracking of the LRO spacecraft and crossover-adjusted Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data that were used together to determine the orbit of LRO in inertial space (Smith and others, 2011). By adopting appropriate values for the orientation of the Moon, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU; Archinal and others, 2011), the images were orthorectified into the planet-fixed coordinates (longitude and latitude) used on this map. The coordinate system defined for this product is the mean Earth/polar axis (ME) system, sometimes called the mean Earth/rotation axis system. The ME system is the method most often used for cartographic products of the past (Davies and Colvin, 2000). Values for the orientation of the Moon were derived from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris (DE) 421 planetary ephemeris (Williams and others, 2008; Folkner and others, 2008; 2009) and rotated into the ME system. The LOLA-derived crossover-corrected ephemeris (Mazarico and others, 2012) and an updated camera pointing provide an average accuracy of ~1 km in the horizontal position (Scholten and others, 2012).
Longitude increases to the east and latitude is planetocentric, as allowed in accordance with current NASA and U.S. Geological Survey standards (Archinal and others, 2011). The intersec-tion of the lunar equator and prime meridian occurs at what can be called the Moon’s “mean sub-Earth point.” The concept of a lunar “sub-Earth point” derives from the fact that the Moon’s rotation is tidally locked to the Earth. The actual sub-Earth point on the Moon varies slightly due to orbital eccentricity, inclination, and other factors. So a “mean sub-Earth point” is used to define the point on the lunar surface where longitude equals 0°. This point does not coincide with any prominent crater or other lunar surface feature (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008; Archinal and others, 2011).
MAPPING TECHNIQUES The WAC global mosaic shown here is a monochrome product with a normalized reflec-
tance at 643 nm wavelength, and consists of more than 15,000 images acquired between Novem-ber 2009 and February 2011 (Sato and others, 2014) using revised camera pointing (Wagner and others, 2015). The solar incidence angle at the Equator changes ~28° from the beginning to the end of each month. To reduce these incidence angle variations, data for the equatorial mosaic were collected over three periods (January 20, 2010 to January 28, 2010, May 30, 2010 to June 6, 2010, and July 24, 2010 to July 31, 2010). The South Pole mosaic images were acquired from August 10, 2010 to September 19, 2010, and the North Pole images were acquired from April 22, 2010 to May 19, 2010. Remaining gaps were filled with images acquired at other times with similar lighting conditions (Robinson and others, 2012). There is a brightness difference where the polar mosaics meet the equatorial mosaics because the polar images were acquired in a different season than the equatorial images, and the lunar photometric function is not perfectly known (Sato and others, 2014).
The equatorial WAC images were orthorectified onto the Global Lunar Digital Terrain Mosaic (GLD100, WAC-derived 100 m/pixel digital elevation model; Scholten and others, 2012) while the polar images were orthorectified onto the lunar LOLA polar digital elevation models (Neumann and others, 2010).
To create the final base image, the original WAC mosaic that was produced by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera team in a Simple Cylindrical projection with a resolution of 100m/pixel was projected into the Mercator and Polar Stereographic pieces. The images were then scaled to 1: 10,000,000 for the Mercator part and 1:6,078,683 for the two Polar Stereo-graphic parts with a resolution of 300 pixels per inch. The two projections have a common scale at ±56° latitude.
NOMENCLATURE Feature names on this sheet are approved by the IAU. All features greater than 85 km in
diameter or length were included unless they were not visible on the map due to the small scale
used for printing. However, some selected well-known features less that 85 km in diameter or length were included. For a complete list of the IAU-approved nomenclature for the Moon, see the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature at http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. For lunar mission names, only successful landers are shown, not impactors or expended orbiters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis map was made possible with thanks to NASA, the LRO mission, and the Lunar Recon-
naissance Orbiter Camera team. The map was funded by NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophys-ics Cartography Program.
REFERENCESArchinal, B.A. (Chair), A’Hearn, M.F., Bowell, E., Conrad, A., Consolmagno, G.J., Courtin, R.,
Fukushim, T., Hestroffer, D., Hilton, J.L., Krasinsky, G.A., Neumann, G.A., Oberst, J., Seidelmann, P.K., Stooke, P., Tholen, D.J., Thomas, P.C., and Williams, I.P., 2011, Report of the IAU Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements—2009: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, v. 109, no. 2, p. 101–135, doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4.
Davies, M.E., and Colvin, T.R., 2000, Lunar coordinates in the regions of the Apollo landers: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. E8, p. 20,277–20,280.
Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., and Boggs, D.H., 2008, The planetary and lunar ephemeris DE 421: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Memorandum IOM 343R-08-003, 31 p., at ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/planets/ioms/de421.iom.v1.pdf.
Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., and Boggs, D.H., 2009, The planetary and lunar ephemeris DE 421: Interplanetary Network Progress Report 42-178, 34 p., at http://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-178/178C.pdf.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008, A standardized lunar coordinate system for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and lunar datas-ets: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group White Paper, v. 5, at http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/LunCoordWhitePaper-10-08.pdf.
Mazarico, E., Rowlands, D.D., Neumann, G.A., Smith, D.E., Torrence, M.H., Lemoine, F.G., and Zuber, M.T., 2012, Orbit determination of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Journal of Geodesy, v. 86, no. 3, p. 193–207.
Neumann, G.A., 2011, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter reduced data record and derived products software interface specification, version 2.42, LRO-L-LOLA-4-GDR-V1.0, NASA Planetary Data System (PDS), at http://imbrium.mit.edu/DOCUMENT/RDRSIS.PDF
Robinson, M.S., Brylow, S.M., Tschimmel, M., Humm, D., Lawrence, S.J., Thomas, P.C., Denevi, B.W., Bowman-Cisneros, E., Zerr, J., Ravine, M.A., Caplinger, M.A., Ghaemi, F.T., Schaff-ner, J.A., Malin, M.C., Mahanti, P., Bartels, A., Anderson, J., Tran, T.N., Eliason, E.M., McEwen, A.S., Turtle, E., Jolliff, B.L., and Hiesinger, H., 2010, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) instrument overview: Space Science Reviews, v. 150, no. 1-4, p. 81–124, doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9634-2.
Robinson, M.S., Speyerer, E.J., Boyd, A., Waller, D., Wagner, R., and Burns, K., 2012, Exploring the Moon with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera: International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, v. XXXIX-B4, XXII International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
Sato, H., Robinson, M.S., Hapke, B., Denevi, B.W., and Boyd, A.K., 2014, Resolved Hapke parameter maps of the Moon: Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, v. 119, p. 1775-1805, doi: 10.1002/2013JE004580.
Scholten, F., Oberst, J., Matz, K.-D., Roatsch, T., Wählisch, M., Speyerer, E.J., and Robinson, M.S., 2012, GLD100 - The near-global lunar 100 m raster DTM from LROC WAC stereo image data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, no. E12, doi:10.1029/2011JE003926.
Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., Neumann, G.A., Mazarico, E., Head, J.W., III, Torrence, M.H., and the LOLA Science Team, 2011, Results from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA)—global, high-resolution topographic mapping of the Moon [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference XLII, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 2350.
Speyerer, E.J., Robinson, M.S., Denevi, B.W., and the LROC Science Team, 2011, Lunar Recon-naissance Orbiter Camera global morphological map of the Moon [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference XLII, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 2387.
Tooley, C.R., Houghton, M.B., Saylor, R.S., Peddie, C., Everett, D.F., Baker, C.L., and Safdie, K.N., 2010, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission and spacecraft design: Space Science Reviews, v. 150, no. 1, p. 23–62, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9624-4.
Wagner, R.V., Speyerer, E.J., Robinson, M.S., and the LROC Science Team, 2015, New mosaicked data products from the LROC Team [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference XLVI, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 1473.
Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., and Folkner, W.M., 2008, DE421 Lunar orbit, physical librations, and surface coordinates: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Interoffice Memorandum IOM 335-JW,DB,WF-20080314-001, at ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/planets/ioms/de421_moon_coord_iom.pdf.
55°
55°
60°
60°
70°
70°
80°
80°
–55°
–55°
–60°
–60˚
–70°
–70°
–80°
–80°
180° 0° 180°
180° 150°E120°E90°E60°E30°E0°
150°E 120°E 90°E 60°E 30°E
180°330°E300°E270°E240°E210°E(30°W)(60°W)(90°W)(120°W)(150°W)
330°E 300°E 270°E 240°E 210°E 57°
50°
30°
0°
–30°
–50°
–57°
57°
50°
30°
0°
–30°
–50°
–57°
55°
55°
60°
60°
70°
70°
80°
80°
–55°
–55°
–60°
–70°
–70°
–80°
–80°
180°
0°
240°
E
210°E 150°E
120°E
90°E
60°E
30°E330°E
300°E
270°E
180°
0°
–60°
270°E 90°E
120°
E
150°E210°E
240°E
300°
E
330°E 30°E
60°E
–60°
SCALE 1:10 000 000 (1 mm = 10 km) AT 0˚ LATITUDEMERCATOR PROJECTION
1000 KILOMETERS50005001000
2000 1000 1000500 5000 2000 KILOMETERS
0°
20°
40°
57°
90°70°55°
90°70°55°
1000 KILOMETERS50005001000–90°–70°–55°
–90°–70°–55°
SCALE 1:6 078 683 (1 mm = 6.078683 km) AT 90° LATITUDEPOLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
NORTH POLAR REGION
SCALE 1:6 078 683 (1 mm = 6.078683 km) AT -90° LATITUDEPOLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
SOUTH POLAR REGION
0°
20°
40°
57°
North
South
Eas
t
Wes
t
Mon
tes
Pyr
enae
us
Rima Hesiodus
Rimae
Plato
Rim
aeG
erar
d
Rim
ae
Sirs
alis
Rim
aG
. Bon
d
Rupes Mercator
Vall is P
lanck
Vall is
Rheita
Vallis
Palitzsch
Vall is Inghirami
Catena
Gregory
Catena
Artamonov
Cat
ena
Men
dele
ev
Catena Lucretius (RNII)
Dorsum
Azara
Dorsa
Barlo
w
Dorsa Ewing
Val
lisB
ohr
MontesHarbinger
MonsPico
MontesRecti
MonsPiton
Rimae
Petavius
MontesSpitzbergen
MonsPenck
MonsRümker
ReinerGamma
Rim
a
Sh
arp
Dorsum
Sci l la
Mon
tes
Jura
Dorsum Heim
Dorsum Zirkel
Vallis Alpes
Catena Kurchatov
Catena Leuschner (GDL)
Catena Michelson (GIRD)
Rima
Cardanus
Dorsa
Burnet
Montes Agric
ola
Vall
is Schröteri
Rima HyginusRima Ariadaeus
Dorsum BucklandD orsa L
ister
Dor
sa S
mir
nov
Rim
a Cauchy
Rimae Hypatia
Dor
sum O
ppel Dorsa
Tetyaev
Dor
saH
arke
rM
ON T E S R O
O
K
MO N T E S R O O K
MO N T E S C O R D I L L E R A
MO N T E S C O R D I L L E
RA
Rup
es
Lieb
ig
Rim
ae H
ipp
alus
Rupes R
ecta
CatenaAbulfeda
Rupes Altai
Vallis
Capella
Dorsa
MawsonDor
sa G
eik i
e
Catena
Humboldt
Vallis Bouvard
Vallis Baade
Rimae
Janss
en
MARE
MARE
MARE
MARE
MARE
MARE
MARE
MARE
MARESMYTHII
NUBIUM
HUMORUM
COGNITUM
AUSTRALE
I N S U L A R U M
ORIENTALE
NECTARIS
MARE
SERENITATIS
FECUNDITATIS
MONTES
TAURUS
MONTES CARPATUS
MO
NTE
S
MontesTeneriffe
MontesArchimedes
CAU
CAS
US
LACUS
LACU
S VERIS
LACUS
AUTUMNI
LACUS TIMORIS
LACUS
LACUS
LACUS
LACUS
BONITATIS
MORTIS
DOLORIS
SOLITUDINIS
EXCELLENTIAE
PALUS
PALUSEPIDEMIARUM
PUTREDINIS
SINUS
SINUS
SINUS
SINUSMEDII
SINUS
SINUSSINUS
AMORIS
LUNICUS
HONORIS
SUCCESSUS
AESTUUMCONCORDIAE
MARE
MOSCOVIENSE
MARE
MARE
MARE
INGENII
SPUMANS
VAPORUM
HUMBOLDTIANUM
MARE
MARE FRIGORIS
MO
NTES ALPES
MONTES A
PENNINUS
MONTES HAEMUS
MARE ANGUIS
MAREUNDARUM
MAREMARGINIS
Mon
tes
Riph
aeus
SINUS RORIS
SINUS
IRIDUM
M A R E
I M B R I U M
LACUS SOMNIORUM
LACUS TEMPORIS
LACUS SPEI
MARE
TRANQUILLITATIS
PALUSSOMNI
MARE
CRISIUM
SINUS
ASPERITATIS
OC
EA
NU
S P
RO
CE
LL
AR
UM
Surveyor 1(Ju ne 2, 1966)
Surveyor 3(April 20, 1967)
Surveyor 5(Sep. 11, 1967)Surveyor 6
(Nov. 10, 1967)
Surveyor 7(Jan. 10, 1968)
Luna 9Feb. 3, 1966)
Luna 21Jan. 15, 1973)
Apo llo 11(July 20, 1969)
Apo llo 12(Nov. 19, 1969)
Apo llo 14(Feb. 5, 1971)
Apo llo 15(July 30, 1971)
Apo llo 16(Apri l 21, 1972)
Apo llo 17Dec. 11, 1972)
Luna 16(Sep. 20, 1970)
Luna 20(Feb. 21, 1972)
Luna 24(Aug. 18, 1976)
Luna 13(Dec. 24, 1966)
Luna 17(Nov. 17, 1970)
Abe l
Alphonsus
Ba lmer
Banachiewicz
Barnard
Aristo teles
Alexander
Aitken
Alba tegnius
Alden
Anderson
Ansgarius
Arzachel
Atlas
Babcock
Bose
Be ll
Berkner
Blacke tt
Bo lya i
Brenner
Brouwer
Buffon
Chré tien
Chandler
Ca m p b e l l
Carnot
Cleomedes
Cockcroft
Catharina
Charlie r
Chebyshev
Compton
Copernicus
Coulomb
Curie
Cyri llus
Darwin
Davisson
Debye
Deslandres
E i n s t e i n
Dopple r
d'Alembert
Eddington
HerodotusAristarchus
Endymion
Eötvös
Fabry
F e r m i
Fersman
Fitzgera ld
Fleming
Humboldt
Fo wler
Fra Mauro
Fracastorius
Goddard
Fridman
Furnerius
G a g a r i n
G a l o i s
Gassendi
Gauss
Gemma Frisius
Gerard
Gerasimov ich
Gilbert
Grimaldi
Guyot
H. G.Wells
Hahn
Heav iside
Hecataeus
Hedin
Heracli tus
Hess
Heve lius
Hilbert
Hipparchus Hirayama
H o m m e l
Hopmann
Ibn Firnas
Icarus
Inghirami
Isaev
JulesVerne
Janssen
Jo lio t
Joule
Kee le r
Kekulé
Kiba l 'chich
Koch
Ryder
Kondratyuk
Kovalevskaya
Kurchatov
Kästner
Mach
Letronne
Longomontanus
Love
Picco lomini
Laga lla
Lagrange
Lamarck
Lamb
L a n d a u
Langemak
Langmuir
Langrenus
Laue
Lebedev
Lev i-Civ ita
Lippmann
Lobachevskiy
Lomonosov
Lundmark
LyotMaginus
Mandel'shtam
Mauro lycus
Maxwell
McMath
Meitner
Mende l
Messa la
Miche lson
Mil likan
M i l n e
Minkowski
Mitra
Posidonius
Mose ley
Neper
Nernst
Neujmin
Oppenheimer
Orontius
Phil l ips
Phocy l ides
Piazzi
Ostwald
Papaleksi
Paracelsus
Paraskevopoulos
Parenago
Parkhurst
Paschen
Pasteur
Pauli
Pav lov
Perepelkin
Perrine
Petavius
Pita tus
Plato
Poynting
Rayle igh
Repso ld
Riccio li
Richardson
Riemann
Robertson
Roche
Rosenberger
Rowland
Russe ll
Röntgen
Sacrobosco
Saha
Sca liger
Schickard
Schil ler
Schlesinger
Schlüter
Schuster
Sey fert
Shayn
Sne ll ius
Sklodowska
Spencer Jones
Ste fan
Sternfe ld
Struve
Stö fle r
Szila rd
Theophilus
Thomson
Tsander
Tsiolkovskiy
Tycho
Van de G
raaff
Van derWaals
Vascoda Gama
Vav ilov
Vende linus
Vening Meinesz
Ventris
Vernadskiy
Vestine
Vetchinkin
Vie ta
Vlacq
Vo lta
vonBékésy
Wegener
Wey l
Wiener
Wilhe lm
Wurzelbauer
Wyld
Zwicky
Von Kármán
Ptolemaeus
Purbach
Regiomontanus
Walther
A p o l l o
H a r k h e b i
H e r t z s p r u n g
K o r o l e v
L o r e n t z
Mendeleev
Le ibnitz
Leeuwenhoek
Lipskiy
Larmor
Daeda lus
P o i n c a r éP l a n c k
B i r k h o f f
Catena Sumner
Chaplygin
Vertregt
Mee
Le ibnitz
Daeda lus
Larmor
Proclus
Amundsen
Shackleton
Antoniadi
Ashbrook
Zeeman
Berlage
Blancanus
Boguslawsky
Boussingault
Cabeus
C l a v i u s
Casatus
Crommelin
Curtius
Demonax
Dryga lski
Fizeau
Gruemberger
Hausen
Helmho ltz
Klapro th
Le Gentil
Lemaître
Manzinus
Minkowski
Moretus
Numerov
Petzva l
Pontécoulant
Pingré
Prandtl
Scheiner
Schomberger
Scott
Sikorsky
Minnaert
B a i l l y
P o i n c a r é
P l a n c k
S c h r ö d i n g e r
Rosenberger
Lippmann
Shoemaker
Malapert
Vall isSchrödinger
V a l l i s P l a n c k
MAREHUMBOLDTIANUM
M A R E F R I G O R I S
Catena Sylvester
BarrowArno ld
Avogadro
Babbage
Ba il laud
Be l'kov ich
Birmingham
Brianchon
Cremona
De La Rue
Gamow
Gärtner
Hermite
Hayn
J. Hersche l
Karpinskiy
M e t o n
Milankovič
Nansen
P o c z o b u t t
Pascal
Py thagoras
Roberts
Rowland
S c h w ar z s c h i l d
Seares
Sommerfe ld
South
Stebbins
van'tHoff
Xenophanes
Yablochkov
Emden
Plaske tt
Rozhdestvenskiy
Byrd
Peary
W. Bond
Goldschmidt
B i r k h o f f
Compton
Descriptions of nomenclature used on map are listed athttp://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/
Prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, Solar System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationEdited by Kate Jacques; digital cartography by Vivian NguyenManuscript approved for publication October 28, 2014