shame management and problem resolution practice in the framework of reintegrative shaming theory:...

SHAME MANAGEMENT AND SHAME MANAGEMENT AND PROBLEM RESOLUTION PROBLEM RESOLUTION

PRACTICE IN THE PRACTICE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF FRAMEWORK OF

REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING THEORY:THEORY:

Observations in Two Observations in Two CulturesCultures

Helene Hwayeon ShinHelene Hwayeon Shin

Regulatory Institutions Regulatory Institutions NetworkNetwork

Australian National Australian National UniversityUniversity

Life at School ProjectLife at School Project ( (http://http://crjcrj..

anuanu.edu.au/school.html.edu.au/school.html)) An on-going project of Centre for An on-going project of Centre for

Restorative Justice at ANU Restorative Justice at ANU Objectives of the ProjectObjectives of the Project To explore social and psychological determinants of the To explore social and psychological determinants of the

capacity to admit to wrongdoing without excessive blame capacity to admit to wrongdoing without excessive blame or anger towards others (see Braithwaite, Braithwaite)or anger towards others (see Braithwaite, Braithwaite)

To understand consequences of poor shame management To understand consequences of poor shame management (see Ahmed, Harris)(see Ahmed, Harris)

To suggest the creation of safe spaces for adaptive To suggest the creation of safe spaces for adaptive management of shame (see Ahmed, Shin)management of shame (see Ahmed, Shin)

Why Shame Management?Why Shame Management?

Shame as a master emotion Shame as a master emotion The negative consequences of The negative consequences of

unresolved shame (e.g., violence, unresolved shame (e.g., violence, hostility & depression)hostility & depression)

Self-regulatory effect of shame Self-regulatory effect of shame Process of moral learningProcess of moral learning

Need to promote adaptive and Need to promote adaptive and healthy management of shamehealthy management of shame Conceptualization of safe spaces at Conceptualization of safe spaces at

work (Braithwaite & Braithwaite, 2001)work (Braithwaite & Braithwaite, 2001)

Styles of Shame Styles of Shame Management - IManagement - I

(Ahmed, 2001)(Ahmed, 2001)

Shame AcknowledgementShame Acknowledgement

1)1) Feeling shameFeeling shame

2)2) Taking responsibility over Taking responsibility over wrongdoingwrongdoing

3)3) Making amendsMaking amends

Styles of Shame Styles of Shame Management – IIManagement – II

(Ahmed, 2001)(Ahmed, 2001)

Shame DisplacementShame Displacement

1)1) Externalising blameExternalising blame

2)2) Feeling displaced angerFeeling displaced anger

3)3) Feeling retaliationFeeling retaliation

Styles of Shame Styles of Shame Management – IIIManagement – III(Nathanson, 1992)(Nathanson, 1992)

Withdrawal Withdrawal 1)1) Feeling like hidingFeeling like hiding2)2) Physical and psychological withdrawal Physical and psychological withdrawal

from the scenefrom the scene

3)3) ((** Embarrassment – Exposure, Harris, Embarrassment – Exposure, Harris, 2001 )2001 )

Life at School: Life at School: Teachers’ Views and Teachers’ Views and

ExpectationExpectation Surveyed secondary school teachers in Surveyed secondary school teachers in

Australia and Korea (total: 665) about Australia and Korea (total: 665) about their experiences in the workplace in their experiences in the workplace in relation to workmates, students and the relation to workmates, students and the authority, the educational community as a authority, the educational community as a wholewhole The specific question of the The specific question of the

studystudy:: How do teachers manage shame?How do teachers manage shame? Will reintegrative shaming theory Will reintegrative shaming theory

predict adaptive management of predict adaptive management of shame in the workplace?shame in the workplace?

Workplace Bullying: An Workplace Bullying: An Increasing PhenomenonIncreasing Phenomenon

Global phenomenon Global phenomenon Emotional disorder, depression, absenteeism, Emotional disorder, depression, absenteeism,

high staff turnover, lost productionhigh staff turnover, lost production Cost Australia between 6 billion and 13 billionCost Australia between 6 billion and 13 billion

QLD, only state follows up with legislationQLD, only state follows up with legislation TeachersTeachers

25 to 33 % are bullied in most OECD 25 to 33 % are bullied in most OECD countriescountries

The largest group of callers to the Bullying The largest group of callers to the Bullying Advice Line (UK)Advice Line (UK)

A Bullying ScenarioA Bullying Scenario

A new teacher (A) joins you in the staff A new teacher (A) joins you in the staff room and eagerly asks you questions about room and eagerly asks you questions about the school. You initially answer the school. You initially answer superficially, then you stare superficially, then you stare contemptuously, finally you stand up and contemptuously, finally you stand up and say, “Didn’t you do any preparation for this say, “Didn’t you do any preparation for this job?” Then you realize that the other job?” Then you realize that the other teachers in the staff room are listening and teachers in the staff room are listening and watching you. watching you.

Reintegrative Shaming Reintegrative Shaming TheoryTheory

(Braithwaite, 1989)(Braithwaite, 1989) ShamingShaming a refresher course for failed consciencea refresher course for failed conscience a moral learning process to crystallise a moral learning process to crystallise

values of community values of community Need to decertify the wrongdoer as deviantNeed to decertify the wrongdoer as deviant not to create a class of outcastsnot to create a class of outcasts Bring the wrongdoer back to the communityBring the wrongdoer back to the community to restore his dignity and relationships to restore his dignity and relationships

in the in the community community

Reintegrative Shaming Reintegrative Shaming TheoryTheory

(Braithwaite, 1989)(Braithwaite, 1989) ShamingShaming disapprovingdisapproving bullying behaviour bullying behaviour

Need to decertify the wrongdoer as deviantNeed to decertify the wrongdoer as deviant reintegratingreintegrating bully into the bully into the relationships relationships Bring the wrongdoer back to the communityBring the wrongdoer back to the community reintegrative approachreintegrative approach to to

problem problem resolution in the workplace resolution in the workplace

Social Discipline Window Social Discipline Window

HighHigh

punitivepunitive

authoritarianauthoritarian

stigmatizingstigmatizing

restorativerestorative

collaborativecollaborative

reintegrativereintegrative

neglectfulneglectful

indifferentindifferent

passivepassive

permissivepermissive

therapeutictherapeutic

protectiveprotective

Control

Low Support

High

Problem Resolution Practice Problem Resolution Practice andand

Reintegrative Shaming TheoryReintegrative Shaming Theory

tolerant and tolerant and understandingunderstanding

(low disapproval -(low disapproval -high reintegrationhigh reintegration))


(low disapproval -(low disapproval -

low reintegration)low reintegration)

reintegrativereintegrative

(high disapproval -(high disapproval -

high high reintegration)reintegration)

stigmatizingstigmatizing

(high disapproval (high disapproval --

low reintegrationlow reintegration))

HigHighh

Disapproval

Low

Reintegration

High

HypothesesHypotheses

Reintegrative practice would Reintegrative practice would increase adaptive management of increase adaptive management of shame, that is:shame, that is:

1)1) shame would be acknowledged with shame would be acknowledged with desire to make amends, desire to make amends,

2)2) shame would be dissolved safely shame would be dissolved safely without displacing anger onto others,without displacing anger onto others,

3)3) withdrawal would not be used to avoid withdrawal would not be used to avoid the acknowledgement of wrongdoing.the acknowledgement of wrongdoing.

FindingsFindingsPercentage of Four Practices Prevalent Percentage of Four Practices Prevalent

Comparing Australian and Korean Comparing Australian and Korean Workplace Workplace

Problem resolution Practice

reintegrativetolerantstigmatizingneglect

Pe

rce

nt

50

40

30

20

10

0

GROUP

Australians

Koreans

Findings (Con.)Findings (Con.)TThe Effect of Four Practices in he Effect of Four Practices in Predicting Shame Management Predicting Shame Management

(Australia)(Australia)



reintegrativereintegrativestigmatizingstigmatizing

HighHigh

Disapproval

Low

Reintegration

High

A D A

A

Findings (Con.)Findings (Con.)TThe Effect of Four Practices in he Effect of Four Practices in

Predicting Shame Management (Korea)Predicting Shame Management (Korea)



reintegrativereintegrativestigmatizingstigmatizing

HighHigh

Disapproval

Low

Reintegration

High

A D W

Summary of FindingsSummary of Findings

Indeed, problem resolution practice Indeed, problem resolution practice in the workplace had effects on how in the workplace had effects on how shame was managed. shame was managed.

In the Australian sample, In the Australian sample, reintegrative shaming theory was reintegrative shaming theory was supported. supported.

In the Korean sample, culturally In the Korean sample, culturally specific results were found. specific results were found.

In spite of complexity in some of the In spite of complexity in some of the findings, we believe that feeling findings, we believe that feeling socially reintegrated is an important socially reintegrated is an important factor that enables bullies, victims, factor that enables bullies, victims, and onlookers to come to terms (the and onlookers to come to terms (the necessity of safe spaces). necessity of safe spaces).

Love your neighbour Love your neighbour as yourselfas yourself(Luke 10:27)(Luke 10:27)

Thanks! Thanks! and and

Questions?Questions?

shame management and problem resolution practice in the framework of reintegrative shaming theory:...

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