sgml standard generalized markup language. sgml2 challenges n electronic delivery n interchange n...

SGMLSGML

Standard Generalized Standard Generalized Markup LanguageMarkup Language

SGML 2

ChallengesChallenges

Electronic deliveryElectronic delivery InterchangeInterchange MaintainabilityMaintainability Cycle time reductionCycle time reduction CustomizationCustomization

SGML 3

MarkupMarkup

MarkupMarkup– Writing instructions on a physical Writing instructions on a physical

page to the typesetter regarding how page to the typesetter regarding how the various parts of the document the various parts of the document should be typesetshould be typeset

Generalized markupGeneralized markup– Separate document markup from any Separate document markup from any

specific use of the documentspecific use of the document

SGML 4

SGMLSGML

Formalized methodology for Formalized methodology for developing and using document developing and using document markup that supports the markup that supports the separation of form from content separation of form from content and from specific processing and from specific processing dependenciesdependencies

SGML 5

Why were databases Why were databases invented?invented?

Physical and logical data Physical and logical data independenceindependence

Data became a resource to be Data became a resource to be sharedshared

Data should outlive the processes Data should outlive the processes which use itwhich use it

SGML 6

Conventional PublishingConventional Publishing

Didn’t exploit new technologyDidn’t exploit new technology– Proprietary data formatsProprietary data formats– Same document to be used by many Same document to be used by many

different browsersdifferent browsers Merging document content from Merging document content from

multiple sourcesmultiple sources Didn’t reuse or share document Didn’t reuse or share document

contentcontent

SGML 7

Document StructuresDocument Structures

Document typesDocument types– ElementsElements– Database typesDatabase types– Makes possible very powerful Makes possible very powerful

information manipulationinformation manipulation

SGML 8


NewsletterNewsletter– BannerBanner

NameName VolumeVolume EditionEdition DateDate PublisherPublisher Editorial boardEditorial board MastheadMasthead

SGML 9


NewsletterNewsletter– Newsletter bodyNewsletter body

ContentsContents Article +Article +

– TitleTitle– AuthorAuthor– Article bodyArticle body

Section +Section +– Sidebar +Sidebar +

Sidebar headingSidebar heading Sidebar bodySidebar body

SGML 10


CookbookCookbook– Front matterFront matter

Publisher dataPublisher data– TitleTitle– AuthorAuthor– ISBNISBN– Publishing historyPublishing history

ForewordForeword AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Table of contentsTable of contents

SGML 11


CookbookCookbook– BodyBody

General informationGeneral information– Section +Section +

Recipe category +Recipe category +– Recipe subcategory +Recipe subcategory +

Recipe +Recipe +

SGML 12


CookbookCookbook– Back matterBack matter

Appendix +Appendix +– Section +Section +

GlossaryGlossary– Term, definition +Term, definition +

IndexIndex

SGML 13


RecipeRecipe– NameName– DescriptionDescription– IntroductionIntroduction

SGML 14


RecipeRecipe– IngredientsIngredients

Ingredient +Ingredient +– QuantityQuantity– UnitUnit

ProcedureProcedure– Step +Step +

PortionsPortions Nutrition dataNutrition data

SGML 15

Common ElementsCommon Elements

HeadingsHeadings TablesTables Enumerated listsEnumerated lists

SGML 16

QueriesQueries

Locate all recipes having chicken Locate all recipes having chicken as an ingredientas an ingredient

SGML 17

EntitiesEntities

Independently stored portions of a Independently stored portions of a document which can be document which can be independently manipulated and independently manipulated and used by nameused by name

SGML 18

Attributes of ElementsAttributes of Elements

IDID– Unique identifierUnique identifier

IDREFIDREF– ID referenceID reference

SGML 19

RulesRules

Options to be associated with table Options to be associated with table of contents for a given document of contents for a given document typetype– Actual data of table of contents Actual data of table of contents

generated during processing time and generated during processing time and not supplied by author in source not supplied by author in source documentdocument

SGML 20

Table-of-ContentsTable-of-Contents

Case 1 - Document must have Case 1 - Document must have table of contents and it must be in table of contents and it must be in a fixed position in formatted a fixed position in formatted documentdocument– Not necessary to identify this element Not necessary to identify this element

or to specify rule for itor to specify rule for it The processing program produces it and The processing program produces it and

places it correctlyplaces it correctly

SGML 21


Case 2 - Table of contents is optional, Case 2 - Table of contents is optional, but if it occurs, it must be in a but if it occurs, it must be in a particular placeparticular place– All that is necessary is an indication of All that is necessary is an indication of

whether or not table of contents is to be whether or not table of contents is to be includedincluded Can be done as an attribute of another Can be done as an attribute of another

element, say the front matterelement, say the front matter Can be done by specifying an optional Can be done by specifying an optional

element in a fixed positionelement in a fixed position

SGML 22


Case 3 - Document must have table of Case 3 - Document must have table of contents, but it can be located in one of contents, but it can be located in one of several placesseveral places– Can define element type with no structure, Can define element type with no structure,

as its content is supplied by processing as its content is supplied by processing program, and have rules which specify that program, and have rules which specify that it must occur in one of several placesit must occur in one of several places

– Can specify as an attribute of another Can specify as an attribute of another entity and allow it to have a range of entity and allow it to have a range of values that tell where it is locatedvalues that tell where it is located

SGML 23


Case 4 - Table of contents is Case 4 - Table of contents is optional, as well as where it is optional, as well as where it is placedplaced– Element type defined that can occur Element type defined that can occur

in multiple placesin multiple places

SGML 24

Parts of an SGML Parts of an SGML documentdocument

SGML declarationSGML declaration– Means by which it is made known which Means by which it is made known which

options a document is going to useoptions a document is going to use– Usually a single declaration is used for all Usually a single declaration is used for all

documents under a particular systemdocuments under a particular system PrologProlog

– Usually a single document type Usually a single document type declaration (DTD)declaration (DTD)

– Contains rules to which any document of Contains rules to which any document of a given type must conforma given type must conform

SGML 25

Parts of an SGML Parts of an SGML documentdocument

Document instanceDocument instance– The document itself, marked up The document itself, marked up

following the SGML usage following the SGML usage conventions specified in the SGML conventions specified in the SGML declaration and the document type declaration and the document type definition specified in the DTDdefinition specified in the DTD

SGML 26

Newsletter DTDNewsletter DTD11 <!DOCTYPE<!DOCTYPE newsletternewsletter [[

……22 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT newsletternewsletter (admin-sect, body) (admin-sect, body)

33 <!ATTLIST<!ATTLIST newsletternewsletter newslnamenewslname CDATA CDATA #REQUIRED#REQUIRED

volumevolume NUMBERNUMBER #REQUIRED#REQUIRED

editionedition NUMBERNUMBER #REQUIRED#REQUIRED

datedate CDATACDATA #REQUIRED>#REQUIRED>

44 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT admin-sectadmin-sect (masthead, ed-board)> (masthead, ed-board)>

55 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT mastheadmasthead (%text;)> (%text;)>

66 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT ed-boarded-board (%text;)> (%text;)>

77 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT bodybody (article+)> (article+)>

88 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT articlearticle (title, author?, article-body, sidebar+)> (title, author?, article-body, sidebar+)>

99 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT titletitle (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>

SGML 27

Newsletter DTDNewsletter DTD

1010 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT authorauthor (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>

1111 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT article-bodyarticle-body (section+)> (section+)>

1212 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT sectionsection (title?, %text;)> (title?, %text;)>

1313 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT sidebarsidebar (title, %text;)> (title, %text;)>

……]>]>

All itemsAll items– Double hyphensDouble hyphens

Start tag and end tag are mandatoryStart tag and end tag are mandatory

SGML 28


Item 1Item 1– Start of DTDStart of DTD– Identifies document type as a Identifies document type as a

newsletternewsletter– Skipped items we’ll get to laterSkipped items we’ll get to later

SGML 29


Item 2Item 2– Defines highest level element that will Defines highest level element that will

occur in document instanceoccur in document instance– Its generic identifier is “newsletter”Its generic identifier is “newsletter”– Items in parenthesis is the Items in parenthesis is the content content

modelmodel Defines a newsletter as containing only Defines a newsletter as containing only

an administrative section (admin-sect) an administrative section (admin-sect) and a bodyand a body

SGML 30


Item 3Item 3– Defines attributes of newsletter element Defines attributes of newsletter element

typetype– Descriptive properties of newsletterDescriptive properties of newsletter– CDATA is character dataCDATA is character data– ConsiderConsider<!ATTLIST<!ATTLISTnewsletter newslname (health | felines | antiques)newsletter newslname (health | felines | antiques)

#REQUIRED>#REQUIRED>

Actual text of name is supplied by processing Actual text of name is supplied by processing programprogram

SGML 31


Item 5Item 5– %text%text

Parameter entityParameter entity Refers to another definitionRefers to another definition

Item 7Item 7– ++

Occurrence indicatorOccurrence indicator– Others are *, ?Others are *, ?

SGML 32


Item 9Item 9– #PCDATA#PCDATA

Parsed character dataParsed character data String of characters of any lengthString of characters of any length

SGML 33

Recipe DTDRecipe DTD11 <!DOCTYPE<!DOCTYPE cookbookcookbook [[……22 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT cookbookcookbook (front-matter, body, back- (front-matter, body, back-

matter)>matter)>33 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT front-matterfront-matter (publish-data, (foreword & (publish-data, (foreword &

dedication dedication & acknowledg), & acknowledg), toc)>toc)>

44 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT publish-datapublish-data (title, subtitle?, author+, isbn, (title, subtitle?, author+, isbn, publ-publ- history, copyright-yr)>history, copyright-yr)>

55 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT titletitle (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>66 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT subtitlesubtitle (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>77 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT authorauthor (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>88 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT isbnisbn (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>99 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT publ-historypubl-history (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>1010 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT copyright-yrcopyright-yr (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>

SGML 34

Recipe DTDRecipe DTD1111 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT forewordforeword (title, %text;)> (title, %text;)>1212 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT dedicationdedication (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>1313 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT acknowledgacknowledg (title, %text;)> (title, %text;)>1414 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT toctoc O EMPTYO EMPTY1515 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT bodybody (gen-info, recipe-cat+)> (gen-info, recipe-cat+)>1616 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT gen-infogen-info (section+)> (section+)>1717 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT sectionsection (title, %text;?, section*)> (title, %text;?, section*)>1818 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT recipe-catrecipe-cat (section?, (recipe-subcat+ | (section?, (recipe-subcat+ |

megarecipe+))>megarecipe+))>1919 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT recipe-subcatrecipe-subcat (section?, megarecipe+)> (section?, megarecipe+)>2020 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT megrecipemegrecipe (title, recipe-intro, recipe+, (title, recipe-intro, recipe+,

wrapup?)>wrapup?)>2121 <!ATTLIST<!ATTLIST megrecipemegrecipe servingsservings NUMBER #IMPLIEDNUMBER #IMPLIED

nutritionnutrition NMTOKENNMTOKEN #IMPLIED#IMPLIEDpreptimepreptime CDATACDATA #IMPLIED>#IMPLIED>

SGML 35

Recipe DTDRecipe DTD

2222 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT recipe-introrecipe-intro (%text;)> (%text;)>

2323 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT reciperecipe (title?, recipe-intro?, ingredients, (title?, recipe-intro?, ingredients, procedure, wrapup?)>procedure, wrapup?)>

2424 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT ingredientsingredients (ingredient+)> (ingredient+)>

2525 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT ingredientingredient (#PCDATA)> (#PCDATA)>

2626 <!ATTLIST<!ATTLIST ingredientingredient metricunit CDATAmetricunit CDATA#IMPLIED#IMPLIED

metricquanmetricquan NUMBER #IMPLIED>NUMBER #IMPLIED>

2727 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT procedureprocedure (step+)> (step+)>

2828 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT stepstep (%text;)> (%text;)>

2929 <!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT wrapupwrapup (%text;)> (%text;)>

]>]>

SGML 36


Item 3Item 3– &&

ConnectorConnector– Others are | and ,Others are | and ,

Any orderAny order

Item 14Item 14– OO

Can omit particular tag, in this case an Can omit particular tag, in this case an end tagend tag

SGML 37


Item 17Item 17– RecursionRecursion

Item 22Item 22– NMTOKENNMTOKEN

Name tokenName token Processing program should find valueProcessing program should find value

– #IMPLIED#IMPLIED Value doesn’t have to be givenValue doesn’t have to be given Processing program chooses a defaultProcessing program chooses a default

SGML 38

Document InstanceDocument Instance

elementelement

<name <name attname="attvalue">content</name>attname="attvalue">content</name>

start-tagstart-tag content content end-end-tagtag

SGML 39


<newsletter newslname=felines volume=3 edition=6 date="18 <newsletter newslname=felines volume=3 edition=6 date="18 December 1995">December 1995">

<admin-sect><admin-sect>

<masthead><masthead>

<para>Published by the Aco Company, …<para>Published by the Aco Company, …

</para></para>

</masthead></masthead>

<ed-board><ed-board>

<para>W.I. Grosky, …<para>W.I. Grosky, …

</para></ed-board></masthead></para></ed-board></masthead>

SGML 40


<body><body>

<article><article>

<title>What I did on my Summer Vacation</title><title>What I did on my Summer Vacation</title>

<author>John Smith</author><author>John Smith</author>

<article-body><article-body>

<section><section>

<para>I like the seashore…</para><para>I like the seashore…</para>

<para>I like the mountains even better… </para></section><para>I like the mountains even better… </para></section>

SGML 41


<section><section>

<title>Where I will go Next Year</title><title>Where I will go Next Year</title>

<para>Europe is always nice in the <para>Europe is always nice in the summer…</para></section></article-body>summer…</para></section></article-body>

<sidebar><sidebar>

<title>Skiing in the Alps</title><title>Skiing in the Alps</title>

<para>Oops…</para></sidebar></article><para>Oops…</para></sidebar></article>

<article>…</article></body></newsletter><article>…</article></body></newsletter>

SGML 42

SGML DeclarationSGML Declaration

How a document uses SGMLHow a document uses SGML– Character setCharacter set– Concrete syntaxConcrete syntax

DelimitersDelimiters Name characters and lengthsName characters and lengths

– Optional featuresOptional features

SGML 43

SGML SystemSGML System

programprogramoutputoutput

SGMLSGMLparserparser

entityentitymanagermanager

SGMLSGMLdeclarationdeclaration

documentdocumentinstanceinstance

processingprocessingprogramprogram

entry/editentry/editcompositioncomposition

etc.etc.

SGML 44

ParserParser

Read SGML declaration and establish Read SGML declaration and establish rules for interpreting the rest of the rules for interpreting the rest of the document and applying SGML document and applying SGML featuresfeatures

Read DOCTYPE declaration, verifying Read DOCTYPE declaration, verifying that it follows rules for declaring that it follows rules for declaring DTD's, and determine rules for DTD's, and determine rules for interpreting document instanceinterpreting document instance

SGML 45

ParserParser

Read document instance and Read document instance and validate that it follows rules of DTDvalidate that it follows rules of DTD

Resolve entity referencesResolve entity references

SGML 46

The Web and HypermediaThe Web and Hypermedia

HTMLHTML– Hypertext Markup LanguageHypertext Markup Language– DTD of SGMLDTD of SGML

HyTimeHyTime– Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring

LanguageLanguage– DTD of SGMLDTD of SGML

SGML 47

Part of HTML DTDPart of HTML DTD

======-->

<!ELEMENT<!ELEMENT IMGIMG - O- O EMPTY>EMPTY>

<!ATTLIST<!ATTLIST IMGIMG SRCSRC CDATACDATA #REQUIRED#REQUIRED

ALTALT CDATACDATA #IMPLIED#IMPLIED

ALIGN (top | middle | bottom) #IMPLIEDALIGN (top | middle | bottom) #IMPLIED

ISMAPISMAP (ISMAP)(ISMAP) #IMPLIED>#IMPLIED>

<!- -<!- - <IMG><IMG> Image; icon, glyph or illustrationImage; icon, glyph or illustration - ->- ->

<!- -<!- - <IMG SRC="…"><IMG SRC="…"> Address of image object - ->Address of image object - ->

<!- -<!- - <IMG ALT="…"><IMG ALT="…"> Textual alternative - ->Textual alternative - ->

<!- -<!- - <IMG ALIGN="…"><IMG ALIGN="…"> Position relative to text - ->Position relative to text - ->

<!- -<!- - <IMG ISMAP><IMG ISMAP> Each pixel can be a link - ->Each pixel can be a link - ->

sgml standard generalized markup language. sgml2 challenges n electronic delivery n interchange n...

Documents

n physical

contents n case

shared n data

n sidebar body slide

sgml16 queries n

sgml17 entities n

definition n index slide

sgml19 rules n options