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Sexspecific research and clinical care; Why women's cardiovascular health can't wait. Cardiology Rounds February 2015

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Page 1: Sex$specific*research*and*clinical* care;*Why*women's ... · TheScopeoftheProblem $$ • Women are roughly 10 yrs older than men when they present, and have more co-morbidities •

Sex-­‐specific  research  and  clinical  care;  Why  women's  cardiovascular  

health  can't  wait.  

Cardiology  Rounds    February  2015  

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(gender)  

Every  cell  is  sexed Every  person  is  gendered

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Sex  

(gender)  

•  Biological  construct  (often  understood  as  a  binary  man/woman)

•  Encompasses  hormones,  genes,  anatomy,  physiology  etc.

•  Affects  propensity  for  trajectories,            prevalence  and  treatment  of  health            conditions  and  diseases •  Differences  in  drug  absorption,          body  composition,  metabolism,  diseases          and  conditions  according  to  sex

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Gender

(gender)  

•  A  social  construct;  developed  by  social  scientists  (Female/Male)

•  Gender  while  rooted  in  biology  is  shaped  by  the  environment  and  experiences

•  Linked  to  power  and  to  economic  and  social  status •  Is  culturally  specific,  and  temporal •  Distinct  from  sex •  Has  a  number  of  dimensions

–  gender  roles,   –  gender  identity,   –  gender  relations,   –  institutionalized  gender

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Binary  vs  Spectrum  

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What  we  know  

•  At  this  point  all  differences  idenJfied  are  based  on  SEX-­‐    

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Significant  differences  in  health    outcomes  for  men  and  women  

•  Men  die  younger  than  women.  In  Canada  the  mortality  rate  for  men  is  78  years  compared  to  82.7  years  for  women.  

•  Women  experience  a  heavier  burden  of  chronic  illness.    

•  Men’s  and  women’s  use  of  the  health  system  differs.  

•  Men  and  women  respond  differently  to  therapies.  

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Understanding  Sex  and    Gender  Differences  in  Health  Outcomes  

•  Neither  biological  (sex)  nor  gender  (more  on  this  measurement  later!)  explanaJons  fully  account  for  the  differences  in  men’s  and  women’s  health  

 •   An  understanding  of  how  these            factors  combine  to  affect  the  health            of  men  and  women  is  not  fully  developed  

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Road  to  Health  Inequity  •  Animals  and  human  studies  typically  use  males  or  do  not  idenJfy  sex  when  females  are  included    

•  Women  are  unrepresented  in  clinical  trials.  Even  when  included,  researchers  fail  to  analyze  and  report  by  sex  

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Road  to  Health  Inequity  •  Females  of  reproducJve  age  unsuitable  due  to  risk  of  pregnancy:  female  reproducJve  cycle  and  hormonal  fluctuaJons  increases  variaJon  

•  Thalidomide  and  diethylsJlbestrol  led  to  policies  that  excluded  women  from  phase  1  and  2  RCT=  majority  of  research  from  la\er  half  of  20th  century  biased  towards  men  PARTICULARLY  in  CVD  

Pilote  and  Humphries  2014  CCS  

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Road  to  Health  Inequity  •  1993  NIH  –guidelines  inclusion  of  women  in  all  phases  of  RCTs  ALSO  phase  III  RCT  assess  sex-­‐based  differences  

•  Between  2000  and  2007  FDA  approved  78  high  risk  CV  devices  based  on  paJent  populaJon  67%  men  with  sex  specific  analyses  in  only  41%  of  studies.  

Pilote  and  Humphries  2014  CCS  

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Road  to  Health  Inequity  •  EXAMPLE  =  Implantable  cardioverter-­‐defibrillator  with  approval  granted  despite  low  enrollment  of  women  

•  IMPLICATIONS  =  meta-­‐analyses  demonstrated  lack  of  efficacy  of  implantable  cardioverter-­‐defibrillators  in  primary  prevenJon  trial  in  women  with  heart  failure.  

•  VAD  approved  for  paJents  with  advanced  heart  failure  with  23%  (44  women)  in  study  populaJon    –  Device  is  marketed  as  suitable  for  women  given  small  size,  BUT  risk  of  stroke  reported  to  be  2  Jmes  higher  than  in  men  (Heart  mate  II)    

Pilote  and  Humphries  2014  CCS  

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Road  to  Health  Inequity  •  Findings  (based  on  men)  are  translated  into  clinical  pracJce    

•  Outcome  measures  are  not  analyzed  or  reported  by  sex  

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Difference  Specific  to  CV  Disease  •  Cardiovascular  disease  affects  women  and  men  differently  including  – Prevalence  – Underlying  physiology  – PresenJng  symptoms  – Risk  factors  – Outcomes  

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The  Scope  of  the  Problem    

Heart  Disease  and  Stroke  StaJsJcs  -­‐  2013  Update,  AHA    Barry  Norris  et  al  unpubished  data  2014  

•  Cardiovascular disease is BY FAR the biggest killer of women

– Roughly 401,000 deaths/year from CVD (vs. 386,000 men) (US) – 176,255 deaths/year from CAD Vs 39,520 deaths from breast cancer

Women still report Breast Ca more likely to kill them compared to heart disease

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The  Scope  of  the  Problem    •  Women are roughly 10 yrs older than men

when they present, and have more co-morbidities

•  Young women also develop CAD and have a worse prognosis than men

•  Women are more likely to wait before presenting to medical attention

Stangl  V,  et  al.  Eur  Heart  J  2008;29:707;  Mosca  L  et  al.  CirculaJon  2005;111:499;  Wenger  NK.  CirculaJon  2004;109:558;  Alter  DA  et  al.  JACC  2002;39:1909  

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The  Scope  of  the  Problem    •  Women are referred less often for

appropriate testing or treatment •  Women with MI are more likely to have complications and increased mortality •  Fewer women have been included in studies,

so there’s less data

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Physiology  •  The  role  of    

– Estrogen  – Oral  contracepJves  – Pregnancy  – Menopause  and  hormone  therapy  – Cholesterol/Triglycerides  

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The  role  of  Estrogen  •  protecJve  effect  on  women's  cardiovascular  health  can  change  depending  on  a  variety  of  factors  and  condiJons.        

•  Aper  menopause,  as  natural  estrogen  levels  drop,  women  reported  to  develop  high  cholesterol.    

 

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 Oral  ContracepIves  

 •  Oral  contracepJves  (in  small  proporJon  of  women)  increases  the  risk  of  high  blood  pressure  and  blood  clots.    

•  The  risk  is  greater  if    – Smoker  – Hypertensive  – Over  the  age  of  40,    – or  already  have  a  blood  cloqng  problem.    

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Pregnancy  •  Pre-­‐eclampsia  •  GestaIonal  diabetes  

–  increase  the  risk  of  the  mother  and  baby  developing  diabetes  later  in  life.  

– The  risk  of  a  pregnancy-­‐related  stroke  is  greatest  during  childbirth  and  few  weeks  thereaper  

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Menopause  •  An  increase  in  total  blood  cholesterol,  low  LDL  or/and  triglyceride  levels  

•  A  decrease  in  HDL    •  A  tendency  toward  higher  blood  pressure  

•  An  increase  in  central  body  fat  =  increased  risk  of  thromboembolism  and  diabetes  

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Social  and  Environmental  Influences  

•  Stress  and  poverty  differ  for  women  compared  to  men  and  accentuate  differences  in  the  – Expression  – Diagnosis  – Treatment    – Outcomes    

  Lee  et  al  2003;  Schulman  et  all  1999;  Slopen  et  al  2012  

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What are the symptoms?

Chest pain or discomfort

Unusual upper body discomfort

Shortness of breath

Breaking out in a cold sweat

Unusual or unexplained

fatigue (tiredness)

Light-headedness or sudden dizziness

Nausea (feeling sick to the stomach)

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Symptoms  in  women  with  MI    •  Study  of  515  women  with  MI  

– Chest  pain  absent  in  43%  – Most  common  symptom:  

•  Dyspnea  in  58%  • Weakness  in  55%  •  FaJgue  in  43%  

– Prodrome:  •  FaJgue  in  71%  •  Sleep  disturbance  (48%),  dyspnea  (42%)  

McSweeney  JC,  et  al.  CirculaJon  2003;108:2619  

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•  Over  1,000,000  men  and  women  in  NRMI  registry,  1994-­‐2006  (481,581  women)  – 42%  of  women  presented  without  CP  (vs.  31%  of  men)  

– Higher  in-­‐hospital  mortality  in  women  (14.6%)  than  in  men  (10.3%)  

– Younger  women  without  chest  pain  were  at  the  highest  risk  

Canto  JG  et  al.  JAMA  2012;307:813  

Symptoms  in  women  with  MI    

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•  These  women  who  presented  without  CP  were  sicker  and  fared  worse:    – More  had  DM  – Later  presentaJon  – More  Killip  III/IV  – More  NSTEMI  – Less  Jmely  therapies  – Less  anJplatelet  meds,  heparin,  BB  

Canto  JG  et  al.  JAMA  2012;307:813  

Symptoms  in  women  with  MI    

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•  Sudden  cardiac  death  – Higher  rates  in  men  

– However,  a  significantly  higher  percentage  of  women  who  have  SCD  had  no  prior  symptoms!  (63%  vs.  44%)  

Canto  JG  et  al.  JAMA  2012;307:813  

Symptoms  in  women  with  MI    

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Risk  Factors  for  Women  •  Age  over  55  •  Dyslipidemia:  high  LDL  and/or  low  HDL  •  Family  hx  of  premature  CAD    

– First  degree  male  <  55,  female  <65  •  Diabetes  •  Smoking  •  Hypertension  •  Peripheral  arterial  disease  

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Risk  factors  for  Women  •  Menopause  •  Obesity  •  High  triglycerides  •  Metabolic  syndrome  •  Sedentary  lifestyle  •  Collagen  vascular  disease/autoimmune  disease  

•  CKD    

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Risk  factors  for  Women  •  Pregnancy-­‐related  

– Pre-­‐eclampsia,  eclampsia  – GestaJonal  diabetes  – SJllbirth  – Miscarriages,  esp.  mulJple    

•  Hx  of  cancer  treatments  (XRT)  

•  Depression  and  stress  •  Hx  of  trauma  or  abuse    

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Which  risk  factors  are  more  predicIve  in  women?  

•  Low  HDL  is  more  predicJve  than  high  LDL  

•  Lp  (a)  can  be  more  predicJve  in  younger  women  

•  TG  can  be  more  predicJve  in  older  women,  especially  if  >400  mg/dL  (4.5  mmol/L)   Rich-­‐Edwards,  JW  et  al.  NEJM  1995;  332:1758;  Miller  VT.  

Atherosclerosis  1994;  108  Suppl:S73;  Orth-­‐Gomer  K.  CirculaJon  1997;95:329  

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•  Diabetes:  almost  double  the  risk  of  fatal  CAD    

•  Smoking:    – associated  with  50%  of  all  coronary  events  in  women  

– Risk  elevated  even  with  minimal  use  

Zuaneq  G  et  al.  JACC  1993;22:1788;  Wille\  WC  etal.NEJM  1987;317:1303  

Which  risk  factors  are  more  predicIve  in  women?  

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Effect  of  smoking  

Njolstad  I  et  al.  CirculaJon  1996;93(3):450;  Presco\  E  et  al.  BMJ  1998;316(7137):1043  

•  Women  who  smoke  have  a  six-­‐fold  increased  risk  of  MI  (vs.  3x  in  men)  

•  Risk  was  higher  for  women  smokers  than  men  regardless  of  age  

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ReproducIve  •  Pregnancy  is  stress  test  to  understand  CVD  

–  Pre-­‐eclampsia  –    •  3.8  x  more  likely  to  develop  DM,    •  11.6  x  more  likely  to  develop  HTN  requiring  rx  

– GestaJonal  DM:  up  to  70%  develop  DM  within  5  years  –  Recurrent  pregnancy  disorders  strongly  associated  with  cardiovascular  risk  factors    

•  Menopause  – ONLY  total  cholesterol,  LDL  and  ApoB    demonstrated  substanJal  increase  within  1  year  before  and  a0er  FMP  –other  CVD  risk  factors  were  indicaJve  of  model  of  chronological  age  

Magnussen  2009,  Kim  2002,  Ma\hews  et  all  JACC  2009  

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Diagnosis  •  Treadmill  stress  tesJng  •  Nuclear  stress  tesJng    •  Stress  echo  •  CT  calcium  score  •  Coronary  CTA  •  Cardiac  catheterizaJon  with  coronary  angiography  

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Stress  TesIng  •  ETT    

–  Lower  accuracy  for  women  –  Studies  with  prevalence  of  CAD  similar  in  men  and  women  sJll  show  lower  

accuracy  –  Other  mechanisms  suggested  

•  Digoxin-­‐like  effect  of  estrogen  •  Inappropriate  catecholamine  response  to  exercise  •  Different  chest  wall  anatomy  •  Higher  incidence  of  mitral  valve  prolapse  •  Developed  using  men,  thresholds  for  abnormal  established  almost  exclusively  with  men      

•  Stress  Nuclear    –  Higher  sensiJvity  but  lower  specificity  than  ETT  for  diagnosis  in  women  –  Breast  Jssue  in  women  can  cause  arJfact  (new  isotope  may  decrease  this  

issue)  •  Stress  Echo  

–  SensiJvity  and  specificity  higher  in  stress  echo  than  ETT  and  Thallium  Scan    

Kwok  Y,  et  a;.  Am  J  Cardiol  1999;  83:660.  

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Coronary  Computed  Tomographic  Angiography  (CTA)  

•  ROMICAT-­‐II*  trial-­‐  evaluated  sex-­‐based  differences  in  effecJveness  of  early  cardiac    CTA  – Women  had  greater  reducJon  in  LOS,  lower  admission  rates,  lesser  increased  cumulaJve    radiaJon  doses  than  men  in  a  comparison  of  ED  strategies  

–  Early  CCTA  strategy  ‘a\racJve  opJon’  in  women  presenJng  to  ER  

   

Truong  Q  et  al.  CirculaJon  2013;  127;2494  *  Rule  out  MI  with  CAT    

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Diagnosis  

Shaw  LJ  et  al.  Ann  Intern  Med  1994;120:559;  Hachamovitch  R  et  al.  JACC  1995;  26:  1457  

•  Women  less  likely  to  be  referred  for  further  evaluaJon  if  they  have  a  posiJve  stress  test  – Higher  incidence  of  MI  or  death  in  these  paJents  

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Treatment/PrevenIon  

Mosca  L  et  al;  CirculaJon  2011;123:1243  

•  All  women  –  Physical  acJvity  –  Quit  smoking  –  Dietary  Intake    – Weight  Managemant    

•  BMI  <25,  waist  circumference  <35  in.  –  Treat  risk  factors:  HTN,  DM,  dyslipidemia  

–  ASA  –  look  at  risk/benefit  raJo  –  Treat  depression  

•  Increasing  awareness  •  Screening  

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Treatment  in  ACS  or  acute  MI  •  Medical  therapy  Issues  with  dosages  not  simply  due  to  women  being  smaller  than  men;women  metabolize  drugs  differently  because  they  have  a  higher  percentage  of  body  fat  and  are  exposed  to  different  levels  of  hormones  

– Aspirin,  beta  blockers,  ACE-­‐inhibitors  – StaJns  

 

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Treatment/PrevenIon  PreventaJve  drug  intervenJons  –  ASA    

•  high  risk  women  (class  I  level  A),  women  with  diabetes  (Class  IIA  ;  Level  B)    •  At  risk  or  healthy  women  >=65  yrs  if  BP  controlled    and  risk  for  ischemic  stroke  

and  MI  prevenJon  outweighs  risk  of  GI  bleed  and  Hemorrhagic  stroke    (Iia;B)  •  Atrial  FibrillaJon    for  women  with  contraindicaJon  to  warfarin  or  at  low  risk  of  

stroke  CHADS2  score  <2  (Class  I  level  A)  –  Warfarin-­‐  Atrial  fibrillaJon,  low  risk  of  stroke  (Class  I  ;  Level  A)    –  Dabigatran    -­‐alternaJve  to  warfarin    for  AF  (I;B)      –  Beta  Blockers    

•  Up  to  12  months  (class  I  level  A)  or  up  to  3  years  (Class  I  level  B)    all  women  post  MI  or  ACS  

•  Long  term  for  women  with  LV  failure  unless  contraindicated  (Class  I  ;  Level  A)    •  Long-­‐term  may  be  considered  in  women  with  CAD  and  Normal  LVF  (class  IIb  

level  C)  

Mosca  et  al  2011-­‐  CirculaJon    123  

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Treatment/PrevenIon  

Ace  inhibitors/ARBs  •  Used  in  women  aper  MI  and/or  clinical  evidences  of  HF  LVEF  

<=40%  or  DM  (Class  I  ;  Level  A)    •  Women  aper  MI  and/or  clinical  evidences  of  HF  LVEF  <=40%  or  

DM  but  INTOLERANT  of  ACE  inhibitors  ARBs  used  instead  (Class  I  ;  Level  B)    

Aldosterone  Blockade  •  Use  is  indicated  aper  MI  in  women  who  do  not  have  

hypotension,  renal  dysfuncJon,  or  hyperkalemia  who  are  on  doses  of  ACE  inhibitors  and  B-­‐blocker  and  have  LVEF,≤40%  with  symptomaJc  heart  failure  (Class  I  ;  Level    B)    

 

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IntervenIonal  treatment  in  women    •  Less  likely  to  be  referred  •  Higher  complicaJon  rate  than  in  men  

– Smaller  arteries,  more  bleeding  

•  But  these  pts  do  be\er  than  if  no  intervenJon  •  Higher  peri-­‐procedural  rate  of  complicaJon  but  be\er  long-­‐term  survival  than  men    

 

Anand  SS  et  al.  JACC  2005;46:1845;  King  KM  et  al.  JAMA  2004;291:1220;  Anderson  ML  et  al.  CirculaJon  2012;  126:2190  

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Treatment  of  ACS,  NSTEMI,  STEMI  

•  Early  invasive  strategy  for  high-­‐risk  paJents  •  PCI  for  STEMI  

– Be\er  than  fibrinolysis  or  POBA  

Glaser  R  et  al.  JAMA  2002;288:3124;  Mueller  C  et  al.  JACC  2002;40:245;  Lansky  AJ  et  al.  CirculaJon  2005;111:1611  

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Bleeding  •  Women  have  2  xs  more  bleeding  than  men  following  PCI  – Technical  factors,  medicaJon  issues    – RISK-­‐PCI  

•  Same  efficacy  as  in  men  •  Higher  bleeding  •  Higher  mortality  

Mrdovic  Can  J  Cardiol  2013;  29:1097  

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Bleeding  •  Bleeding  avoidance  strategies  

– Transradial  approach,    – Closure  devices,    – Bivalrudin  

•  Lower  bleeding  rates  in  both  sexes  

Radial  and  Bivalrudin  (  OR  0.31  women    vs  0.46  men)  

JACC  2013;  61:2070;  Circ  2013;  127:2295  

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Other  cardiac  causes  of  chest  pain  

•  Women’s  ischemic  heart  disease  (syndrome  X,  microvascular  disease)  

 •  MyocardiJs  

– Stress-­‐induced  cardiomyopathy  

 •  Coronary  dissecJon  

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Cancer  and  CV  disease  •  Chemotherapy  toxicity:  anthracyclines  and  HercepJn  – CommunicaJon  and  monitoring                                                                                                          – Treatment  of  baseline  risk  factors:  HTN,  DM,  CAD  and  LV  dysfxn  pts  at  higher  risk  

– Older  paJents  – CombinaJon  chemo            and  higher  dose  chemo  – CombinaJon  with  XRT  

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Cancer  and  CV  disease  •  RadiaJon  toxicity  

–  Effects  on  all  parts  of  the  heart  – Most  common  sign:  pericardial  effusion  –  Starts  within  first  5  yrs  aper  rx,  conJnues  for  at  least  20  years    

– Women  with  baseline  cardiac  risk    factors  who  undergo  chemotherapy  at  higher  risk  of  cardiac  events-­‐  Dr.  Edie  Pituskin/  Dr  Ian  Pa\erson    “Cardiac  rehabilita7on  in  pa7ents  undergoing  high-­‐dose  chemotherapy  and  hematopoie7c  stem  cell  /bone  marrow  transplanta7on  –  a  prospec7ve  descrip7ve  study”    

Darby  et  al.  NEJM,  2013;368:987  

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State  of  the  Union  •  Underlying  causes  for  sex/gender  differences  sJll  relaJvely  unknown    

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Progress  •  Sex  differences  in  the  underlying  biology  

– Plaque  is  more  diffusely  deposited  in  women’s  coronary  arteries  than  men  

– Women  more  open  have  disease  in  their  smaller  blood  vessels  which  makes  disease  harder  to  diagnose  with  commonly  used  diagnosJc  tests  

– Autopsies  show  that  younger  women  who  suffer  from  sudden  death  are  more  likely  to  have  died  as  a  result  of  plaque  eroding    versus  rupturing  in  men  

Merz  et  all  JACC  2006;  Quyyumi  AA  JACC  2006;Burke  et  al  CirculaJon,  2003  

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Progress  •  Explored  relaJonship  between  estrogen  and  vascular  disease  -­‐Premenopausal  women  less  likely  to  develop  CVD  – Know  that  estrogen  receptors  exist  throughout  the  vascular  system  but  sJll  don’t  understand  how  this  is  related  to  differences  observed  in  CVD.  

– Some  studies  on  estrogen  receptors  in  smaller  blood  vessels  where  disease  producing  symptoms  are  more  frequently  found  in  women  

Miller  V,  Women’s  Health,  2010  

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Progress  •  Cardiometabolic  disorders  of  pregnancy  such  as  preeclampsia,  put  women  &  children  at  a  higher  risk  for  CVD  

•  Researchers  have  idenJfied  deficiencies  of  vascular  endothelial  growth  factor  that  builds  new  blood  vessels  and  another  one  that  shuts  vessel  building  process  down.  

•  Doctors  now  encouraged  to  ask  about  history  of  preeclampsia  when  assessing  risk  for  CVD  

Wilson  et  al  BMJ  2003  326  (7394)  

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Progress  •  Women’s  health  iniJaJve  and  women’s  health  study  have  focuses  on  the  prevenJon  of  CVD  – Hormonal  therapy  in  menopausal  and  post-­‐menopausal  women  increases  the  risk  for  stroke  and  pulmonary  embolisms  

– Aspirin  prevents  strokes  in  women  over  the  age  of  65  but  not  in  men.    

Bailey  et  al,    Curr  Cardio  Risk  Rep  2010;  Ridker  et  al,  NEJM  2005      

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Awareness  is  lacking!  

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Awareness  is  lacking!  •  ~2500  women  >  25  y.o.  surveyed  •  Between  1997-­‐2012,  awareness  among  whole  study  populaJon  nearly  doubled:  30%à56%  

•  SJll  low  in  minoriJes:  – Blacks:  36%  – Hispanics:  34%  

Mosca  L,  et  al.  Fipeen-­‐year  trends  in  awareness  of  heart  disease  in  women.  CirculaJon  2013;  127.  

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Awareness  

Mosca  L,  et  al.  Fipeen-­‐year  trends  in  awareness  of  heart  disease  in  women.  CirculaJon  2013;  127.  

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Awareness  

Mosca  L,  et  al.  Fipeen-­‐year  trends  in  awareness  of  heart  disease  in  women.  CirculaJon  2013;  127.  

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GENESIS  •  Team  of  basic  science,  clinical  epidemiological  and  health  services  researchers,    

•  GENESIS  is  invesJgaJng  the  sex  and  gender  determinants  for  the  development,  presentaJon,  process  of  care  and  outcome  of  cardiovascular  disease  (CVD)  in  pts  under  55  years.    

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Outcomes  Research  •  StraJfied  by  sex  •  Sex  Differences  in  Premature  Acute  Coronary  Syndrome  Symptom  •  Sex  and  Gender-­‐related  Risk  Factor  Burden  in  PaJents  with  

Premature  Acute  Coronary  Syndrome.    •  Depression  and  Disease  Severity  in  PaJents  with  Premature  Acute  

Coronary  Syndrome.    •  Chest  Pain  in  Acute  Myocardial  InfarcJon:  Are  Men  From  Mars  and  

Women  From  Venus?  •  Sex-­‐related  differences  in  access  to  care  among  paJents  with  

premature  acute  coronary  syndrome.,    •  Health-­‐Related  Quality  of  Life  in  Premature  Acute  Coronary  

Syndrome:    •  Sex  or  Gender  Really  MaXer?  An  Index  for  Measuring  Gender  in  

PaIents  with  Acute  Coronary  Syndrome.    

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Gender  Index  •  Create  a  ‘gender  profile’  collected  psychosocial  variables  related  to    – Gender  role  – Gender  idenJty  – Gender  relaJons    –  InsJtuJonalized  gender  (distribuJon  of  power  between  men  and  women)    

– CALCULATED  a  GENDER  score  

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Gender  distribuJon  in  men  and  women  with  premature  ACS    

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Take-­‐home  points    •  CAD  and  CVD  are  by  far  the  biggest  health  risks  for  women  

•  Awareness  is  sJll  less  than  it  needs  to  be  

•  PrevenJon  CAN  reduce  risk  

•  Screening  programs  are  available  

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Take-­‐home  points    •  Women  can  present  differently,  and  do  worse  when  they  do  

•  Women  are  referred  less  open  for  appropriate  tesJng  and  treatment  

•  Women  can  have  more  complicaJons  from  treatment,  but  sJll  fare  be\er  than  without  rx  

•  Special  consideraJons:  pregnancy,  menopause,  comorbidiJes  

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Thank-­‐you  

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Major  Risk  Factor  IntervenJons  •  BP    

–  lifestyle  intervenJons  –  Pharmacotherapy  .  Indicated  when  BP  >-­‐140/90  

•  Thiazide  diureJcs    •  High  risk  women  with  ACS  or  MI  =  beta  blockers  and/or  ace  inhibitors  /ARBs    with  

addiJon  of  thiazides  as  needed  (Class  1  Level  A)  •  Lipids  and  lipoprotein  Levels    

–  Lifestyle  intervenJons    –  Pharmacotherapy,  LDL  lowering  drug  therapy    –  In  women  >  60  years  with  esJmated  CHD  risk  >10%  staJns  aper  lifestyle  

modificaJon  and  no  acute  inflammatory  process  is  present  –  Low  HDL  –C  niacin  of  fibrate  therapy  can  be  useful  in  high  risk  women  aper  

LDL-­‐C  goal  is  reached  (Class  IIb  Level  B)    •  Diabetes  mellitus  

–  Lifestyle  and  pharmacotherapy  useful  in  women  to  achieve  HbA1c  <7%  (Class  IIb  Level  B)