seven square mall m/s kesari projects...

SEVEN SQUARE MALLM/s Kesari Projects LLP

SURVEY NOS. 2/1A IN WARD NO 18,AKKARAMPALLI VILLAGE, MADHURA NAGAR,

TIRUPATHI, CHITTOOR DISTRICT

EIS/EMP report for Proposed CommercialShopping Mall & Multiplex Construction Project

Submitted ByM/s KESARI PROJECTS LLP8-2-596/F/444,Flat No:4, 2nd floor,Farhat Afza apt, Rd No:10,Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034Tel: 040-23356899Mobile: 9849377265

Studies & Documentation byM/s Team Labs and Consultants(An ISO Certified Organization)B-115 - 117 & 509, Annapurna Block,Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet,Hyderabad- 500 038Phone: 91-040-23748555/616Fax : 91-040-23748666e-mail: [email protected]

SUBMITTED TOSTATE LEVEL ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY,

ANDHRA PRADESHGOVERNMENT OF INDIA

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction1.1 Environmental Impact Statement 1-51.2 EIS process adopted 1-51.2.1 Environmental Screening 1-61.2.2 Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plans 1-61.3 Structure of the EIS Report 1-6

2.0 Project Description2.1 The Project Location 2-12.2 Project Description 2-12.2.1 Design Stage 2-12.2.1.1 Storm Water Drain 2-72.2.1.2 Domestic Water 2-102.2.1.3 Solid Waste 2-192.2.2 Construction Stage 2-192.2.2.1 Water Requirement 2-212.2.2.2 Construction Debris 2-212.2.2.3 Paints 2-222.2.2.4 Work Force 2-222.2.2.5 Material Preparation and Transport 2-222.2.3 Occupation Phase 2-222.2.3.1 Domestic Water 2-252.2.3.2 Solid Waste 2-25

3.0 Assessment of Impacts3.1 Backgrounds 3-13.2 Meteorological Parameters 3-13.3 Natural and Biophysical Environment 3-13.3.1 Air 3-13.3.1.1 Model Formulation 3-53.3.1.2 Meteorological Data 3-63.3.2 Water Resources 3-93.3.3 Land 3-113.3.4 Consumption of Natural Resources 3-13

3.3.5 Noise 3-143.3.6 Energy Consumption 3-183.3.7 Energy Efficiency 3-183.3.8 Flora 3-183.3.9 Fauna 3-193.3.10 Human Use Values 3-193.4 Archaeological/Protected Monuments and Other Cultural

Properties 3-203.5 Social Impacts 3-203.6 Induced Impacts 3-20

4.0 Mitigation, Avoidance and Enhancement Measures4.1 Approach to Mitigation Measures 4-14.2 Avoidance and Mitigation Measures 4-24.2.1 Meteorological Parameters 4-24.2.2 Natural and Biophysical Environment 4-54.2.2.1 Air 4-54.3 Water Resources 4-64.4 Land 4-94.4.1 Physiography 4-94.4.2 Seismicity 4-94.4.3 Loss of Productive Soil 4-94.4.4 Soil Erosion 4-104.4.5 Compaction of Soil 4-104.4.6 Contamination of Soil 4-114.5 Consumption of Natural Resources 4-114.6 Noise Levels 4-114.7 Energy Conservation 4-124.8 Flora 4-124.9 Fauna 4-134.10 Human Use Values 4-134.11 Safe Construction Practices 4-14

5.0 Environment Management Plan5.1 Project Details 5-15.2 Major findings of the EIS 5-15.3 Environmental Impacts 5-1

5.4 Environmental Management Measures Proposed 5-35.4.1 Pre-construction stage 5-35.4.2 Construction stage 5-35.4.3 Operation stage 5-35.5 Implementation arrangements 5-125.6 Institutional Strengthening 5-135.7 Training 5-135.8 Environmental monitoring 5-135.8.1 Introduction 5-135.8.2 Objectives 5-145.8.3 Methodology 5-145.8.4 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring 5-145.8.5 Water Quality Monitoring 5-165.8.6 Noise Level Monitoring 5-215.9 Reporting system 5-285.10 Environmental management budget 5-295.11 Horticultural and Landscaping Works 5-295.12 Water Conservation Measures 5-365.13 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management 5-38

List of Tables

1.0 Introduction1.1 Area statement 1-21.2 Parking spaces provided 1-2

2.0 Project Description2.1 Area statement 2-22.2 Parking Space Provision of the Project 2-52.3 Strom Water Management 2-92.4 Water Requirements of the Project 2-112.5 Water saving Measures 2-112.6 Water balance 2-112.7 Characteristics of Waste Water 2-132.8 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste 2-192.9 Solid Waste Generation 2-192.10 Construction Sequence 2-202.11 Earth Work Quantities 2-202.12 Material Consumption for Total Project 2-212.13 Lead distance for Construction Materials 2-212.14 Amenities Proposed 2-222.15 Electricity Consumption 2-232.16 Energy Saving by using copper wound transformers for Comm. 2-232.17 Energy Saving by using HF Ballast 2-232.18 Electrical Power savings using CFL/T5 for lighting 2-242.19 Electrical Power savings using Solar Power for External lighting 2-242.20 Electrical Power savings using water Cooled Chillers 2-252.21 Total Saving 2-25

2.22 Solid Waste Generated during Occupation Phase 2-26

3.0 Assessment of Impacts3.1 Sources of Dust during Construction Activity 3-33.2 Salient Feature of ATDM Model 3-53.3 Atmospheric Stability Classifications 3-63.4 Mixing Height Considered for computations 3-63.5 Details of DG Sets Emissions 3-73.6 Maximum Predicted Ground level Concentrations 3-73.7 Solid Waste Details 3-13

3.8 Material Consumption for Project 3-143.9 Lead Distance for Construction Materials 3-143.10 Typical Noise Level of Principal Construction Equipments 3-153.11 Noise Reduction Due to Barriers 3-163.12 Speed Noise relationships for various Motor Vehicles 3-17

4.0 Mitigation, Avoidance and Enhancement Measures4.1 Mitigation measures proposed to reduce heat island effect 4-54.2 Water Saving Measures 4-84.3 CFL and Incandescent lamp capacities 4-12

5.0 Environment Management Plan5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Action Plan 5-45.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 5-155.3 Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500:1991 5-175.4 Noise level standards (CPCB) 5-225.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Project 5-225.6 Environmental Budget for the Project 5-295.7 list of hazards present for workers in various trades 5-42

List of Figures

1.0 Introduction1.1 Project impact area 1-3

2.0 Project Description2.1 Layout 2-32.2 floor plans 2-42.3 Parking Levels 2-62.4 Rain water Harvesting Structures 2-102.5 Sewage Treatment Plant 2-18

4.0 Mitigation, Avoidance and Enhancement Measures4.1 Albedo Values of Various types of Roof Material 4-34.2 Rainwater Harvesting Structure 4-7

Seven Square Mall Environmental Impact Statement

Team Labs and Consultants1 - 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Tirupati City is located in the southeastern part of Andhra Pradesh, in Chittoor district. Itlies about 152-km northwest of Chennai in the Palkonda Hills. Tirupati is known as theabode of the Hindu god Venkateshvara (also spelt as 'Venkatesvara'), "Lord of SevenHills". About 10-km northwest of Tirupati, at an elevation of 750m, is the sacred hill ofTirumala, which was considered very holy. One of the most important pilgrimagecenters in India, the temple draws millions of pilgrims and is believed to be the busiestpilgrimage centre in the world.

HistoryThe Pallavas of Kanchipuram (9th century AD), Cholas of Tanjore (10 century) , Pandyasof mathura and Vijayanagara pradhans (14th & 15th centuries) were committeddevotees of Lord Venkateswara. The statues of Sri Krishna Devaraya and his spousestand in the premises of the temple. After the decline of Vijayanagara Empire, kingsfrom various states like the king of Mysore and Gadwal, worshiped the lord as pilgrimsand gifted various ornaments and valuables to the temple. Raghoji Bhonsle, theMaharastrian commander visited the temple and made a permanent arrangementregarding the regular pujas to be done to the Lord.

In 1843 the temple gave up administrative authority of Venkateswara Temple alongwith the temples in the village to the head of Hatthimji monastery in Tirumala. Till 1933the administration of the temple had been wielded by the head of that monastery,Hathiram Mahantha.

Tirupati was recognised as a municipal Corporation in 2002. Although Chittoor is theheadquarters of the district, much of the business activities and major governmentestablishments (and operations) take place in Tirupati. With improved infrastructureand due to various efforts by the state government, Tirupati is well turning into abusiness hub of southern Andhra pradesh. Notable large and medium scale industriesalong side a lot of small scale industries that call Tirupati as their home base, includethe government owned Railway Carriage Repair Shop, Amararaja Power Systems, LancoIndustries. There are plans to improve the infrastructure to set up IT service basedorganizations in Tirupati. Financial institutions like HDFC are setting their back officeoperations in Tirupati. Tirupati is becoming the education hub for the nearby areasbecause of the strong presence of Educational Institutions and Universities. Being apilgrimage center, the floating population is a major source of income. Considerablerevenue is generated by travel sector. Strong expatriate/town's non-residents' moneyinflow and an emerging industrial scenario triggered a major real estate boom in thetown in recent years and marched steadily, until before 2008-2009 Global Recession.

The projectThe project is envisaged to develop 9350 m2 of land to build Commercial shopping mall& Multiplex in Survey No 2/1A in ward no 18 of Akkarampalli Village, Madhura Nagar,Tirupathi, Chitoor District, Andhra Pradesh. The project would cater to various marketdemands and needs of the people. The project site is 10 m wide road in west directionand 12 m wide road in north direction. Residential and commercial building in south



direction, 30 m wide Tirumala Bypass road in east direction connecting Kadapa -Tirupathi road. Tirupathi railway station is at a distance of 2.1 km. The proposed Builtup area of the project is presented in table 1.1.

The project of this magnitude would have various positive and negative impacts and thesame are to be addressed during design stage of the project to arrive atmitigation/management measures. Environmental Impact Statement is a tool that canbe used for identifying, evaluating and for drawing the management plan. The projectImpact area is presented in fig. 1.1.

Table 1.1 Area statement

Land Use Total Site Areain m2

Built uparea m2

Parking Aream2

Total Built UpArea in m2

Basement - 1

4635.7

6380.1 6380.1Basement - 2 5960.9 5960.9Basement - 3 6122.7 6122.7Ground Floor 4635.7 4635.71st Floor 4468.4 4468.42nd Floor 4819.6 4819.63rd Floor 4071.7 4071.74th Floor 4997.4 4997.45th Floor 2436.8 2436.8Green Area 1038.0Road Area 2250.0Open Area 1234.3Road widening 192.0Total 9350.0 25429.6 18463.7 43893.3

Table 1.2 Parking spaces provided

Land Use 4-Wheeler 2-WheelerBasement - 1 140 70Basement - 2 141 95Basement - 3 166 45Total 447 210

It is proposed to provide Commercial Shopping mall with 3 Basements + Ground +5floors for multipurpose activities. The land allocation will be optimized to ensurecompliance with the regulations of Tirupathi Urban Development Authority (TUDA). Theamenities proposed to be provided are food courts, Restaurant, children’s play area,STP. The proposed construction would have a Retail Shops/Malls, Food courts andRestaurants in ground plus two floors, and Multiplex (4 Screens) in 3rd to 5th floor. Thewater requirement for the project during occupation will be from municipal supply.Sewage treatment plant will be provided to treat the sewage/wastewater. Waterconservation measures will be incorporated in the plumbing designs. Water



recycling/reuse will be adopted by way of using treated sewage for green beltdevelopment, HVAC cooling and for flushing. The rainwater will be let-out into thestorm water drain and excess is discharged into storm water drains. The requiredpower will be drawn from State Electricity Board. Solar Energy will be used for StreetLighting & Landscaping. Construction material will be drawn from local sources. It isproposed to provide 3 basement floors for parking. The parking provision follows theguidelines prescribed by Tirupathi Municipal Corporation and Building guidelines ofAndhra Pradesh.



Fig 1.1 Project impact area



1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTThe scope of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as envisaged in the Terms ofReference (ToR) for M/s Kesari Projects LLP is detailed in Box 1-1 below.

Box 1-1 Scope of work of EIS“...The EIS shall cover the following:

Description of the proposed project:The first task:” Description of the proposed project” forms a vital component of theEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS) as it provides the basis for evaluating the likelycauses of Environmental Impacts. It is essential that the key components of the projectshall be clearly determined as far as possible at this stage.

Assessment of Environmental Impacts:Based upon the results from the review of existing information, field visits, site datacollection and consultation, for each component of environment (physical, biologicaland socio economic) the positive, negative, direct and indirect, temporary andpermanent impacts will be evaluated along with an indication of the degree of impact,i.e., whether the impact is significant, moderate, minor or negligible.

Environment Management Plan and Mitigation Plan:For each significant negative impact identified, specialist shall work closely with theengineering team to suggest practicable measures to avoid or mitigate the impact.Suggestions for compensation shall be given where there is no other alternative courseof action.

The mitigation of environmental impacts will be by three mechanisms.=>Introduction of mitigation features through the engineering design.=>Implementation of environmental controls during construction and operation=>Legislative control involving compliance with Indian environmental laws.

The Environmental management plan shall include an estimate of capital and recurringcosts of mitigation measures and will identify the parties and institutional frameworkfor implementation.

Monitoring Plan:Having identified the significant environmental impacts that are likely to arise as aresult of construction of an Commercial Mall & Multiplex project, the project team shallspecify what monitoring is required during the various phases of project cycle.

The monitoring plan will identify parameters and frequency of monitoring andresponsible organization.

1.2 EIS PROCESS ADOPTEDIncorporation of Environmental considerations into the project planning and design hasbeen taken up as an integral part of the project preparation. The major steps in the EISprocess that have been adopted for the project are presented in the following sub-sections.



1.2.1 Environmental ScreeningEnvironmental screening of the project and the impact area was conducted to identifyvalued eco components of the area. The proposed site for the project is located in aplain terrain, necessitating significant cut and fill operation and the drainage of the siteis a valued eco component which may be altered. The construction of a huge project ofthis size would require natural resources like sand and aggregate which are to beprocured from out side. The construction activity also involves drawing ground waterand the same must be addressed with respect to the availability. During occupationphase of the project the anticipated impacts will be on the availability of water, sewagetreatment and disposal, storm water disposal, solid waste collection and disposal. Theseeco components will be addressed specifically and other eco components will bereviewed for the impact and to identify mitigation and management measures.

1.2.2 Environmental Impact Statement and Management PlansThe project has been assessed for its impacts in three phases; design stage,construction stage and occupation stage. The design of the project has been closelyco-ordinated with the preparation of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). TheEIS preparation led to the identification of potential environmental impacts and theirfeasible remedial measures (including avoidance, mitigation and enhancement) whichwere made a part of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE EIS REPORTThe report is organized into 5 chapters as follows:

Chapter 2 entitled Project Description describes the Commercial Shopping Mall &Multiplex construction project. The project details are presented from anenvironmental perspective along with the salient features such as land use, buildingplans, Construction practices, adequacy of infrastructure, sewage treatment, solidwaste disposal etc. An overview of impacts of the entire project, mainly benefits, isgiven in the last section.

Chapter 3 on the Assessment of Impacts determines the extent of the impacts of theproject activity on the existing environment. The focus of this section is on the adverseimpacts since the beneficial impacts on the environment due to the project.

Chapter 4 entitled Mitigation, Avoidance and Enhancement Measures forms the basisof the generation of coherent, comprehensive and concise Environmental ManagementPlans for the project corridors. In addition to the avoidance and mitigation measures forthe biophysical and natural environmental components, this chapter discusses variousenvironmental enhancements suggested by the project including the enhancement ofcommon property resources as community water bodies and cultural resources alongthe project.

Chapter 5 entitled Environment Management Plan delineates the measures to beadopted for effective environmental conservation of all identified positive and negativeaspects of the project. The plan also elucidates a monitoring plan for all the abovemeasures.



2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This chapter details the need for the project, description of the proposed project andalternatives, and identifies the valued ecosystem components. M/s Kesari Projects LLPat Akkarampalli Village, Madhura nagar, Tirupathi, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh formultipurpose activities to meet the growing demands.

2.1 THE PROJECT LOCATIONThe project is envisaged to develop 9350 m2 of land to build Commercial shopping mall& Multiplex in Survey No 2/1A in ward no 18 of Akkarampalli Village, Madhura Nagar,Tirupathi, Chitoor District, Andhra Pradesh. The project would cater to various marketdemands and needs of the people. The project site is 10 m wide road in west directionand 12 m wide road in north direction. Residential and commercial building in southdirection, 30 m wide Tirumala Bypass road in east direction connecting Kadapa -Tirupathi road. Tirupathi railway station is at a distance of 2.1 km.

2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION2.2.1 Design StageThe principles of low impact development are adopted during the design stage toensure storm water percolation, treated water reuse, energy conservation, andoptimized usage of renewable resources. The land area available for the project is9350 m2 and will be allocated with necessary amenities based on the developmentrules of TUDA. It is proposed to provide Commercial shopping mall with other necessaryamenities. The land allocation will be optimized to ensure compliance with theregulations of TUDA. The amenities proposed to be provided are food courts,restaurants, Children’s play area, STP. The proposed Built up area of the project ispresented in table 2.1.

It is proposed to provide Commercial Shopping mall with 3 Basements + Ground +5floors for multipurpose activities. The land allocation will be optimized to ensurecompliance with the regulations of Tirupathi Urban Development Authority (TUDA). Theamenities proposed to be provided are food courts, Restaurant, children’s play area,STP. The proposed construction would have a Retail Shops/Malls, Food courts andRestaurants in ground plus two floors, and Multiplex (4 Screens) in 3rd to 5th floor. Thewater requirement for the project during occupation will be from municipal supply.Sewage treatment plant will be provided to treat the sewage/wastewater. Waterconservation measures will be incorporated in the plumbing designs. Waterrecycling/reuse will be adopted by way of using treated sewage for green beltdevelopment, HVAC cooling and for flushing. The rainwater will be let-out into thestorm water drain and excess is discharged into storm water drains. The requiredpower will be drawn from State Electricity Board. Solar Energy will be used for StreetLighting & Landscaping. Construction material will be drawn from local sources. It isproposed to provide 3 basements for parking. The parking provision follows theguidelines prescribed by Tirupathi Municipal Corporation and Building guidelines ofAndhra Pradesh. The layout and individual levels of the project site is presented in fig.2.1 and fig. 2.2.



Area statement

Land Use Total Site Areain m2

Built uparea m2

Parking Aream2

Total Built UpArea in m2

Basement - 1

4635.7

6380.1 6380.1Basement - 2 5960.9 5960.9Basement - 3 6122.7 6122.7Ground Floor 4635.7 4635.71st Floor 4468.4 4468.42nd Floor 4819.6 4819.63rd Floor 4071.7 4071.74th Floor 4997.4 4997.45th Floor 2436.8 2436.8Green Area 1038.0Road Area 2250.0Open Area 1234.3Road widening 192.0Total 9350.0 25429.6 18463.7 43893.3



Fig 2.1 Layout



Fig 2.2 Floor plans



Circulation Plan:The project site is classified as commercial as per master plan. The connecting roads tothe site are 30 m. The width of connecting roads is 30 m with a capability of 3600 PCU.

Ground Floor Driveway : 8.0 mNo. of Basements : 3No. of Ramps : 2 - Two wayWidth of Ramp : 4.5 mSlope of Ramp : 1 in 8Basement Driveway : 5.0 mNo. of Lifts : 6Capacity of each Lift: 20 pax.Connecting Road : 30 m ROW

Volume/Capacity Ratio

Road Existingvolume, PCU/hr

Maximumcapacity, PCU/hr

Volume/Capacity

Los,performance

Site road 1870 3600 0.52 “C” Good

Modified Los & Performance

RoadExistingvolume,PCU/hr

Existingvolume/Capacity

Additionalvolume

ModifiedVolume

ModifiedVolume/Capacity

ModifiedLos &performance

Site road 1870 0.52 313 2183 0.606 “C” Good

PARKING PROVISIONIt is proposed to provide 3 Basements for parking. The parking provision follows theguidelines prescribed by TUDA and Building guidelines of Andhra Pradesh. The numberof parking spaces provided is presented in table 2.2. The parking floor plans arepresented in fig. 2.3. The project shall have single block, and internal circulation isprovided by 8.0 m path all around the site facilitating movement of fire truck andpassenger vehicles.

Table 2.2 Parking Space Provision of the ProjectLand Use 4-Wheeler 2-WheelerBasement - 1 140 70Basement - 2 141 95Basement - 3 166 45Total 447 210



Fig 2.3 Parking Levels



Rain Water HarvestingRain water harvesting is implemented in respect of the following – Rain waterharvesting from roof tops, channeled to the harvesting pits storm water throughappropriate piping systems. The second system is in respect of surface drainage whichis recharges at suitable locations. The storm water drains also would have rechargingpits along the length of the drains for recharging the ground water in the area.

The objectives of the rainwater harvesting programme are the following:

1. To collect rainfall over the roof tops and recharge the groundwater regimethrough recharge structures

2. To channelise the surface flows if any and storm water drains to recharge thegroundwater and attempt at zero discharge from the site

Keeping in view the requirements of the national and State programmes to conservethe water, it is proposed to develop a rainwater-harvesting programme for the siteutilizing the roof slabs of the buildings that are constructed in the site for variouspurposes including residential. Another component of rainwater harvesting is theharvesting of surface drain water.

The terrace is so designed to have four outlets of discharges to reach the rechargestructure.

Recharge from roof slabsKeeping the configuration of the terrace and the discharge pipeline from the roof it isproposed to interconnect the recharging systems with PVC pipeline of 150 mmdiameter and these PVC pipeline would be taken to recharge pits, which are excavatedaway from the building to recharge the groundwater. The recharge pits would be of 2.0m diameter with cement steering which is not sealed.

2.2.1.1 Storm water drains:The storm water drainage from the site is considered at three levels. The storm waterdrainage in the site comprises of two types. The storm water that is collected as run offfrom the site which has no construction is collected in the drains which are thenconnected to the natural nalla course flowing due West from the site. The secondsource of water which has to be drained outside the complex is the wash water fromthe basement and parking which are fed to the storm water drains with a minorpumping arrangement after processing through an oil trap. The oil trap is installed to asto ensure prevention of any oil laid water in the car parks to flow in to storm waterdrains.

The hydraulic Design basis for storm water drains in proposed site has been taken

Basic assumptions in design basis: Assumed rainfall intensity is 40mm/hr. Maximum flow in drains as per Flow Chart and Flow Distribution Diagram for storm

water drainage.



Drains running full depth with 100mm free board. RCC drains as per sections given in layout drawing (NO) (Rectangular and

Trapezoidal drains). Minimum depth of Rectangular drains = 250mm, width = 300mm. Maximum depth of Rectangular drains = 600 mm., width = 500 mm Minimum velocity = 0.6m/sec. and Maximum velocity = 2.4m/sec. Slopes – Minimum 1 in 500 for Rectangular drains and Minimum 1 in 1000 for

Trapezoidal drains. Design Rain fall Intensity =100mm per hour (assumed) Run-Off Co-efficient -

(a) Paved Area - Concrete = 1.0 / Bituminous = 0.9(b) Compacted Area = 0.7(c) Green Belt = 0.5

Manning’s formula is used to estimate the drain quantities.The network of storm water drainages are proposed to be established initially beforethe major construction activity of the complex takes place. Even in the constructionprogramme priority would be accorded to the drainage around the buildings, so thatthe construction programme would have a stabilized ground available.

Storm water drains will be provided all over the site to meet the expected increase inthe runoff during rainy seasons due to the impervious nature of the roads and otherpaved areas. It is proposed to maintain the levels as much as possible storm water isletting into side drains of main road. The expected runoff calculated for the entire siteis mentioned below.

CALCULATION FOR STORM WATER DRAIN:Quantity of storm water:(a) Without project:Area of Catchment, ‘A’ : 0.9350 HaRun off Coefficient, ‘C’ : 0.6Maximum intensity of rainfall, ‘I’ : 100 mm/hrTherefore Q : 0.156 m3/sec

(b) With project: :Area for catchment for roof and road : 0.693 Ha

Area of Catchment, ‘A’ : 0.693 HaRun off Coefficient, ‘C’ : 0.9Maximum intensity of rainfall, ‘I’ : 100 mm/hrTherefore Q = : 0.173 m3/sec

Area for catchment for open areas : 3.628 HaRun off Coefficient, ‘C’ : 0.6



Maximum intensity of rainfall, ‘I’ : 100 mm/hrTherefore Q = : 0.605 m3/secTotal Discharge : 0.778 m3/secBut, Discharge, Q = A/V :Where, :A= Area of the Drain, :

V= Max. Permissible Velocity : 6m/sec for concrete

drain

Area of drain, ‘A’ = Q/V : 0.130 m2

Taking depth of drain as 0.6 m at the starting point : 1.2Width of drain = Area/depth = 0.108 m 108 mm

Width of the drain is to taken 108 mm and depth varies according to the slope of ground.

Table 2.3 Storm water Management

LandUse

Area inhectares

Vol./hrafter

development C=0.8

Vol./hrbefore

development C=0.6

Differencein

DischargesRemarks

RoofArea 0.468 374.00 280.50 93.50

Harvested in a sumpof capacity of 100 m3

& used for domesticpurpose

RoadArea 0.225 180.00 135.00 45.00 10 nos. of RWH pits

are provided of size1.2m x 1.2m x 1.5 mOpen

Area 0.243 72.75 145.50 -72.75

TOTAL 0.935 65.75* C=0.3 after development for greenery

Storm water from the rooftops shall be collected in a sump, road area, and open areaswill be collected in rainwater harvesting pits separately. The water from these sumpswill be reused after primary treatment i.e., filtration for domestic and gardeningrespectively. The excess treated water is diverted to the Municipal sewer lines. Thetypical cross section of rainwater harvesting structure is presented in fig 2.5.



Fig 2.4 Rainwater Harvesting Structures

Water is required for the construction as well as during occupation stage as the same isan important resource. The water requirement during construction will be on anaverage of 25 cum/day with a peak demand of 50 cum/day, and during occupationstage in the order of 78.9 KLD. The water resource available with the Municipalauthorities was studied to identify the source and feasibility. The water resource bothdomestic water and sewage is dealt by the Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC).

2.2.1.2 Domestic Water: It is proposed to draw domestic water from the TirupatiMunicipality Corporation which has been encouraging the bulk consumers. The watershortage if any during summer season will be drawn from ground water sources. Thewater requirement of the project during occupation stage is in the order of 78.49 KLD.

The water requirement for the project during the occupation stage is presented in table2.4. The water saving for the project is presented in table 2.5.



Table 2.4 Water Requirement of the Project

Land Use No. ofUnits

Total No. ofpersons

Waterrequirement in

lpcd

Total waterRequirement in

KLDRetail 1500 7 10.50Employees 500 45 22.50Multiplex 4 1166 15 17.49Food Court 5 80 70 28.00

Total 3246 78.49

Table 2.5 Water Saving Measures


No. ofPersons

/ unit

WaterRequirement

/day KLD

Treatedwater reuse

klpd

Effective WaterRequirement in

KLDRetail 1500 10.50 5.25 5.25Employees 500 22.50 10.00 12.50Multiplex 4 1166 17.49 8.75 8.75Food Court 5 80 28.00 8.00 20.00Total 3246 78.49 32.00 46.50

Note: Treated water reuse for shopping Mall @ 3.5 l/head/day, Employees@ 20l/head/day food court @40 l/head/day, Multiplex @ 7.5 l/head/day.

The effective water consumption is reduced by 32.0 kl/day and the requirement will bein the order of 46.50 kl/day. The water balance of the project during occupation stageis tabulated in table 2.6.

Table 2.6 Water Balance

Input KL/Day Output KL/DayDomestic waterMunicipality 46.50 HVAC Chillers (Partial) 27.30Recycled water 32.00 Treated waste water for Recycle 32.00

Water requirement for greenbelt during non monsoon 3.50Losses approx 20% 15.70

Total 78.49 Total 78.49

The water used in the order of 78.49 KL/day would generate 62.79 KL/day ofwastewater which has to be treated for reuse and or disposal. The effluentcharacteristics of wastewater are presented in table 2.7. The STP flow chart ispresented in fig 2.6.



PROCESS DESCRIPTION:The raw sewage will be collected in a collection sump and pumped to mechanical barscreen chamber for removal of large floating matter followed by grit removal in GritChamber. The raw sewage will then be collected in an equalization tank forhomogenization of hydraulic load. The tank contents will be kept in suspension bymeans of course bubble serration through pipe grid. The equalization tank, with airflow indicator for continuous monitoring of air supply to the tank in order to avoidseptic conditions, will be covered from top (RCC or FRP) to avoid nuisance. Theequalized effluent will then be pumped to two Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactors (FAB) inseries where BOD/COD reduction can be achieved by virtue of aerobic microbialactivities. The oxygen required will be supplied through coarse air bubble diffusers.The bio-solids formed in the biological process will be separated in the down streamTube Settler. The clear supernatant will gravitate to the chlorine contact tank wheresodium hypochlorite will be dosed for disinfection of treated water prior to disposal.

The biological sludge generated in the FAB and settled in the tube settlers will becollected in a sludge sump and then pumped to sludge drying bed for de watering. Thedried sludge will then be disposed off suitably as manure. The schematics of theprocess are shown. The two main components of the treatment system viz. The FABreactor and tube settler are described in the following sections.

Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor (FAB)Conventional effluent treatment plants are large sized, power intensive and require alot of monitoring. Scarcity of open space and rising land a power costs have forced theindustries to look our for space saving, compact and efficient treatment options. Thishas led to the development attached growth processes where the bio mass is retainedwithin the aeration tank obviating the need for recycle. These plants are not onlycompact but also user friendly. The endeavor to have a continuously operating, no-clogging biofilm reactor with no need for back washing, low head-loss and high specificbiofilm surface area culminated in the most advanced technology of aerobic biologicalfluidized bed treatment where the biofilm (biomass) grows on small carrier elementsthat move along with the water in the reactor. The movement is normally caused byaeration in the aerobic version of the reactor.

The reactor combines all the advantages and best features of Trickling filters, Rotatingbiological contractors, activated sludge process and submerged fixed film reactors whileeliminating the drawbacks of these systems. The plants are more compact and moreenergy efficient.

The Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor (FAB) consists of a tank in any shape filled up withsmall carrier elements. The elements are made up of special grade PVC orpolypropylene of controlled density (shown in plate). For media of specific gravity 0.92-0.96 the overall density could be expected to increase up to 9.5% when full of biomasssuch that they can fluidize using an aeration device. A biofilm develops on theelements, which move along the effluent in the reactor. The movement within thereactor is generated by providing aeration with the help of diffusers placed at the



bottom of the reactor. Then thin biofilm on the elements enables the bacteria to actupon the biodegradable matter in the effluent and reduce the BOD/COD content in thepresence of oxygen available from the air that is used for fluidization.

Table 2.7 Characteristics of Waste waterParameter Quantity in mg/l

PH 6 – 7Total Suspended Solids 400 – 600BOD 200 – 300COD 450 – 500

Design of the unitBasic dataFlow : 70 KLDCapacity : 62 m3

Peak factor : 3.5Peak flow Q peak : 245 m3/dayInfluent BOD : 200 mg/litInfluent Suspended Solids : 200 mg/litInfluent COD : 350 mg/litEffluent BOD : 30 mg/litEffluent COD : 200 mg/litEffluent Suspended Solids : 100 mg/lit

1. Bar Screen ChamberAverage flow : 0.0009 m3/secPeak factor : 3.5Peak flow : 0.003 m3/secVelocity at peak flow : 0.75 m/SecEffective area of screen RequiredAt average flow : 0.005 m2

At Peak flow : 0.0075 m2

Provide Effective area of screen : 0.0075 m2

Considering the bar of dia. 10 mm(w) and clear spacing of 20 mm (b)Overall area required : 0.011 m2

Considering screen depth as : 0.022 mNumber of clear spacing : 0.3Number of bars : 1 Consider 2 Nos.Hence Provide 4 barsProvide a screen of 0.5 m X 0.5 m at an inclination of sin 600. In a screen channel ofone meter (1 m) length.



2. Grit Chamber :The flow from the bar screen chamber is let into the Grit Chamber of minimum 2hours capacity. This tank is provided to even out the flow variation, and to provide acontinuous feed into the secondary biological treatment units.Peak flow Q : 0.014 m3/secProviding a flow through velocity of 0.30 m/secCross sectional area of Channel : 0.016 m2

Surface area of channel : 0.38 m2

Assuming depth d : 0.2 mWidth of channel : 0.08 m (say 0.3m)Length of channel : 4. 5 m (say 4.6 m)

Provide two channels each of 0.3 m wide and 4.6 m long with depth of waste water 0.2m.

3. Equalization tank:The flow from the bar screen chamber is let into the equalization tank of minimum2hours capacity. This tank is provided to even out the flow variation, and to provide acontinuous feed into the secondary biological treatment units.Average flow : 2.9 m3/hrPeak factor : 3.5Peak flow : 10.2 m3/hrHydraulic retention tank = 2 hrs at Peak flowHence required volume of the tank : 20.4 m3

Provide tank of : 20.4 m3 CapacityAssuming depth : 3 mArea : 6.8 m2

Assuming length to width ratio (1:1) ; l=blength of the tank : 2.6 mwidth of the tank : 2.6 mAir required for agitation : 0.01 m3/ m2 minTotal air required : 14 m3/hrAir blower required : 20 m3/hr @ 3.8 mwcEffluent transfer pump : 2.9 m3/hr @ 8 mwc

4. Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor (FAB):The polypropylene media have been provided with a specific surface area of 350 – 520m2 /m3. This allows micro-organisms to get attached and biomass concentration canbe increased to four folds as compared to Activated Sludge Process. This enables toconsider higher Organic loading rates.



The micro-organisms attached to media are kept in a fluid state thereby maintainingthe CSTR (continuous Stirrer tank reactor) regime as well as two tanks are provided inseries making the plug – flow system. This will enhance the efficiencies and have themerits of both CSTR and plug-flow regimes.Organic loading rate : 3.2 kg BOD/ m3 dOrganic load : 14 kg/dayVolume of the tank : 44.8 m3

Assume the depth : 3 mNo. of tanks in series : 1Size of the tank : 1.5m dia. x 5.0 SWDSpecific gravity of media : 0.92 to 0.96Specific surface area of media : 350 – 520 m2 /m3

Media filling : 30 – 50 % of tank volumeOxygen required : 2 kg / kg BODOxygen in air : 23%Specific gravity of air @ 30 deg. : 1.65Aeration : Coarse bubbleOxygen transfer efficiency : 12%Air required : 40 m3/hrAir blower required : 50 m3/hr @ 6.5 m wc

5.Tube settlerSurface loading rate : 48 m2 /m3 dSurface area required : 1.4 m2

Tank size :3.0 m x 6.0 m x 2.7 m SWD With55 deg. hopper bottom

Tube Modules : 3.0m x 6.0 m x 0.6 m ht.Tube inclination : 60 deg.Settling area for 60 deg slope : 11 m2 /m3

Cross sectional area of tubes : 120 mm x 44 mm HexagonalHydraulic radius : 1/61 cm (1.5 cm)Shape factor : 0.6 – 0.7 for media settleable solids

6. Pre Filtration tankThe flow from the each individual settling tank i.e., the supernatant liquid is let intothe respective Pre-Filtration Tank, which has a minimum 1.5 hours holding capacity.This tank is provided to hold the treated effluent and give an even flow to thepressure sand filter.Average flow : 2.9 m3/hrPeak factor : 2 m3/hrPeak flow : 5.8 m3/hr



Provide min 1.5 hours holding capacity.Hence required volume of the tank : 8.7 m3

7. Pressure Sand Filter:Vertical down flow type with graded/sand bed under drain plate with polysterenestrains.Flow : 70 m3/dayRate of filtration assumed as : 10 m3/m2/hrRequirement of treated water for usage in 20 hrs : 4 m3/hrDia. of filter of 1 nos. : 500 mmProvide pressure sand filter of 500 mm dia. and 1000 mm HOS with sand as medialayer, under drain pipe, laterals face piping etc for each stream.

8. Activated Carbon Filter:

Vertical down flow type with graded/sand bed under drain plate with polysterenestrains.Flow : 70 m3/dayRate of filtration assumed as : 10 m3/m2/hrRequirement of treated water for usage in 20hrs : 4 m3/hrDia of filter of 1 nos. : 500 mmProvide Activated Carbon filter of 500 mm dia with granular Activated carbon asmedia and 1000 mm HOS with sand as media layer, under drain pipe, laterals facepiping etc for each stream.

9.Ultraviolet Disinfection:UV applied to low turbidity water is a highly effective means of disinfection. UV is notharmful to aquatic organisms in the receiving water. UV light kills viruses, Vegetative-and spore-forming bacteria, algae and yeasts. No chemicals are added to thewastewater to change the pH, conductivity, odor or taste to create possible toxiccompounds. UV treatment has a few moving parts to adjust or wear out.

10.Final Treated Water Holding TankIt is always preferred to provide one final holding tank of minimum one day holdingcapacity, so that the treated effluents can be stored and used back for gardening orother tertiary purposes.Capacity: 70 m3

11. Sludge Filter Press:The biomass in the aeration tank stabilizes BOD in wastewater by consuming the



organic matter in the wastewater. The metabolic activity results in growth of thebiomass population in the Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor (FAB). Sludge holding tankhas been provided with filter press for dewatering sludge. The filtrate drains offthrough the media, which is again let into equalization tank. The dewatered sludge iscollected in trays, which can be used as manure in the garden.No. of plates : 24Size of plates : 600 mm X 600 mmPlate moc (material of construction) : PP (poly propline)Type of operation : HydraulicPower pack capacity : 2 HP

The biomass in the aeration tank stabilizes BOD in wastewater by consuming theorganic matter in the wastewater. The metabolic activity results in growth of thebiomass population in the Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor (FAB).

Sludge holding tank has been provided with filter press for dewatering sludge. Thefiltrate drains off through the media, which is again let into equalization tank. Thedewatered sludge is collected in trays, which can be used as manure in the garden.

Characteristics of Treated Waste waterParameter Quantity in mg/l

pH 7 – 8Total Suspended Solids 100BOD 30COD 100

Disposal of Treated Waste Water: all the treated waste water is reused for green beltdevelopment, HVAC and for toilet flushing. Hence all the recycled water is utilized, Nowater is left out of the premises.



Fig 2.5 Sewage Treatment Plant

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2.2.1.3 Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste CompositionIn India the biodegradable portion dominates the bulk of Municipal Solid Waste.Generally the biodegradable portion is mainly due to food and yard waste.

Table 2.8 Composition of Municipal Solid WasteType (%) Solid waste in kg

Paper 8 92Plastics 9 103.5Metals 1 11.5Glass 1 11.5others 4 46Biodegradable 48 551.9Inerts 25 287.5Rags 4 46.0Total 1149.8

(Source: NSWAI - National Solid Waste Association of India)

Design StageThe total number of people anticipated to stay in the project is in the range of 2000-3500. The anticipated solid waste/garbage is in the range of 300-500 g/head and thetotal garbage will be in the order of 1149.8 kg/day. Solid waste/garbage waste to becollected in green and blue dustbins. The green bins to be filled with Biodegradablekitchen waste, while the blue bins to be filled with Non Biodegradable waste (recyclablewaste) like glass, plastic, paper, etc. The Biodegradable waste and Non Biodegradablewaste is collected by the maintenance department and sent to M.S.W managementfacility. Table 2.11 presents the anticipated garbage quantity after occupation. Theresponsibility of garbage collection and disposal lies with Tirupathi MunicipalCorporation (TMC) however the project authorities propose to educate the owners,employees/workers to segregate the waste at source before disposal.

Table: 2.9 Solid Waste Generation

Land Use No. of Units Total No. ofPersons

Total Solid waste inKgs

Retail 1500 450.0Employees 500 150.0Multiplex 4 1166 349.8Food Court 5 80 200.0Total 3246 1149.8

2.2.2 CONSTRUCTION STAGEThe sequence of construction operations and the approximate time requirement ispresented in the following table 2.10. The construction sequence is for more number offloors. The time schedule of the entire project is approximately 24 months.



Table: 2.10 Construction SequenceS.No Description of work

1 Clearing and Grubbing2 Leveling by way of cut and fill3 Foundation Excavation.4 Foundation PCC & Concrete & Plinth Beam.5 Column lifting up to GF Roof.6 1st floor slab reinforcement & shuttering & Concreting.7 Stair case slab8 1st floor column lifting up to 1st floor roof.9 1st floor roof shuttering, reinforcement & concreting.

10 Deshuttering of GF Roof & cleaning.11 Deshuttering of 1st Roof & cleaning.12 Brick work in GF floor.13 Brick work in 1st floor.14 Staircase up to terrace.15 Staircase headroom slab.16 Plumbing works (concealed works).

Electrical conduit junction boxes & board fixing.Plastering works.

Internal (GF & FF).External (GF & FF).

17 Fixing of door & window frames.18 Plinth filling & floor PCC.19 Floor Tiling Works, Bath Room, kitchen & platform works.20 Staircase stone works.21 Terrace waterproofing works.22 Parapet wall in terrace & miscellaneous works.23 Fixing of door & window shutters.24 Fixing of sanitary fittings.25 Electrical wiring & fixtures.26 Painting works.27 External development & compound wall.

The clearing and grubbing activity involves clearing of shrubs mainly as the site has nomajor trees. The cut and fill operation for the entire area is presented in table 2.11.There is excess cut material, which would be used for the purpose of aggregate for theconstruction purpose.

Table 2.11 Earth Work QuantitiesS.No Area Qty of fill (m3) Qty of cut

(m3)Surplus fill

(m3)Surplus cut

(m3)1 Site 12224 20373 --- 8149

The cut material contains mainly granite stones, which is suitable for aggregatepurpose. The excess cut material in the order of 8149m3 will be used for the purpose ofaggregate for RCC and dust for flooring.



The construction of this magnitude would require huge quantities of constructionmaterials. The material requirement for the project is presented in table 2.12. Thusaggregate requirement will be met from within the plant site.

Table 2.12 Material Consumption for Total Project

Floor Total BUA(m2)

Ready MixConcrete

(m3)

Cement(bags)

Sand(m3)

Aggregate(m3)

Water(m3)

Brick(nos.)x 1000

Reinforcement

steel( MT)

Building 46024.0 18870 42802 17949 1979 11138 5339 1059Total 46024.0 18870 42802 17949 1979 11138 5339 1059

Construction MaterialThe major materials required for construction of the proposed project will be steel,cement, bricks, metal, sand, flooring tiles/stones, wood, sanitary and hardware items,electrical fittings, water, etc. All the items to be used in the proposed project will be asper the National Building Code specification. The construction materials required forthe project are tabulated in Table 2.13.

Table: 2.13 Lead Distance for Construction MaterialsS.No Material Source Lead Distance (Km)

1 Sand ROBOSAND and Govt.registered suppliers 150-240

2 Aggregate Within the site 0-23 Cement Manufacturing units 140-2004 Reinforcement Steel TATA / SAIL godowns 105 Bricks Manufacturers 0-156 Plumbing Material Local Suppliers 2-77 Electrical Material Local Suppliers 2-78 Sanitary Material Local suppliers 2-79 Flooring and

Pavement Tiles Manufacturers 100-15010 Paints Local Manufacturers 10-2511 Ready Mix Concrete Local Batch Plants 10

2.2.2.1 Water RequirementThe water required for this project is in the order of 11500 cum for the entire projectimplementation period. The peak demand for water may be 50 cum/day, howevertypical daily consumption will be in the order of 30 cum/day. The required water willbe drawn from ground water sources. The water supply and plumbing will be optimizedand low water consuming faucets and flush tanks will be used to conserve water.

2.2.2.2 Construction DebrisThe construction debris consists of various types of materials. The construction debriswill be in both hazardous and non-hazardous categories. The hazardous debris consistsof empty containers of adhesives, thinners, paints, and petroleum products. Theseempty containers will be sold to authorize recycling agencies. The non hazardous



wastes contain recyclable debris like iron and other metal, glass, plastics, cartons ofpaper, wood etc. These wastes will be sent for reuse/recycle. The waste percentagewill be in the order of 2%. Construction debris containing bricks, demolished RCC willbe used for land filling in the place of subgrade.

2.2.2.3 PaintsAll the paints used in the premises will be ensured to have an albedo of at least 0.4 toincrease the reflectivity and reduce the heat dissipation and heat island effects.

2.2.2.4 Work Force:The labor/work force requirement is approximately 500 man-days of various skilled andunskilled employees. Sufficient labor force and skilled employees are available asVijayawada is a favorite destination of skilled employees and migrating people from therural areas. The peak labor force requirement will be in the order of 300 people. Thewater requirement for the labor force will be approximately 5,000 lt/day.

2.2.2.5 Material preparation and transportMost of the construction material will be drawn from outside. The material will betransported by trucks and the approximate number of truck trips is 500. The materialtransport within the site will be facilitated by 8 trippers.

2.2.3 OCCUPATION PHASEA number of facilities will be provided by M/s Kesari Projects LLP , for the occupantsand the facilities are shown in table 2.14.

Table 2.14 Amenities ProposedAmenity Description or Nos.

Green Area 1038 m2

DG sets 3 X 1000 kVASewage Treatment Plant 1

The management shall operate the amenities like effluent treatment plant, DG sets. Themajor requirement of resource is for electricity and water. The electricity will be drawnfrom State Electricity Board. Transformers will be provided to reduce voltagefluctuation and to provide quality energy. The power requirement during operationphase is presented in table 2.15



Table 2.15 Electricity Consumption

S.No Description Total areain m2

Power allocatedin watts per m2

Total Powerrequired in

(KW)

1 Commercial &Common area

25651 70.00 1795.57

Total 1795.57Maximum demand in kw at 0.6 diversity factor 1077.3Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 12928.1Maximum demand in kw at 0.1 diversity factor 179.6Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 2154.7Total consumption of power per day 15082.8 KWTotal consumption of power per year 55.1 LakhUnits

Table 2.16 Energy Saving by using copper wound transformers for Comm.Power loss using CU. wound transformer 1.20%Savings in power loss using CU wound transformer 0.7 Lakh Units

Table 2.17 Energy Saving by using HF BallastPower loss using conventional ballast 25%Power loss using HF ballast 14%Savings in power loss using HF ballast 11%

S.No DescriptionTotal

area inm2

Powerallocatedin wattsper m2


(KW)

1 Basement 20373 3.00 61.122 Common Area 5130 5.00 25.65

Total 86.77Maximum demand in kw at 0.8 diversity factor 69.4Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 833.0Maximum demand in kw at 0.2 diversity factor 17.4Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 208.2Total consumption of power per day 1041.2 KWTotal consumption of power per year 3.8 Lakh UnitsSavings in power loss using HF ballast 0.4 Lakh Units



Table 2.18 Electrical Power savings using CFL/T5 for lightingSavings in power Using CFL/T5 as against Fluorescent Lamps 30%

S. No. Description Total areain m2

Powerallocated in

watts per m2


(KW)1 Basement 20373 3.00 61.122 Common Area 5130 5.00 25.65

Total 86.77

Maximum demand in kw at 0.8 diversity factor 69.4Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 833.0Maximum demand in kw at 0.2 diversity factor 17.4Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 208.2Total consumption of power per day 1041.2 KWTotal consumption of power per year 3.8 Lakh UnitsSavings in power using CFL 1.1 Lakh Units

Table 2.19 Electrical Power savings using Solar Power for External lighting

S.No Description Total areain m2

Powerallocated in

watts per m2


(KW)1 External Lighting 15.0

Total 15.0

Maximum demand in kw at 1.0 diversity factor 15.0Consumption of power for 6 hours per day 90.0Maximum demand in kw at 0.5 diversity factor 7.5Consumption of power for 6 hours per day 45.0Total consumption of power per day 135.0 KWTotal consumption of power per year 0.49 Lakh UnitsSavings in power using Solar Power 0.49 Lakh Units



Table 2.20 Electrical Power savings using water Cooled ChillersSavings in power by using Water Cooled Chillers as against Air cooled Chiller 40%

S.No DescriptionTotal

area inm2

Powerallocated in

watts per m2


(KW)1 Commercial 25651 30.00 769.53

Total 769.53

Maximum demand in kw at 0.6 diversity factor 461.7Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 5540.6Maximum demand in kw at 0.1 diversity factor 77.0Consumption of power for 12 hours per day 923.4Total consumption of power per day 6464.1 KWTotal consumption of power per year 23.6 Lakh UnitsSavings in power using water Cooled Chillers and heatrecovery wheel

9.44 Lakh Units

Table 2.21 Total Saving

S.No Description Savings in lakhkwh units

Savings inpercentage

1 With Cu wound Transformer 0.7 1.22 with HF Ballast 0.4 0.0083 With CFL 1.1 2.14 With Water Cooled Chillers 9.4 17.15 With Solar Power for External lighting 0.5 0.96 Total Consumption 55.17 Total Saving 12.1 22.1

HVAC and Building Automation SystemThe air conditioning system shall comprise of multiple air cooled chilling machines withcentrifugal compressor, condenser water pump sets (each including one as standby),primary chilled water and secondary chilled water pump sets (each including one asstandby), cooling towers, air handling units, chilled/condensing water and condensatedrain piping, air distribution system within the AHU room, electrical control panels,cabling, wiring, control wiring and earthing. Complete air distribution system shall beprovided for all common areas.

The water chilling machines, primary chilled water pump sets, secondary chilled waterpump sets, condenser water pump sets an the main AC control panel shall all beinstalled in the HVAC plant room in the third basement. Chilled water on the secondaryside shall be pumped through insulated chilled water piping installed in shafts andabove false ceiling to air handling units at different locations through pumps operatingon variable frequency drive. Secondary chilled water pumps shall draw chilled waterfrom the header and pump chilled water to their respective zones. Depending on the



load of each zone, the speed of the pump shall vary proportionately through variablefrequency drive, thereby, regulating the flow of chilled water to that zone. Thisarrangement shall ensure optimum distribution of chilled water based on zonal loadconditions, thus conserving energy. Cooling towers shall be located at terrace level ofthe building. These shall be FRP construction induced draft type.All mechanical equipment such as chillers, pumps, AHU's and large ventilation fans shallbe provided with energy efficient motors in order to attain energy savings since allthese equipment shall operate for extended periods of time. The Developers ServicesManagement Company will manage them by entering into independent servicecontract with the suppliers/manufacturers of these equipments/plants.

2.2.3.1 Domestic WaterThe domestic water will be drawn from Tirupathi Municipality Corporation to augmentthe supplies. The wastewater will be treated and reused for H.V.A.C, gardening andflushing.

2.2.3.2 Solid WasteThe solid wastes anticipated during occupation stage include garbage, sludge from STP,hazardous waste of used oils, and batteries from generators. The quantity of wastes ispresented in table 2.22.

Table 2.22. Solid Waste Generated during Occupation PhaseS. No. Type of Waste Quantity Collection/storage Disposal

1 Garbage 1149.8kg/day

Stored in green and blue binsfor non-recyclable andrecyclable wastesrespectively. Collected andtransported to thesegregation bin by NGO’s.

Municipal solid wastedisposal

2Sewage

Treatment PlantSludge

4 kg/day Stored in HTPE bags. Used as manure andor given to farmers.

3 Used Batteries 10 nos.year

Sent to Authorizedrecyclers or returnedto seller

4 Used Lubricant 150l/year Stored in HTPE containers Sold to authorized

recyclers

5 Transformer Oil 180l/year Stored in HTPE Drum

Sold to APTRANSCOauthorizedcontractors



3.0 ASSESSMENTS OF IMPACTS

This chapter assesses the nature, type and magnitude of the potential impacts likely onthe various relevant physical, biological and cultural environmental components alongthe project route.

3.1 BACKGROUNDThe project is envisaged to develop 9350 m2 of land to build Commercial shopping mall& Multiplex in RS nos. 234/IP, 2P, 3 and 235/3, 4, 5P, 6P, 7P at Akkarampalli Village,Madhura nagar,Tirupathi, Chittoor District Andhra Pradesh,. The project would cater tovarious market demands and needs of the people. The project site is 10 m wide road inwest direction and 12 m wide road in north direction. Residential and commercialbuilding in south direction, 30 m wide Tirumala Bypass road in east direction connectingKadapa - Tirupathi road. Tirupathi railway station is at a distance of 2.1 km. The impactsof the activities proposed as part of the project can occur during:

Planning and Design Stage Construction Stage Occupation Stage

3.2 METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERSThe project area is located in a semi arid -tropical region with marked monsoon effects.Though no change in the macro-climatic setting (precipitation, temperature and wind)is envisaged due to the project, the microclimate is likely to be temporarily modified bythe addition of increased non-reflective surface and pavement surface. There will be anincrease in daytime temperature on the road surface and soil, which in turn might leadto formation of “urban heat islands” especially along the inhabited sections. These heatisland effects may increase the temperature of the area slightly. The mitigationmeasures proposed for the block is to use less heat radiating material, provide coolroof, while the paved areas will have cool pavements.

This increase in the daytime temperature assumes significance especially to people ofthe project, as the entire project area experiences temperatures as high as 42o C duringsummers. Although the impact is significant and long term in nature, it is reversible innature and shall be compensated for by additional plantation of trees and othermitigation measures. It must be noted that the impact is unavoidable. However, it maybe pointed out that the project site is barren land devoid of any plantation, and thedevelopment will add greenery to compensate the effect.

3.3 NATURAL AND BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT3.3.1 AirAir quality along the Project area will be impacted both during the construction andoccupation stages. Construction stage impacts will be of short term and have adverseimpacts on the construction workers as well as the settlements adjacent to the project,especially those in the downwind direction. Occupation stage impacts will not be assevere as the construction stage impacts and will be confined generally to the project



site. The following sections present the impacts of the project activities on thiscomponent.

Generation of DustPre Construction & Construction StagesGeneration of dust is the most likely impact during these stages due to:a) Site clearance and use of heavy vehicles and machinery etc.;b) Procurement and transport of raw materials to construction sites; the impacts will

mostly be concentrated in the project site. The impacts due to dust generation arefelt downwind of the site along with the site.

As the entire project corridor has a soil type with high clay content and the constructionactivities to be carried out during the dry season when the moisture content would beless, dust generation, particularly due to earthworks will be marginally significant. Dustis likely to be generated due to the various construction activities.

Generation of dust is a critical issue and is likely to have adverse impact on health ofworkers in the construction site. This is a direct adverse impact, which will last almostthroughout the construction period.

Occupation StageNo dust generation is envisaged during the occupation stage as the IT building will havegreenery and all pavements shall be paved with tiles and all slopes & embankmentsshall be turfed as per best engineering practices.

Generation of Exhaust GasesPre Construction & Construction StagesGeneration of exhaust gases is likely during the pre-construction stage due tomovement of heavy machinery for clearance of the site for construction. This impact isenvisaged to be insignificant during the pre-construction stage. Although the impact ismuch localized, it can spread downwind depending on the wind speeds. TheEnvironment Management Plan needs to ensure that adequate measures are takenespecially for health safety of workers such as providing them with safety masks duringworking hours. Also, the contractor should ensure that stockyards are away fromresidential areas. If adequate measures are taken, impacts from generated gases can beconsidered negligible. The source of dust during construction activity is presented intable 3.1.



Table 3.1 Sources of dust during Construction ActivityVehicle and Equipment

UseExposed Areas Contractor Activities

Vehicle and equipmententering and leaving theproject site

Areas of exposed soil thathave been cleared andgrubbed

Land clearing and grubbing

Vehicle and equipmentmovement and usewithin the project site

Areas of exposed soil thathave been excavated, filled,compacted, or graded

Earthwork including soilcompaction, rough gradingand final grading.

Sediment tracking off-site Construction staging areas Drilling

Temporary parking lotsand staging areas

Vehicle and equipmentstorage and service areas

Materials handling, includingmaterial stockpiling, transfer,and processing

Onsite Constructiontraffic

Material processing areas andtransfer points Batch dropping, dumping

Construction roads Conveyor transfer and stacking

Bare ground areas ofconstruction site Material transferring

Spilled materials Milling and screeningoperations

Construction stockpiles Demolition and debris disposal

Soil and debris piles Tilling

Occupation StageThe major impact on air quality will be due to plying of vehicles, usage of DG sets duringload shut down by APTRANSCO. The impacts on air quality will, at any given timedepend upon period of time the DGs are used and prevailing meteorological conditions.Excess discharge of flue gases from DG set can occur due to (i) inadequatemaintenance, (ii) use of adulterated fuel. To predict air quality in the vicinity of projectsite air pollution modeling has been carried out to quantify the impacts incorporating allthese variables.

Modelling of EmissionsPredictions of ground level concentrations of the 3 Nos. 1000 KVA domestic cookingand the traffic pollution due to vehicles within the site were carried out based on sitemeteorological data collected. For calculation of predicted ground level concentrationsusing a mathematical model based on USEPA algorithm for ISCST3.

Details of Mathematical ModelingA large number of different mathematical models for dispersion calculations are inpractice in many parts of the world. Most of the models for prediction of downwindconcentrations are based on Gaussian dispersion. The principle behind the Gaussiandispersion models is Gaussian probability distribution of concentration in both verticaland horizontal cross wind directions about the plume central line.



Predictions of ground level concentrations of the pollutants were carried out based onsite meteorological data. For calculation of predicted ground level concentrations,ISCST3 model of Lakes Environmental based on USEPA, ISCST3 algorithms, was used; asit’s based on more sophisticated algorithm incorporating deposition, better algorithmfor area sources, etc.

Brief History of the ISC ModelsThe ISC3 models are based on revisions to the algorithms contained in the ISC2 models.The latter came about as a result of a major effort to restructure and reprogram the ISCmodels that began in April 1989, and was completed in March 1992. Thereprogramming effort was largely motivated by the need to improve the quality,reliability, and maintainability of the code when numerous "bugs" were discovered afterthe implementation of the revised downwash algorithms for shorter stacks. However,the goals of the reprogramming effort also included improving the user interface bymodifying the input file structure and the output products.

Overview of New Features in the ISC3 ModelsThe ISC3 models include several new features. A revised area source algorithm andrevised dry deposition algorithm have been incorporated in the models. The ISC3models also include an algorithm for modeling impacts of particulate emissions fromopen pit sources, such as surface coalmines. The Short Term model includes a new wetdeposition algorithm, and also incorporates the COMPLEX1 screening model algorithmsfor use with complex and intermediate terrain. When both simple and complex terrainalgorithms are included in a Short Term model run, the model will select the higherimpact from the two algorithms on an hour-by-hour, source-by-source, and receptor by-receptor basis for receptors located on intermediate terrain, i.e., terrain locatedbetween the release height and the plume height.

Some of the model input options have changed and newer input options have beenadded as a result of the new features contained in the ISC3 models. The sourcedeposition parameters have changed somewhat with the new dry deposition algorithm,and there are new source parameters needed for the wet deposition algorithm in theShort Term model. There are also new meteorology input requirements for use of thenew deposition algorithms. The option for specifying elevation units has been extendedto source elevations and terrain grid elevations, in addition to receptor elevations.

The utility programs, STOLDNEW, BINTOASC, and METLIST have not been updated.While they may continue to be used as before, they are not applicable to the newdeposition algorithms in the ISC3 models.

The salient features of the ISCST3 model are presented below Table 3.2. The air qualitypredictions have been made using the model evaluation protocol for fugitive dustimpact modeling for surface coal mining operations (EPA 1995, EPA 1994).

The salient features of the ATDM model are presented below table 3.2.



Table 3.2 Salient Features of the ATDM ModelS.No. Item Details1. Model name ATDM (based on USEPA model ISCST2)2. Dispersion Equation Steady State Gaussian Plume Equation3. Diffusion Parameters Pasquill Gifford Coefficients4. Plume Rise Briggs Equation5. Time Average 1 hour to 24 hours6. Application Input Data:(i) Source Data Mine coordinates, base elevation, emission

rates of pollutants.(ii) Receptor Data Grid interval, number of receptors, receptor

elevations.(iii)

Meteorological DataHourly meteorological data i.e. wind speed,direction, ambient temperature, stability andmixing heights.

7. Application Applicable for Point, Area and Volume sources.8.

Special FeaturesThe model estimates maximum 1 hour to 24hours average concentrations.The model considers terrain elevations

3.3.1.1 Model FormulationThe model uses the following steady state Gaussion plume equation. The basic equationfor calculating the concentration of pollutants for any point in x, y, z co-ordinates isgiven below:C(x, y, z, H) = Q/2 y z U exp [-1/2(y/y) 2] x [exp {-1/2(z-h/z) 2}

+ exp {-1/2 (z+H/z) 2}]

WhereC= Concentration of pollutants in mg/cu mQ= Strength of emissions in g/sec.H= Effective Height (m), i.e., physical height + plume raisey, z= diffusion coefficients in y and z directions in m.U= average wind velocity in m/sec.

The following assumptions are made in Gaussian dispersion model.This model assumes no diffusion in the down wind direction and thus applicable to aplume and not a puff of pollutant. The dispersion parameter values used for horizontaldispersion coefficient and vertical dispersion coefficients are those given in the “Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates”. These dispersion coefficients assume asampling time of about 10min., the height values of interest to be in the lowest severalhundred meters of the atmosphere, a surface corresponding to the open country. Thestacks are tall enough to be free from building turbulence so that no aerodynamic downwash occurs. The given stability exists from ground level to well above the top of theplume.

The Gaussian dispersion model has been tested extensively for its validity and found tobe reasonably applicable for different atmospheric conditions. BIS has also adopted



this basic plume dispersion model. Hence the same model is adopted for predictions ofdownwind concentrations of pollutants in this report.

3.3.1.2 Meteorological DataThe mixing heights for ambient air quality predictions are adopted from Atlas of HourlyMixing Height and Assimilative Capacity of Atmosphere in India by S.D Attri, SiddarthaSingh, B. Mukhopadhya and A.K Bhatnagar, Published by Indian MetrologicalDepartment, New Delhi. 2008. The mixing heights range from 2250 to 7650 m duringsummer season. There is no record of inversion for this area (Reference : Atlas of HourlyMixing Height and Assimilative Capacity of Atmosphere in India by S.D Attri, SiddarthaSingh, B. Mukhopadhya and A.K Bhatnagar, Published By Indian MetrologicalDepartment, New Delhi. 2008).

Data recorded by the weather monitoring station at site on wind speed, direction, solarinsolation, temperature and cloud cover at one hourly interval for three months i.e. onefull season has been used for computations. Hourly atmospheric stability determinedbased on the technique suggested by Turner. Visual observations were made on for thesolar insolation and cloud cover during study period. The methodology adopted forestablishing the hourly stability class is given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Atmospheric Stability Classifications

Wind Speed(m/sec)

Insolation (Day time) Night time

Strong Moderate Slight Thin over cast or>4/8 low cloud

<3/8Cloud

<2 A A-B B - -2-3 A-B B C E F3-5 B B-C C D E5-6 C C-D D D D>6 C D D D D

Mixing Height:As the site specific mixing height is not available USEPA approved general mixingheights as applicable for Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model have been consideredfor modeling to establish the worst-case scenario. The mixing heights considered formodeling is given table 3.4

Table 3.4 Mixing Heights Considered for ComputationsStability Class Mixing Height (m)A 1300B & C 900D 750E & F 400

Emission FactorFor DG SetsCalculation of Stack HeightFor the DG set the stack height h = 0.2 (kVA) 1/2



For 1000 kVA, Stack height = 0.2(1000) ½ = 6.32 Taken as 6.5 meters

Table 3.5 Details of DG Set emissions

Name ofStack

StackHeight

(m)

Dia ofstackat top

(m)

Temp. ofexhaust

gases(0C)

ExitVelocity(m/sec)

PollutantEmission Rate (g/sec)

PM SO2 NOx

1000 kVA X3 nos. 6.5 0.4 450 12.5 0.003 0.08 0.12

Air Quality PredictionsThe predicted maximum 24 hourly ground level concentrations of PM and distance ofoccurrence based on site meteorological data over a grid of 3 km x 3 km with a receptorinterval of 50 meters are presented in Table 3.6. The average meteorological conditionsas observed during study period are used for the graphical presentation of dispersion ofpollutants.

Table 3.6 Maximum Predicted Ground Level Concentrations

S.No. Pollutant Direction Distance(m)

Maximum Concentration(g/m3)

1 PM SW 885 0.5122 SOx SW 785 2.53 NOx SW 885 3.25

Indoor Air QualityThe indoor environment in any building is a result of the interaction between the site,climate, building system (original design and later modifications in the structure andmechanical systems), construction techniques, contaminant sources (building materialsand furnishings, moisture, processes and activities within the building, and outdoorsources), and building occupants. The following four elements are involved in thedevelopment of indoor air quality problems:

Source: there is a source of contamination or discomfort indoors, outdoors, or withinthe mechanical systems of the building.

HVAC: the HVAC system is not able to control existing air contaminants and ensurethermal comfort (temperature and humidity conditions that are comfortable for mostoccupants).

Pathways: one or more pollutant pathways connect the pollutant source to theoccupants and a driving force exists to move pollutants along the pathway(s).

Occupants: building occupants are present Indoor air contaminants can originate withinthe building or be drawn in from outdoor. A typical list of issues related to indoor airquality are as follows;



Sources of Indoor Air PollutionOutside BuildingContaminated outdoor air due to; pollen, dust, fungal spores; industrial pollutants;and general vehicle exhaust. Emissions from nearby sources i.e., exhaust from vehicleson nearby roads or in parking lots, or garages loading docks, odors from dumpsters,re-entrained (drawn back into the building) exhaust from the building itself or fromneighboring buildings and unsanitary debris near the outdoor air intake. Moisture orstanding water promoting excess microbial growth on the rooftops after rainfall andcrawlspace.

EquipmentHVAC system: HVAC systems may generate the following indoor air quality problems;dust or dirt in ductwork or other components; microbiological growth in drip pans,humidifiers, ductwork, coils; improper use of biocides, sealants, and/or cleaningcompounds; improper venting of combustion products; refrigerant leakage.

Non-HVAC equipment : The other emissions which are non-HVAC equipment related ina typical Shopping mall are; emissions from mall equipment (volatile organiccompounds, ozone); supplies (solvents, toners, ammonia); emissions from shops, labs,cleaning processes; elevator motors and other mechanical systems

Human ActivitiesThe contribution of various human activities related to personal, house keeping andmaintenance to indoor air quality is important. Typical list of activities are as follows;

Personal activities: smoking, cooking, body odor, cosmetic odors, cleaning materialsand procedures, emissions from stored supplies or trash, use of deodorizers andfragrances, airborne dust or dirt (e.g., circulated by sweeping and vacuuming)

Maintenance activities: microorganisms in mist from improperly maintained coolingtowers, airborne dust or dirt, volatile organic compounds from use of paint, caulk,adhesives, and other products, pesticides from pest control activities, emissions fromstored supplies.

Building Components and FurnishingsLocations that produce or collect dust or fibers; textured surfaces such as carpeting,curtains, and other textiles, open shelving, old or deteriorated furnishings, materialscontaining damaged asbestos.

Unsanitary conditions and water damage; microbiological growth on or in soiled orwater-damaged furnishings, microbiological growth in areas of surface condensation,standing water from clogged or poorly designed drains, dry traps that allow the passageof sewer gas. Chemicals released from building components or furnishings; volatileorganic compounds or inorganic compounds

Other SourcesAccidental events; spills of water or other liquids, microbiological growth due toflooding or to leaks from roofs, piping, fire damage (soot, PCBs from electrical



equipment, odors). Special use areas and mixed use buildings; smoking lounges,exercise rooms, food preparation areas

Redecorating/remodeling/repair activities; emissions from new furnishings, dust andfibers from demolition, odors and volatile organic and inorganic compounds from paint,caulk, adhesives, microbiological released from demolition or remodeling activities

HVACThe HVAC system includes all heating, cooling, and ventilation equipment serving abuilding: furnaces or boilers, chillers, cooling towers, air handling units, exhaust fans,ductwork, filters, and steam (or heating water) piping. A properly designed andfunctioning HVAC system: provides thermal comfort, distributes adequate amounts ofoutdoor air to meet ventilation needs of all building occupants, isolates and removesodors and contaminants through pressure control, filtration, and exhaust fans.

Pollutant Pathways and Driving ForcesAirflow patterns in buildings result from the combined action of mechanical ventilationsystems, human activity, and natural forces. Pressure differentials created by theseforces move airborne contaminants from areas of relatively higher pressure to areas ofrelatively lower pressure through any available openings.

The basic principle of air movement from areas of relatively higher pressure to areas ofrelatively lower pressure can produce many patterns of contaminant distribution,including: local circulation in the room containing the pollutant source, air movementinto adjacent spaces that are under lower pressure (Note: Even if two rooms are bothunder positive pressure compared to the outdoors, one room is usually at a lowerpressure than the other.), recirculation of air within the zone containing the pollutantsource or in adjacent zones where return systems overlap, movement from lower toupper levels of the building, air movement into the building through either infiltrationof outdoor air or reentry of exhaust air.

Building OccupantsThe term “building occupants” is generally used to describe people who spendextended time periods (e.g., a full workday) in the building. Groups that may beparticularly susceptible to effects of indoor air contaminants include, but are not limitedto: allergic or asthmatic individuals, people with respiratory disease, people whoseimmune systems are suppressed due to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, disease, orother causes and contact lens wearers

3.3.2 Water ResourcesDesign StageThe surface water bodies can be subject to adverse impacts due to the variousconstruction activities as well as during the occupation stage of the project. Thesewater bodies were irrigation sources for the agricultural activity before the urbanizationand the same are now ill used, with sewage from the surrounding colonies joins intosewer lines. The proposal to discharge storm water into rainwater-harvestingstructures, which would enhance the ground water table and also reduce the runoff



reaching the drains, the excess runoff will joins into storm water drains and finally joinsinto sewer lines.

Alteration of DrainageThe rainfall in the area is in the range of 700 – 900 m/year, and the drainage pattern ofthe site is pinnate. The natural drainage of the site will be modified to facilitate the sitedevelopment. Increased runoff from the impervious surfaces like rooftop and roadswill add to the storm water quantity that drains from the site. Hence it is proposed toprovide storm water drain and rain water harvesting structures in the site to enhancethe ground water table and also reduce the runoff reaching the drains. Suitable crossdrainage structures are being designed to facilitate storm water movement. It isproposed to discharge the storm water runoff into the storm water drains. Thereby theexcess runoff if any due to the constructed areas will be compensated by thesestructures. During short bursts of high intensity rainfall the rainwater harvestingstructures would act as flow dissipaters, filter media and infiltration trenches.

However the urban runoff compared to the runoff without construction activity willdiffer significantly as pollutants from various sources also enter the drains, viz; vehicularpollution, lawn and garden maintenance, municipal maintenance, transportation spills,construction activity, runoff from driveways. These pollution sources may havesignificant negative impact on the receiving body if mitigation measures are notadopted.

Construction StageThe construction activity will mostly take place during non-monsoon season. To avoidsedimentation of storm water during rainy season the stockpiles of soil and othermaterials should be carefully planned. The construction activity will have significantimpact on the withdrawal of water from ground water sources.

Occupation StageThe major negative impacts caused by project are the sewage followed by storm waterdisposal. The water requirement of the project will be drawn from the municipality,which accepted to provide the water required for domestic purposes. During non-availability ground water is proposed to be used for augmenting the supplies.

The sewage generated will have adverse impacts if disposed untreated. The adequacyof the system is observed to be sufficient, but the anthropogenic pressures ofurbanization are reducing the areas of tanks and disturbing the water shed systems,which needs to be addressed by the town planning authorities/ Tirupathi Municipal.The sludge generated from the treatment plant will either be used as manure within oroutside the premises.

The other major impact will be due to the increased run off and may have negativeimpact on the receiving body if the same is not properly managed. Impacts due tosurface runoff include increased soil erosion and local flooding or water logging. Hencethe project will be designed with adequate storm water drains and cross drainagestructures.



Increased Sediment and Degradation of Water QualityPre-construction and Construction StageThe degradation of water quality can occur during construction stage from increasedsediment load into watercourses near the construction site. This may be aggravated byremoval of trees and consequent increase in soil erosion. As soil in the study area iswith sand and gravel silt composition, the impacts due to the increased sediment loadwill be significant and need to be addressed for all water bodies along all the routes.

Degradation of water quality is also possible due to accidental discharges intowatercourses from drainage of workers’ camps and from spillage in vehicle parkingand/or fuel and lubricant storage areas.

Occupation PhaseDuring the operation phase, there is little chance of degradation of water quality duringnormal operations, as an STP will be provided for treating the wastewater and stormwater drains will be provided to carry the storm water.

Impact on Groundwater sourcesThere is minimal impact on the ground water as the water requirement duringoccupation is to be met from municipality.

3.3.3 Land PhysiographyThe impact of the project on physiography is a function of the terrain of the area. It ismost drastically altered in case of hilly terrain or where extensive cut-and-fill operationsare involved. The project area has a plain terrain and the design stage deliberationshave ensured that the major contours are not disturbed and rocky part is kept forsubsequent development of green space. However the physiography impact will besignificant non reversible as the contours of the area will be disturbed. The cut and filloperations may cause air pollution, clogging of drains and solid waste for disposal. Thedesign stage has optimized the cut and fills operations and the excess cut material isminimum and the same shall be reused for the construction purposes.

SeismicityThe project site is located in Zone III. These are relatively stable areas. Projectconstruction in this area will have little impact on its overall earthquake potential sinceno major blasting is envisaged at the construction site.

Loss of productive soilPre-construction stageThe area of the project is non agricultural barren land and has been classified asresidential/commercial zone by Tirupathi Urban Development Authority (TUDA). Thepresent usage of land is barren and the development of the land will have a positiveimpact on the aesthetics.

Construction stageThe soils of the project site are clayey or clay loams, Soils in the project site may benegatively impacted due to the proposed project. The loss of productive topsoil due to



construction is a direct adverse long-term impact. However the land usage at present isbarren and the project would have a positive impact during occupations stage.Mitigation measures are to be adopted for preservation of topsoil.

Occupation StageThe project will have a positive impact on the soils and soil quality as the project willhave greening program and the soils will be protected due to conservation.

Soil ErosionThe soil in the study area varies from clayey loam to Sandy loam. Therefore thepotential for erosion is low. Erosion will be exacerbated if the vegetation is removedfrom the site since roots are known to hold soil together. This will however be for theduration until the compensatory afforestation and roadside plantation have matured.It is not possible to construct projects without removing trees and disturbing thecontours. However, to prevent the eroded material from entering the watercourse, siltfencing can be provided at the end of ditches or cascade arrangements can be providedat the end of ditches as they enter the watercourse. While the former requires frequentcleaning to prevent built-up, the voids in the cascade will be filled up by erodedmaterial and eventually vegetation will be established there. No soil erosion isanticipated, as greening activity will mitigate soil erosion.

Compaction of soilPre-Construction StageCompaction of Soil will occur in the pre-construction stage (particularly during siteclearance stage) due to movement of heavy machinery and vehicles. Similarly,compaction will take place during setting up of stockyards. However, this is a shortduration impact. Appropriate measures need to be specified in the Environmentalmanagement plan to minimize the area of soil compaction.

Construction StageMovement of vehicles during construction is the major cause of soil compaction. Thisimpact is direct and will be maximum in the paths, which may be planned forconversion into roads. It is necessary to ensure that there is no adverse impact of soilcompaction in areas other than the proposed roads, where vegetation can grow andrain infiltration will take place.

Occupation StageDuring the occupation stage, compaction will not occur, and the compaction if any willbe restricted to road ROW. And the road ROW compaction cannot be said to be animpact of the occupation stage as the pavement itself is a function of compacted baseand sub base.

Contamination of SoilPre-Construction StageContamination of soil in the pre-construction stage may be considered as a short-termresidual negative impact. Soil contamination may take place due to solid wastecontamination from the construction workers set up during pre-construction stage.



Construction StageContamination of soil during construction stage is primarily due to construction andallied activities. The sites where construction vehicles are parked and serviced are likelyto be contaminated because of leakage or spillage of fuel and lubricants. Refuse andsolid waste from construction workers can also contaminate the soil. Contamination ofsoil during construction might be a major long-term residual negative impact.Unwarranted disposal of construction spoil and debris will add to soil contamination

Occupation StageDuring the occupation stage, soil pollution is a low probability incident.

Solid WastesSolid wastes of different variety are anticipated from the construction and occupationstages of the project. The Impacts of solid wastes if unmitigated could beenvironmentally disastrous and economically expensive to mitigate at a later stage.The solid wastes range from garbage from the construction workers during theconstruction to the sewage treatment plant sludge during the occupation stage. Thewastes anticipated and the impacts are tabulated in table 3.7.

Table 3.7 Solid Waste DetailsStage Type of Wastes Impacts

Construction Debris/construction wastes Soil contamination, storm waterflow obstruction

Packing Material Soil contaminationEmpty drums and carboys Soil contaminationSpillage of fuels/constructionmaterials/hazardous chemicals

Soil contamination leading tostorm water pollution

Sediment from stockpiles due torain water and wind erosion

Soil contamination, storm waterflow obstruction, downstreamwater body pollution

Wastes from Vehicle andequipment maintenance likeWaste oils, cleaning solvents, usedbatteries, used tyres

Soil contamination, storm waterpollution and some of theimpact could be irreversible.

Occupation Garbage Soil contamination leading toground water pollution overlong periods of time.

STP Sludge Soil contamination and groundwater pollution over longperiods of time if storedimproperly

3.3.4 Consumption of Natural ResourcesThe proposed project requires number of construction materials, which are naturalresources. The resources required for construction include directly natural resourcelike sand, aggregate, water, gravel etc. The rough bill of quantities of materialsrequired for the project are presented in table 3.8.



Table 3.8 Material Consumption for Project

Floor Total BUA(m2)

Ready MixConcrete

(m3)

Cement(bags)

Sand(m3)

Aggregate(m3)

Water(m3)

Brick(nos.)x 1000

Reinforcement

steel( MT)

Building 46024.0 18870 42802 17949 1979 11138 5339 1059Total 46024.0 18870 42802 17949 1979 11138 5339 1059

The source of various materials is presented in table 3.9

Table 3.9 Lead Distance for Construction Materials

S.No Material Source Lead Distance(Km)

1 Sand ROBOSAND areas permitted byGovt. of Andhra Pradesh 150 – 240

2 Aggregate Manufacturing units 0 – 23 Cement Manufacturing units 140 – 2004 Reinforcement Steel SAIL/TATA godowns 2.55 Bricks Manufacturers 206 Plumbing Material Local suppliers 2 – 77 Electrical Material Local Suppliers 2 – 78 Sanitary Material Local suppliers 2 – 79 Flooring and

Pavement TilesManufacturers 12 – 150

10 Paints Local Manufacturers 10 – 2511 Ready Mix Concrete Local Batch Plants 3 - 5

The material requirement during construction stage has both positive and negativeimpacts as the requirement of resources which are industrially produced will giveimpetus to industrial growth. While the unsustainable natural resources requirement ofsand will have negative impact at the mining areas. It is necessary that the sand istransported from the areas identified by Government of Andhra Pradesh. Themanmade resources like Cement, Steel, Bricks, Tiles would need minerals which areunsustainable, and yet the necessity of project development compensates the impacts.

3.3.5 NoiseThough the level of discomfort caused by noise is subjective, there is a definite increasein discomfort with an increase in noise levels. Commercial projects tend to cause noiseindirectly as the roads provided for connectivity would lead to increased noise levels.Road noise depends on factors such as traffic intensity, the type and condition of thevehicles plying on the road, acceleration/deceleration/gear changes by the vehiclesdepending on the level of congestion and smoothness of road surface (IRC: 104-1988).The impacts on noise due to the project will be of significance in both the constructionas well as the occupation stages.



Pre Construction stageNoise levels during the pre construction stage are mostly expected to be indicative ofprevalent baseline levels apart from localized noise levels at locations where preconstruction stage activities are taking place such as establishment of constructionworkers, stockyards. These increased noise levels will prevail only for a short durationduring the pre construction stage.

Construction StageDue to the various construction activities, there will be temporary noise impacts in theimmediate vicinity of the project corridor. The construction activities will include theexcavation for foundations and grading of the site and the construction of structuresand facilities. Movement of heavy vehicles, loading, transportation and unloading ofconstruction materials produce significant noise during construction stage. The typicalnoise levels associated with the various construction activities and the variousconstruction equipments are presented in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10 Typical noise levels of principal construction equipments(Noise Level in dB (A) at 50 Feet)

CLEARING STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTIONBulldozer 80 Crane 75-77Front end loader 72-84 Welding generator 71-82Jack hammer 81-98 Concrete mixer 74-88Crane with ball 75-87 Concrete pump 81-84

Concrete vibrator 76EXCAVATION & EARTH MOVING Air compressor 74-87Bulldozer 80 Pneumatic tools 81-98Backhoe 72-93 Bulldozer 80Front end loader 72-84 Cement and dump trucks 83-94Dump truck 83-94 Front end loader 72-84Jack hammer 81-98 Dump truck 83-94Scraper 80-93 Paver 86-88GRADING AND COMPACTING LANDSCAPING AND CLEAN-UPGrader 80-93 Bulldozer 80Roller 73-75 Backhoe 72-93

Truck 83-94PAVING Front end loader 72-84Paver 86-88 Dump truck 83-94Truck 83-94 Paver 86-88Tamper 74-77 Dump truck 83-94Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Noise From ConstructionEquipment and Operations. Building Equipment and Home Appliances. NJID.300.1. December 31. 1971

Though the noise levels presented for the various construction activities far exceed thepermissible standards, it is important to note that the construction noise is generallyintermittent and depends on the type of operation, location and function of the



equipment. Proper mitigation measures as to regulate the timings of construction,employing noise protection measures etc. need to be worked out.

Occupation StageThe noise levels at various locations are monitored and the noise levels at the sitewould change due to occupation of the projects. There are no sensitive receptors within the immediate vicinity. The noise levels increase due to the project will be negligiblein the Project impact area, however the project site after occupation may have highernoise levels due to human activity, transport etc. The noise reduction levels due toconstruction materials and enclosures is presented in table 3.11.

Table 3.11 Noise reduction due to BarriersTable 1 TRANSIMISSION LOSS VALUE FOR COMMON BARRIER MATERIALS

MATERIAL THICKNESS,(inches)

TRANSIMISSIONLOSS, dBA (1)

WOODS

Fir½ 171 202 24

Pine½ 161 192 23

Red Wood½ 161 192 23

Cedar½ 151 182 22

Ply Wood ½ 201 23

Particle Board ½ 20METALS

Aluminum1/16 231/8 25¼ 27

Steel24 ga 1820 ga 2216 ga 15

Lead 1/16 28CONCRETE, MASONRY, etc

Light Concrete 4 366 39

Dense Concrete 4 40

Concrete Block 4 326 36

Cinder Block (Hollow Core) 6 28



Table 1 TRANSIMISSION LOSS VALUE FOR COMMON BARRIER MATERIALS

MATERIAL THICKNESS,(inches)

TRANSIMISSIONLOSS, dBA (1)

Brick 4 33Granite 4 40COMPOSITESAluminum faced plywood ¾ 21-23Aluminum faced particle Board Plastic ¾ 21-23Lamina on plywood plastic ¾ 21-23Lamina on particle Board ¾ 21-23MISCELLANEOUS

Glass (Safety glass) 1/8 22¼ 26

Plexiglass (Shatterproof) 22-25Masonite ½ 20Fiber glass/ Resin 1/8 20Stucco on Metal Lath 1 32Polyester with aggregate surface 3 20-30A weighted TL based on generalized truck spectrum.Source: Noise Barrier Design Handbook. FHWA.

Reference Noise LevelsThe vehicular noise emission levels significantly vary with vehicle speed. It is thereforenecessary that speed dependency of noise emissions for various categories of vehiclesbe taken into account while using the model for noise prediction due to the roadway. Inthis work the speed-noise relations presented by National Environmental EngineeringResearch Institute (NEERI) in their report on Environmental and Social Assessment Delhi- NOIDA Bridge Project have been adopted (Table 3.12).

Table 3.12 Speed-noise relationships for various motor vehicles

Speed (Kmph) Cars(dB (A))

Trucks & Buses(dB (A))

2/3 Wheelers(dB (A))

30 56.0 73.0 58.040 59.0 76.0 61.050 63.0 80.0 66.060 68.0 81.0 68.070 68.0 81.5 70.080 70.0 82.0 72.090 72.0 83.0 74.0

100 74.0 83.5 76.0

Traffic Volumes and SpeedThe traffic volumes within the site will be less as the expected number of vehiclesowned by the residents is in the range of 400 - 500. The site area is adjacent to a roadof width 80’ in the north direction. This will facilitate the additional transport due to



the project. The connectivity improvement will enhance the air quality of the area ingeneral, however the site area may be impacted with higher noise levels.

3.3.6 Energy ConsumptionThe construction project of this scale will require energy from the grid of APTRANSCOfor construction activities and subsequent occupation stage. The energy consumptionfrom the APTRANSCO during construction activity would be limited pumps, motors andcompressors in the order of 50 KVA. While the consumption/requirement during theoccupation stage is presented in chapter 2. The energy requirement for the project alsoinvolves consumption of fuels for construction machinery, transport vehicles. Theimpacts of spillages and leakages of these fuels on soil are to be mitigated. The energyconsumption will have additional demand on the grid, which necessitates additionalproduction of energy. The energy requirement of Andhra Pradesh is mainly drawn fromthe Thermal power, and the power consumption reflects in additional pollutant releaseinto atmosphere. Though the impacts are not localized in the PIA the impacts can befelt elsewhere necessitating mitigation/energy conservation measures.

3.3.7 Energy EfficiencyThe energy efficiency of the buildings will depend on the building envelop, fenestrationand roof quality, reflecting in transmissivity of the building. The Energy conservationbuilding code for India are yet to be promulgated, and the energy efficiency principlesin vogue should be applied to ensure that the “U” and “R” values are within the limits.The failure of which may lead to higher consumption of energy, urban heat islandeffect. The design guidelines available today in India shall be strictly implemented.

3.3.8 Flora Plantations and GreeningThe principal impact on flora involves the clearing and grubbing activity. There are nomajor trees with a girth of more than 15 cm in the site. The area is denudated due toanthropogenic pressures, and the site is devoid of any major trees. The removal ofplants involves removal of small plants, shrubs only.

Pre Construction StageThe project has a significant, direct and long-term positive impact on the site as it isproposed to provide avenue plantation all along the internal roads and to provide agreen area. Most visible impact is the availability of shade, and will increase thecomfort levels for traffic and pedestrians. The plantation will take into considerationthe importance of native species and will be planted.

The micro-ecosystems supported by the trees are also a point of environmentalimportance. The plantation will enhance the aesthetics and improve ground watertable and reduce erosion. The list of plants proposed for greening concept is presentedin table.



List of Plants Proposed for GreeningS. No. Plant Name

1 Anthocephalus Chinensis2 Roystonea Regia3 Tabebuia Rosea4 Bauhinea Blakeana5 Lagerstroemia Speciosa6 Delonix Regia7 Cassia Spectabilis8 Alstonia Scholaris9 Tabebuia Chrysantha

10 Kigelia Pinnata11 Fillicium Decipens12 Mimusops Elengi13 Ficus Benjamina14 Alstonia Scholaris15 Cassia Fictula

Construction StageThe project site is uneven with rocky out crops, hence it is necessary to reclaim the soilproperly, to prepare for plantation. Wherever the land area is rocky it is necessary toprovide a 2’ x 2’ x 2’ pit and fill it with excess top soil available. The plantation shouldbegin even before the construction activity, to enhance the greenery.

Occupation StageThe impacts on flora during the occupation stage can be due to the air pollutionassociated with traffic. Moreover, increased pollutant concentrations on roadsides willmean harsher conditions for the newly planted roadside trees. However the centralgreen proposed to preserve the natural contour and provide a lung space to the projectwill ensure better environment.

3.3.9 FaunaThe fauna in the urban areas of the city is limited domestic animals and other commonanimals. However pet animals will have an impact on the storm water drains as thesame to address in concert with the project management association, which would lookafter the house keeping.

3.3.10 Human Use Values Land AcquisitionThere is no requirement of land acquisition for this project.

Amenities and community facilitiesThere are very few amenities and community facilities proposed in the project. Theamenities include canteen and ancillary area, DG sets for emergency purpose, footpaths for all the internal roads, Sewage treatment plant, and dust bins in every streetfor collection of road side litter. The parking facility provided will cater to the need ofthe traffic/parking due to the project.



Change in land useThe development due to the Project will induce changes in the land use in the projectImpact area. However it must be mentioned that the area is already urbanized and thesurrounding lands are under various stages of development. There will be a positiveimpact on the landuse in the impacted area.

Cropping Pattern and Crop ProductivityThe proposed project is likely to bring in its wake, urbanization and change in land use.Although the spatial impact is likely to be insignificant, the impact will be irreversible innature.

Exploitation of Resource baseDevelopment of such vital infrastructure will lead to over exploitation of theenvironmental. While the medium term impacts may not be large enough to benoticed, the long-term implications of such depletion are potentially disastrous. Thesevere depletion of water resources in certain areas are likely if the expanded urbanareas continue to use bore wells for their domestic water supply.

3.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL/PROTECTED MONUMENTS AND OTHER CULTURAL PROPERTIESThere are no protected monuments or archeological monuments located within 300meters of the proposed site.

3.5 SOCIAL IMPACTSThere are no displacements of population for this project and the project is meant tomeet the growing demands for shopping mall. The project will have positive long termsocial impacts as it will set an example in Shopping mall sector of the state and shall beused, which provide employment.

3.6 INDUCED IMPACTSThe impacts of the proposed project will not be limited the direct impact discussedabove. The project will generate employment but also will put additional burden on thealready loaded infrastructure of the city and the project area. The project wouldenhance the water quality in the watershed, as the treated water will be sent intomunicipal sewer lines. And release of storm water into rainwater-harvesting structures,would indirectly help the recharging of the ground water table and also reduce therunoff reaching the drains, the excess runoff will joins into storm water drains.



4.0 MITIGATION, AVOIDANCE AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

The chapter details out the measures incorporated during the project preparation stageto avoid and mitigate adverse impacts on the various environmental components. Theenhancement measures envisaged to increase the acceptance of the project by the hostpopulations are also described. The final section describes the management plans forthe implementation of the environmental provisions during and after construction.

4.1 Approach to Mitigation MeasuresThe project is envisaged to develop 9350 m2 of land to build Commercial shopping mall& Multiplex in Survey No 2/1A in ward no 18 of Akkarampalli Village, Madhura Nagar,Tirupathi, Chitoor District, Andhra Pradesh. The project would cater to various marketdemands and needs of the people. The project site is 10 m wide road in west directionand 12 m wide road in north direction. Residential and commercial building in southdirection, 30 m wide Tirumala Bypass road in east direction connecting Kadapa -Tirupathi road. Tirupathi railway station is at a distance of 2.1 km.

The development of the project has a number of positive long-term impacts and it isimperative that a development of this magnitude will have certain negative impacts,which are spatially limited to the site, municipal authority and or the widerenvironment. These impacts can be seen during preconstruction, construction andoccupation stages. Though conscious efforts have been made to minimize the impactsof environmental and social components, certain adverse impacts have been inevitable.

The development of procedures for mitigation as well as avoidance of adverse impactsof the proposed project development has been an iterative process. There has beencontinued interaction between the design and environmental teams to arrive atmeasures acceptable to both sides. The avoidance and mitigation of negative impactsinvolve reduction in magnitude of the adverse impacts during various stages of theproject through:

a. Alterations during design, site clearance, construction and operation stages of theproject to avoid adverse impacts, and

b. Additional mitigation measures for unavoidable negative impacts on theenvironmental components.

These measures were incorporated into the various stages of the project. Based ontheir applicability, both general and case specific measures were incorporated asfollows:

Standard: The ‘Standard designs’ of various types of amenities, were arrived at afterdetailed deliberations between the architects and the Environment teams based on theplanning regulations i.e., Tirupathi Municipal Corporation with respect to layoutguidelines, amenity provisions, and design guidelines.

General measures: To avoid or mitigate impacts on environmental components,



general mitigation measures were identified based on the characteristic features.

Generic: For various typologies, enhancement designs were prepared at a generic levelso that they could be applied to locations selected by the architects and supervisingconsultants.

The project designs were finalised after due deliberations between the architects, M/s.Kesari Projects LLP and various supporting consultants. The deliberations covered notonly the environmental aspects but also the projected growth of the city, infrastructuredevelopment and relevant issues. The designs thus finalised are not only environmentfriendly and have resource conservation as an objective.

The avoidance of adverse impacts on the environmental components of the projectimpact area is given first preference over commercial benefit. Thus the designsidentified are tentative as the town planning authority is yet to approve the same.

The following sub sections detail the mitigation measures proposed to be adopted inthe project during design, construction and occupation stages.

4.2 Avoidance and Mitigation MeasuresThe avoidance and mitigation measures are discussed in the same order as impactsidentified in Chapter 4 where impacts have been assessed for each of theenvironmental components.

4.2.1 Meteorological ParametersThe mitigation measures suggested to avoid or mitigate the urban heat island effect isto provide a lot of unpaved area, which will ensure the reflectivity of the site area.However the construction project envisages construction in approximately half of thearea and may lead to a slight increase in temperatures in the surrounding areas. Themitigation measures identified are cool roofs for the building, trees and vegetation forthe building and cool pavements in the open area. Roof of the building will have coolroofs.

Cool RoofThe cool roof materials have two important properties; high solar reflectance or Albedoand high thermal emittance. Solar reflectance and thermal emittance have noticeableeffects on temperature. Conventional roof surfaces have low reflectance (0.05 to 0.25)and high thermal emittance (typically over 80%) and heat up to 150 to 190°F (66 to88°C) at midday during the summer. Bare metal or metallic surfaced roofs have highsolar reflectance (0.5 or higher) and may have low thermal emittance (20 to 60%,depending on their surface treatment) and warm to 140 to 170°F (60 to 77°C). Coolroofs with both high reflectance and high emittance warm to only 100 to 120°F (38 to49°C) in the summer sun.

Most cool roof applications have a smooth, bright white surface to reflect solarradiation, reduce heat transfer to the interior, and save on summer time airconditioning. These properties also can extend the life span of a roof. By limiting the



quantity of absorbed solar energy, damage from ultraviolet radiation and dailytemperature fluctuations – which cause repeated contraction and expansion – can bereduced. The albedo values of various roof materials are presented in fig. 4.1. Thecolour choice of the exteriors and the roof would be based on the albedo of thematerial.

Fig. 4.1 Albedo values of various types of roof material

Trees and VegetationPlanting trees and vegetation is a simple and effective way to reduce heat islands.Widespread planting in a city can decrease local surface and air temperatures. Strategicplanting around homes and buildings directly cools the interior of the building,decreasing air conditioning costs and peak energy demand.

Trees and vegetation cool the air by providing shade and through evapotranspiration(the evaporation of water from leaves). Shade reduces the amount of solar radiationtransmitted to underlying surfaces, keeping them cool. Shaded walls may be 9 to 36°F(5° to 20°C) cooler than the peak surface temperatures of unshaded surfaces. Thesecooler walls decrease the quantity of heat transmitted to buildings, thus lowering airconditioning cooling costs. Cooler surfaces also lessen the heat island effect by reducingheat transfer to the surrounding air.

Transmittance varies by tree or vegetation type, but for deciduous species – which shedtheir leaves in winter – transmittance ranges from 6 to 30% in summer and 10 to 80% inwinter.

Another way trees and vegetation cool the air by absorbing water through their rootsand evaporating it through leaf pores. This process uses heat from the air to convertwater contained in the vegetation into water vapour. A mature tree with a 30-footcrown transpires approximately 150 litres of water per day. Evapotranspiration alone



can result in peak summer temperature reductions of 2 to 9°F (1° to 5°C). While thisprocess reduces air temperatures, it does add moisture to the air. The positive coolingeffect of vegetation usually outweighs any undesirable gains in humidity. The U.S.Department of Agriculture Forest Service estimates that every 1% increase in canopycover results in maximum mid-day air temperature reductions of 0.07 to 0.36°F (0.04°to 0.2°C).

When planting for energy savings, particular care should be given to location. Thefollowing guidelines will help lower energy costs and energy demand:

To shade from summer sun, plant deciduous trees to the west, southwest, southeast,and east of a building. Special care should be given to trees planted directly to thesouth. These trees may not provide much shade in the summer, when the sun is high inthe sky, and may block desired wintertime sun, when the sun is low in the sky.

Deciduous trees work well, as they balance energy requirements over the course of ayear. In summer, foliage cools buildings by blocking solar radiation. In winter, after theleaves have fallen, the sun's energy passes through trees and helps to warm buildings.If there is not enough space for trees, grow vines on a vertical or horizontal trellis toshade the west and east windows and walls of buildings.

Plantation shall be taken up by the project authorities simultaneously with theconstruction activity. The greenery for the general open area shall be taken up by M/s.Kesari Projects LLP.

Cool PavementsThere is no official standard or labelling program to designate cool paving materials,and research in this area is in an early stage. While studies show that pavements canaffect the urban heat island and resulting air quality, results are complicated by severalfactors. These include the impact of shadows from nearby structures; changes inpavement characteristics over time; and the absorption by buildings of solar radiationreflected from the pavement surface. There are situations, however, wherecommunities interested in reducing heat island effects can choose paving materials thatlower surface temperature and achieve related objectives. Large parking areas, urbanroadways with large expanses of paved surface are examples where cool pavementsmay be most practical. It is proposed to provide pathways in the residences by way ofPermeable surfaces using lattices filled with soil, gravel, or grass. The pathways and theparking lot of commercial area and the community centre area shall be provided withpermeable surfaces and this will help reducing the heat island effect and also enhancethe rainwater percolation. All the roads in the site shall be made permeable byconstructing it with pavers over compacted soil reducing the convection of heat. Themeasures proposed to reduce the heat island effect is presented in Table 4.1.



Table 4.1 Mitigation measures proposed to reduce Heat Island EffectS.No. Measure Product used Remarks

1 Cool Roof HyderabadIndustries

All roofs shall be provided with coolroofs, which will ensure that seepage isreduced and increases the reflectance.

2 Vegetation Plantation Plans Avenue plantation and open areaplantation shall be taken up by M/s KesariProjects LLP.

3 Pavements All the roads in the layout shall beconstructed with pavers with gaps oncompacted soil allowing percolation ofwater. All pathways into the block andthe common parking lots shall beprovided with pervious pavements.

4.2.2 Natural and Biophysical environment4.2.2.1 AirThe impacts identified with respect to the air quality during the construction of theproject are temporary, and the impacts identified during occupation stage areirreversible and the same must be mitigated to ensure a better air quality in the projectsite area and the surroundings.

Generation of DustPre Construction & Construction StagesDust will be generated from transport, construction, and utility operations. Themitigative measure proposed is water sprinkling of the roads, and covered constructionactivity so as to ensure the dust does not fly. Exposure of labour and employees duringconstruction will be mitigated by provision of facemasks to employees at dustgenerating sources.

Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine aggregates shall becovered with tarpaulin to reduce spills on existing roads. Water will be sprayed onearthworks, temporary haulage and detour roads on a regular basis. During and aftercompaction of the sub-grade, water will be sprayed at regular intervals to prevent dustgeneration.

Occupation StageNo dust generation is envisaged during the occupation stage as the commercial areawill have greenery and all roads shall be paved and all slopes & embankments shall beturfed as per best engineering practices.

Generation of Exhaust GasesPre Construction & Construction StagesThe best mitigation measure proposed to be adopted by the project authorities is toensure that all the vehicles in the premises and all the transportation vehicles from outside would be insisted on Pollution under control certificate from RTA. The othersources of exhaust gases i.e., heavy construction machinery etc. will have proactive



maintenance to ensure they do not cause both excess exhaust gas Generation andnoise. The DG sets that are required to supply power to the electrical implements of theconstruction would be provided with enclosure and a stack with effective height asprescribed by CPCB. This will ensure effective dispersion of air pollutants.

Occupation StageThe mitigation measure proposed is the same, as the construction stage mitigationmeasure to ensure that all the vehicles that enter this gated community should havepollution under control certificate. The DG sets will be kept in enclosures and shall beprovided with the stack, which has a stack height as prescribed by the CPCB. Theeffective stack height calculations are presented chapter 3. The emissions from theresidences are unavoidable as the sources of emissions, which is essential, and housekeeping, which is a must for health purpose. However the mitigation of theseemissions could be adopted by way of a kitchen chimney and use of biopesticides.

4.3 Water ResourcesWater resources are necessary for both construction and occupation stage. Theseresources are proposed to be drawn from both ground water sources and MunicipalSupply. The resource conservation, resource reuse is the major mitigation measuresproposed. The mitigation and avoidance measures are discussed as follows:

Alteration of DrainageThe drainage alteration is unavoidable as the present drainage which is natural has tobe altered during cut and fill operations and to ensure optimisation of land use. Themitigative measure proposed is to provide storm water drain system that can carry allthe rain water that is anticipated due to impervious surface and increased runoff. Thedrainage would in effect reduce the runoff and increase the percolation. The gradientof the channel will be maintained throughout its length so that water does not pondwithin it. Flows will be maintained at velocities that will scour the channel of debris. Forinstance, runoff velocities should not be less than 1 m/s nor should they exceed 3 m/s.Based on the catchment area, potential inflows and rainfall intensity, determine thedrain size so as to minimize damage resulting from high intensity storms. Energydissipaters such as drop structures will be provided along the channel where runoffvelocities may become excessive.

Storm water from the rooftops shall be collected in a sump, road area, and open areaswill be collected in rainwater harvesting pits separately. The water from these sumpswill be reused after primary treatment i.e., filtration for domestic and gardeningrespectively. The excess treated water is diverted to the Municipal sewer lines.



Fig 4.2 Rainwater Harvesting Structure

Construction StageThe natural drains will not be obstructed during construction activity and the stockpilesof material will be kept away from natural drains. The stockpiles will be provided withsediment traps to ensure no sediment from the material joins the storm water.

Increased Sediment and Degradation of Water QualityPre-construction and Construction StageThe water quality may get affected if mitigation measures are not adopted to reducesediment joining the runoff. The mitigation measures proposed to ensure that sedimentdoes not reach the drains is by way locating the stockpiles of materials away from thedrains, by providing the stockpiles with filter fences, and by ensuring that theconstruction activity generating dust is conducted during non-monsoon season. Themitigation measure proposed to ensure that sewage does not enter the watercourse isby the provision of septic tank and soak pit for the sewage collection. The vehicleparking and storage of hazardous materials will be kept away from the natural drains.

Occupation PhaseDuring the occupation phase, the storm water drains will be maintained before the



monsoon. There will be instructions to occupants to ensure that the drains are not usedfor disposal of wastes. The rainwater harvesting structures provided would act as afilter and ensure sediment does not reach the water bodies.

Impact on Groundwater sourcesGround water drawl for the purpose of construction will not have any major impact, asthe quantity of water consumed would be less than the recharge water. It is alsoproposed to restrict the ground water usage only for augmenting the municipal supplyof water. Bore wells shall be provided with infiltration trenches and the storm waternear the bore wells is directed to them. The impetus that this project plays inincreasing the urbanization in the surrounding areas may lead excess water withdrawaland the concerned authorities should ensure that sufficient resources are availablebefore permitting the expansion of urbanization.

Water ConservationWater usage during the construction stage is meant for material mixing/dilution, curingand for domestic usage. The conservation measures shall be plugging the leaks andbroken pipes, avoiding leakages, and avoiding excess water usage for curing.Water usage in the project would be mainly for personal hygiene, washing and kitchenpurposes. The water consumption for personal hygiene is the highest, followed bywashing and kitchen consumption. Water conservation measures proposed for theproject which will mitigate the impacts due to exploitation of the natural resource ofwater is as follows;

Recycling: All the rooms are provided with treated water recycling for HVAC cooling,flushing purposes which will recycle and for green belt development. The waterconsumption in the flush system will be reduced by provision of flush systems whichhave regulators and with a capacity. It is proposed to provide faucets with half turnvalves, and foam flow water saving aerators. These faucets would ensure lower waterconsumption, as the pressure remains the same with less water quantity. The empiricalsavings of water by using the above measures will be approximately 30%. The watersaving measures are tabulated in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Water Saving Measures


No. ofPersons

/ unit

WaterRequirement

/day KLD

Treatedwater reuse

klpd

EffectiveWater

Requirementin KLD

Retail 1500 10.50 5.25 5.25Employees 500 22.50 10.00 12.50Multiplex 4 1166 17.49 8.75 8.75Food Court 5 80 28.00 8.00 20.00Total 3246 78.49 32.00 46.50

Note: Treated water reuse for shopping Mall @ 3.5 l/head/day, Employees@ 20l/head/day food court & Restaurant@ 40 l/head/day, Multiplex @ 7.5 l/head/day.



4.4 Land4.4.1 PhysiographyDesign and Construction stageThe mitigation measures proposed to maintain the physiography undisturbed orimpacted to the minimum is to maintain the contour levels and to keep the highercontour levels undisturbed. The lowest levels of contour are undisturbed and are usedfor construction of high rise structures. It may be observed from the cut and filloperation that the contour disturbance does not lead to excess cut and or fill, there bythe resources are consumed within site and conserved to the maximum extent possible.The mitigation measure proposed for reducing the air pollution during cut and filloperation is to use machinery and tippers which have pollution under controlcertificate, using water sprinkling of the cut and fill areas, and provide water sprayduring drilling operation and also ensure that natural drainage is not filled with cutmaterial.

Occupation stageThe change in the physiography of the project site is enhanced by greening program ofthe central area.

4.4.2 SeismicityAll the design of the structures considers the seismicity of the area and the constructionwill be earthquake proof.

4.4.3 Loss of productive soilPre-construction stageThere is no productive use of the land at present, and the denudation of plants andtrees due to anthropogenic pressures lead to erosion and loss of productive soil. Thedevelopment of project would itself a mitigation measure to ensure that the soil wouldbe used for productive purpose of greening.

Construction stageWhere ever topsoil is removed during operations and during the foundation earthworkit will be stockpiled separately and used for the development of green belt areas. Thetopsoil from the earth works of the foundation would be used in the rocky area, so thatproductive soil would be available for future greening. The stockpiling will be done inslopes of 2:1, to reduce surface runoff and enhance percolation through the mass ofstored soil. The stored topsoil will be spread back to maintain the physico-chemical andbiological activity of the soil. The stored topsoil will be utilized for: Covering alldisturbed areas including for the redevelopment of cut areas. Top dressing of the roadembankments and fill slopes, filling up of tree pits, proposed as part of greening.

Occupation StageThe soil during the occupation stage would have been either covered with greening andor pervious/impervious surface. This cover would ensure that soil is not lost due towind erosion, sedimentation etc. Suitable measures will be adopted to ensure that theslopes and embankments are turfed.



4.4.4 Soil ErosionDesign and Construction stageThe soil in the study area varies from sandy loam to sandy clay. Therefore the potentialfor erosion is high. Hence it is proposed to provide silt fencing and cascadearrangements in the slopes during construction to ensure soil is not eroded and thesediment/silt does not join watercourses. While the former requires frequent cleaningto prevent built-up, the voids in the cascade will be filled up by eroded material andeventually vegetation will be established there.

The following mitigation measures are proposed to reduce erosion:a. Construction activity is scheduled to non-monsoon seasonsb. Minimize exposed area: by grading only one part of a construction site at a timec. Protect disturbed soil: from rainfall by preserving as much natural cover

topography and drainage as possible during constructiond. Estabilize disturbed slopes as promptly as possible and use recommended plant

cover and mulches to establish protective land covere. Control surface runoff: to reduce erosion by directing flowing water away from

critical areas and by reducing runoff velocity, diversion structures such as terraces,dykes and ditches- collect and divert runoff water around vulnerable areas toprepared drainage outlets

f. Contain the sediment: when conditions are too extreme for treatment by onlysurface protection. Temporary sediment traps, filter fences, inlet protectors,vegetative filters and buffers, or settling basins detain runoff water long enough forthe sediment particles to settle out.

Occupation StageNo soil erosion is anticipated, as greening activity will mitigate soil erosion. This willhowever be for the duration until the compensatory aforestation and roadsideplantation have matured. To check soil erosion on critical road embankment slopesturfing with grasses and shrubs will be carried out, in accordance with therecommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control. Tocheck soil erosion on critical road embankment slopes turfing with grasses and shrubswill be carried out, in accordance with the recommended practice for treatment ofembankment slopes for erosion control.

4.4.5 Compaction of soilPre-Construction StageThe construction camp and stockyards can be located in areas, which are rocky withsheet rock outcrops. The site engineer will identify suitable areas.

Construction StageThe mitigation measure proposed to avoid soil compaction is to provide the future roadcourses as the roads during construction stages. The areas which are meant forgreening should be ploughed during monsoon season to mitigate the impact of soilcompaction.

Occupation StageThe compaction of soil during occupation stage is unlikely in the residential areas



except roads; the soil would be maintained by the owners/residents to growplantations hence soil would be conditioned by them periodically.

4.4.6 Contamination of SoilDesign StageThe solid waste/garbage from the construction will be sent to the segregation point,which is adjacent to the site. Dustbins will be provided in the construction area and allthe employees will be instructed to use them for disposal of garbage.

Construction StageProactive maintenance will be scheduled periodically for all the transport vehicles andequipment to reduce spillages and leakages. Vehicles are not allowed to be washed inthe site. Construction debris of RCC will be used as sub grade in road construction. Theconstruction debris which is recyclable will be collected and stored at designatedlocations to be sold to recyclers. The storage locations are ensured to be away fromnatural drains.

Occupation StageThe mitigation measure would be to provide a disincentive for unauthorized garbagedumping and accidental spills or leaks if any would be plugged immediately throughperiodic maintenance. It is proposed to provide sewage treatment plant with in thesite to treat wastewater.

4.5 Consumption of Natural ResourcesThe proposed project requires number of construction materials which are naturalresources. The resources required for construction include directly natural resource likesand, aggregate, water, gravel, wood etc. The avoidance measures adopted will be torestrict the levelling activity to match with the excess cut materials available. Thematerial requirement of sand may be replaced with robosand where ever possible. Themitigation measures to be adopted are essentially avoidance of purchase of excessmaterials and to use the principle of “just in time”, and to account for all the resourcesand minimize the wastage. Bricks shall be purchased from kilns that are using coal ash.Recycled steel shall be used wherever feasible. The wastage of material on site duringconstruction shall be minimized by adopting resource conservation measures.

4.6 Noise LevelsDesign StageThe noise causing construction activity shall be taken up during daytime. The drillingactivity will be conducted during designated hours only. There will not be any commonwalls between two guest rooms.

Construction StageThe plants and equipment used for construction will strictly conform to CPCB noisestandards. Vehicles and equipments used shall be fitted with exhaust silencers. Duringroutine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked andif found to be defective shall be replaced. The noise level from any item of plants(measured at one metre from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as



compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes, vibrators and saws shall notexceed 75 dB (A), as specified in the Environmental Protection Rules, 1986. Theconstruction activity with in within 150m of the nearest habitation, noisy constructionwork such as concrete mixing will be restricted to daytime and there will not be anyconstruction during the night time between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. To protectconstruction workers from severe noise impacts, noise standards of industrialenterprises will be strictly enforced, and workers shall be provided with PersonalProtective Equipment (PPE).

Occupation StageThe areas adjacent to the internal 100 feet road will be checked for noise levels andbased on the results additional mitigation measures will be taken up like double glazingof windows if necessary.

4.7 Energy ConservationEnergy conservation measures proposed are provision of Compact fluorescent lamps(CFL) in the rooms. The usage of CFL will reduce the energy consumption substantiallyand reduce the indirect impact of emissions. Various capacities of compact fluorescentlamps are available in the market. The equivalent CFL for incandescent lamps ispresented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 CFL and Incandescent Lamp CapacitiesIncandescent lamp capacity in watts CFL capacity with same lumens in watts

20 528 736 940 1052 1360 1575 20

100 26 – 29150 38 – 42

250 - 300 55Typical Indian buildings use a number of 60 or 40-watt incandescent bulbs apart fromconventional fluorescent lamps. The number of incandescent bulbs varies from 4 to 6and the period of usage ranges from 6 hour to 12 hours a day. The consumption ofelectricity would reduce by the usage of CFL. The open spaces, tot lots and the centralgreen area shall be provided with CFL’s to the maximum extent thereby reducing theenergy demand and consumption bills. The common areas of the building shall beprovided with CFL’s.

4.8 FloraDesign StageThere are no major plants or trees within the site area. The plantation shall be taken upduring the design stage. Typical landscape plans have been prepared for the avenueplantation and central green area. Native species are proposed to be planted. Theconcept of avenue plantation is as follows:



AVENUE PLANTATION CONCEPTThe main avenues have been designed to evergreen trees which provide the welcomeshade as well as present a lush green look throughout year. The intersections of roadshave been defined with a particular species of flowering trees to present a uniquecharacter and identity for the day-to-day users and the visitors.

CLASSIFICATION OF TREE PLACEMENT:The main arterial roads have a primary avenue species consisting of “Anthocephaluschinensis” and “Tabebuia rosea” which provide an evergreen look throughout the yearand bloom once in a year presenting a wonderful view of the avenue.

The trees have been chosen not only for their appearance but also keeping in view theclimatological & environmental conditions. The trees selected never shed their entirefoliage thus littering the streets but, with minimum of leaf fall and providing plenty ofshade throughout the year.

Green Area: There is a central green area which is an open space as per the townplanning regulations. The central green area will be converted into a park and arecreational/sports facility. The central green area will have lawns, hedges, shrubs andtrees. A number of uneven plots are kept as open areas for greening.

Construction StageSoil development of areas of green area shall be taken up during construction stage.Very few trees need to be removed in the zone of construction, and it is proposed toplant some plants in the entire layout. Construction vehicles, machinery and equipmentwill move or be stationed in the designated area only preferably in the proposedinternal road areas, to prevent compaction of soil.

Occupation StageThe management will guide and advise to take up the greening of open spaces asmeasure of reducing the heat island effect, and individual plants for greening of theseplots will be prepared.

4.9 FaunaConstruction StageAll construction activities will be carried out in such a fashion that the damage anddisruption to fauna will be minimum.

Operation StageAlthough no impacts on fauna in operation stage are anticipated directly due to theproject, certain measures shall be taken. Animals will not be allowed in the siteespecially during construction.



4.10 Human Use ValuesAmenities and community facilitiesThe amenities include central green space, DG sets for emergency purpose, provision oftotlots at various locations, Sewage treatment plant, and dust bins in every street forcollection of road side litter. The parking facility provided is more than the norms. Theconnectivity to this site will be excellent with the existing transport network of roadsand availability of public transport and due to the proposed road network of TirupathiUrban Development Authority.

Change in land useThe development due to the Project will induce changes in the land use in the projectImpact area. However it must be mentioned that the area is already urbanized and thesurrounding lands are under various stages of development. However planneddevelopment in combination with the available infrastructure must be undertaken.

Cropping Pattern and Crop ProductivityThere is no agricultural activity in majority of the project impact area, and theagriculture that is observed is mainly in the hands of developers who are planning toconvert the lands into layouts. Although the spatial impact is likely to be insignificant,the impact will be irreversible in nature.

Exploitation of Resource baseDevelopment of this project would give impetus to the growth and urbanization of thesurrounding areas, as additional infrastructure proposed Tirupathi Urban DevelopmentAuthority (TUDA) would also increase the urbanization. This development can lead toincreased consumption and increased demand for various industrial products. Howeversustainable consumption is to be planned at community level and it is proposed by theproject authorities to guide the occupants about products which are based on resourceconservation.

4.11 Safe Construction PracticesSafe construction practices shall be adopted to ensure compliance with the buildingconstruction act 1996. The construction employees will be provided with personalprotective equipment like gumboots, goggles, helmets, and facemasks depending onthe requirement and nature of work. The employees will be educated about resourceconservation and environmental protection and encouraged to advise and suggest safermethods of construction and environmental protection measures.



5.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

M/s Kesari Projects LLP proposes to build Commercial shopping mall & Multiplex atAkkarampalli Village, Madhura nagar, Tirupathi, Chittoor District Andhra Pradesh.

5.1 PROJECT DETAILSThe project is envisaged to develop 9350 m2 of land to build Commercial shopping mall& Multiplex in Survey No 2/1A in ward no 18 of Akkarampalli Village, Madhura Nagar,Tirupathi, Chitoor District, Andhra Pradesh. The project would cater to various marketdemands and needs of the people. The project site is 10 m wide road in west directionand 12 m wide road in north direction. Residential and commercial building in southdirection, 30 m wide Tirumala Bypass road in east direction connecting Kadapa –Tirupathi road. Tirupathi railway station is at a distance of 2.1 km.

It is proposed to provide Commercial Shopping mall with 3 Basements + Ground +5floors for multipurpose activities. The land allocation will be optimized to ensurecompliance with the regulations of Tirupathi Urban Development Authority (TUDA). Theamenities proposed to be provided are food courts, Restaurant, children’s play area,STP. The proposed construction would have a Retail Shops/Malls, Food courts andRestaurants in ground plus two floors, and Multiplex (4 Screens) in 3rd to 5th floor. Thewater requirement for the project during occupation will be from municipal supply.Sewage treatment plant will be provided to treat the sewage/wastewater. Waterconservation measures will be incorporated in the plumbing designs. Waterrecycling/reuse will be adopted by way of using treated sewage for green beltdevelopment, HVAC cooling and for flushing. The rainwater will be let-out into thestorm water drain and excess is discharged into storm water drains. The requiredpower will be drawn from State Electricity Board. Solar Energy will be used for StreetLighting & Landscaping. Construction material will be drawn from local sources. It isproposed to provide 3 basement for parking. The parking provision follows theguidelines prescribed by Tirupathi Municipal Corporation and Building guidelines ofAndhra Pradesh.

5.2 MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE EISAn EIS was conducted and the major findings of the EIS study are presented below;

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSImpact on Physical ResourcesConstruction of proposed project requires huge quantities of natural resources likesand, sub grade and aggregate, and materials produced from natural resources likebricks, cement and steel. The material shall be drawn from local sources, and the leaddistances range from 2 – 200 km. The impacts on physical resources of sand will beirreversible, while bricks will be brought from kilns which use Coal ash. The materialrequirement of steel, cement etc. will be purchased from manufacturers with in state.Hence, no major impacts on physical resources as regards the availability andprocurement of construction material are anticipated due to the project.



Impacts on Air QualityImpacts on air quality during construction stage are likely to be due to operation ofconstruction yards, material transport on trucks and fugitive emissions from theconstruction sites. The model results for occupation stage show slight increase in the airquality and in worst concentrations are falling within the site, and the results are with inthe prescribed limits.

Impacts on Noise QualityImpacts on noise quality during construction stage will be significant. Hence theconstruction near the habitation is proposed only during daytime. The impacts duringoccupation stage will be on the plots adjacent to the road. Construction workers will beprovided with protection equipment to guard against the noise impacts. Noisemitigating measures will be suggested for construction equipment and DG sets.

Impact on FloraThe project site and its surroundings do not form a habitat to any endangered flora.There are very few trees within the project site due to anthropogenic pressures. Theproject will enhance the aesthetics of the site due to the provision of avenue plantationand central greening. This would ensure minimum impact on flora.

Impact on FaunaAs there are no endangered species of wild life in and around the project site, it is likelyto have minimal impact. The avifauna will find abode on the trees proposed to beplanted. This would enhance the aesthetics of the area. Pet animal faeces may lead topollution of water shed if allowed to join storm water drains.

Impact on Land useThere is no land acquisition for this project. The land use of the site is fallow land andclassified as residential by Tirupathi Urban Development Authority (TUDA). Howeverthe topography of the land being rocky plains involves cut and fill operations wherethere is an excess of cut of 8149 m3. Erosion and sedimentation are impacts anticipatedduring construction. Mitigation measures shall be adopted to avoid the same. Thearea development would increase the housing activity in the surroundings, which is apositive impact, as barren lands will be used for productive usage, and the negativeimpacts will be pressure on the infrastructure facilities.

Impact on Surface Water ResourcesThe degradation of water quality can occur during construction phase from increasedsediment load into watercourses near the construction site. Suitable mitigationmeasures proposed, as part of the EMP will ensure that the residual impacts areminimal. Storm water runoff would increase due to the increase in impervious surface,and rainwater-harvesting structures will be provided as mitigation measure. The designof the storm water drain will consider the additional runoff. The urban storm waterjoining the storm water drain may carry pollutants from imperious surface.



Impact on Ground Water ResourcesGround water shall be drawn during construction, and will be used to augment themunicipal supply during non-monsoon season if necessary. Exploitation of groundwater will have an impact and the same shall be restricted to ensure resourceconservation. This impact will be marginal, as the ground water will not be drawncontinuously.

Impact on Human Use ValuesThe dominant land use in the area is residential, and expected commercial space willincrease the pressure on the residential localities. There is no additional requirementand or acquisition of land. The project authorities will provide road safety measures toreduce risk of accidents in the internal roads. The impact on Human use values ismarginal.

5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES PROPOSEDA description of the various management measures during the various stages of theproject is provided in the following sections.

5.4.1 Pre-construction stageDuring the design and preconstruction stage the management proposes to comply withthe regulations of town planning, explore the availability of sufficient resources, provideplantation and sink bore wells after obtaining the necessary permissions, obtain allnecessary permissions from various statutory authorities after obtaining the relevantpermissions.

5.4.2 Construction stageThis will be the most crucial and active stage for the Environmental Management Plan.In addition to the monitoring of the construction activity itself to the pollution levelswithin permissible limits, mitigation and enhancement measures for water resourceswill go on simultaneously as the construction progresses. To facilitate implementationof the enhancement and mitigation measures suggested, working drawings of the samewould be prepared after completion of detailed project report. In addition, the needfor a balanced evaluation and planning for risks associated with construction activitiesrelated to project will be part of the supervising Contractors responsibility.

The resource conservation by way of identification of materials and construction debrisrecycle/disposal will be formulated by the supervising consultants. The responsibility ofenvironment management plan lies with the project authorities who would implementthe plan in consultation with other consultants, by including appropriate provisions inthe contract/sub contract documents and providing the necessary facilities.

5.4.3 Operation stageThe environment management plan will be implemented by owner’sassociation/societies, where project authorities are co opted as members, and whilethe management plan related to the utilities like roads, street lighting and commonopen spaces lies with the Municipality. The management in operation stage willessentially entail maintenance of sewage treatment plant, maintenance of utilities, and



monitoring activity in the project site. Monitoring for pollutants specified in theMonitoring Plan will serve the two purposes. In addition to checking the efficiency ofthe protection/mitigation/enhancement measures implemented, this will help verify orrefute the predictions made as a part of the impact assessment. Thus, it will complete avery important feedback loop for the project.

The measures adopted and/or to be adopted during different stages of the project havebeen detailed in table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Action PlanEnvironmentalIssues/Impacts

Enhancement/ MitigationMeasures Management Action

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASEThe layout design shall beon the basis of townplanning rules of TUDA.

Following the FSI prescribedand or reducing the FSI.

Provision of additionalparking

Enhancement of open spacearea into a park.

Provision of avenueplantation.

Provision of storm waterdrains, for infiltration,filtration, flow dissipationand sediment control.

Provision for disposal ofstorm water and treatedwastewater.

Consultants for variousactivities are identifiedand mandate given toidentify environmentallysound practices andresource conservationmeasures.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Dust generation due toconstruction activities;

Roads in the constructionarea will be sprinkled withwater to reduce the raisingof dust.

Plantation taken up at initialstage.

Plantation to be ensuredHorticulturists to identifythe species.

Supervisingconsultants/contractor toensure the watersprinkling

Exhaust gases from heavymachinery andtransportation of materials

Vehicle and equipmentmaintenance.

PUC for all transportvehicles.

Avoidance of idling ofequipment.

Contractors to beeducated and supervisingconsultant to ensure thesame.

Sedimentation of stormwater during rainy season

Avoiding stockpiles ofmaterials near natural drains.

Architects, in consultationwith Supervisionconsultants should



EnvironmentalIssues/Impacts


Provision of filter fenceProvision of storm waterdrains wherever possiblebefore the beginning ofconstruction.

identify the measuresneeded.

Sewage transfer

Lead bearing piping to beavoided

Project authorities andplumbing consultant incoordination with theSupervision consultantshould implement thesame.

Sewage Treatment

Sewage to be treated in theSTP and reused/disposed.

STP shall be provided bythe project authoritiesand ensured the design ofSTP is optimised to meetthe prescribed standardswith energy efficiency.

Alteration of Drainage

Storm water drains to followthe natural course as far aspossible.

Storm water drains to have amin. water velocity of 1m/sand a max. 3 m/s.

Min. width of 0.6 meters anddepth based on the gradient.

Provision of rainwaterharvesting structures.

Architects in consultationwith sanitary engineeringconsultants.

Supervision consultant toensure the same.

Water ConsumptionWater conservationmeasures duringconstruction.

Sub contractors to beeducated on waterconservation measures.

Pollution from constructionworkers

Provision of toiletsconnected to septic tankfollowed by soak pit.

Sullage usage for on landirrigation for plantation.

Proper availability of drinkingwater.

Proper Sanitation practices.

Sub contractors of thecamps to be educated.

Project authorities shouldprovide the facility.

Supervision consultant toensure the same.

Loss of productive soil

The site area is rocky. Topsoilto be stock piled separatelywith 1:2 slope and reused forgreening purpose.

Supervision consultant toensure the same inconsultation withhorticulturist and





architect.

Soil Erosion

Cut and fill operation to bedone during non-monsoonseason.

Silt fence to ensure silt doesnot enter storm water drains.

Side slopes will be keptflatter wherever possible,and in case of steeper slopesit is mulched.

Supervision consultant toensure the same inconsultation with projectauthorities.

Compaction of Soil

Movement of constructionvehicles preferably in theproposed road areas.

Heavy vehicle movementrestricted in central greenarea.

Ploughing the area afterconstruction.

Architects to identify theroad areas.

Contamination of Soil

Vehicle washing andmachinery washing to beavoided in site.

Parking of vehicles andmaintenance of vehicles tobe avoided in site.

Disposal of solid wastes byconstruction workers to bemade in garbage bins only.

Septic tank provision fortoilets.

Accidental Leakage andspillage of fuels and otherconstruction materials to becontrolled by providing roadsigns and covered trucks.

Subcontractors andProject authorities shouldensure.

Designate the parkingareas

Provision of Garbage binby project authorities andarrangements to be fordisposal of the same.

Natural Resourceconsumption

Identify sand availabilityfrom government authorisedlocations.

Identify and use bricks fromcoal ash users.

Aggregate to be made from

The design team inconsultation with projectauthorities andsupervision consultantsmust identify thesuppliers.





the excess materials of cutoperations.

Identify and use recycledsteel wherever possible.

Proper availability of drinkingwater and sanitation facilitiesto the workers.

Health facilities forconstruction workers

Availability of first aid andhealth facilities

Ensure first aid boxes inadequate numbers andmake shift dispensary.The above condition maybe put in contractdocument.

Fire PreventionAdopt safe work practice andhave adequate fire fightingfacilities

Provision of adequate firefighting equipment

Noise Pollution from heavymachinery, andtransportation.

Noise and dust causingequipment to be locatedaway from residential areas.

Noise causing activities to beconducted during daytime.

Maintenance of equipmentand vehicles to mitigatenoise generation.

Inclusion of appropriateclauses in constructioncontracts; monitoring ofcompliance duringconstruction and properadministration of con-tracts.

Locating the constructionequipments inconsultation with projectauthorities andsupervision consultants.

Pressures on Infrastructure

Identification of alternativeroutes for transport ofmaterials from outside thesite.

Transport of materials duringnon-peak hours.

Installing ElectricalTransformer if necessarybased on State ElectricityBoard advice to avoid powerfluctuations in the site andalso the neighbouring areas.

Using alternative road toreduce traffic pressure onroads.

Transporting thematerials during nighttime.

Consultation with StateElectricity Board byproject authorities.

Construction debrisConstruction debris to beused for aggregate and orsub grade purpose in the

Provision of wastedisposal site for wastefrom construction and





case of RCC.Recyclable metals to becollected and sold torecyclers.

Avoidance of excessinventory of materials.

Packing materials to be sentfor reuse/recycling.

Hazardous waste containersto be returned toseller/authorised recyclers.

storage yard.Supervision consultant inconsultation with the subcontractors.

Inclusion of appropriateclauses in constructioncontracts; monitoring ofcompliance duringconstruction and properadministration of con-tracts.

Plantation andEnvironmental greening.

Soil reclamationUse of top soil Initiation of plantation

Horticulture consultantshall prepare the plan forsoil reclamation and useof top soils in consultationwith architects andsupervision consultants.

Social Impacts Additional employment tolocals.

Qualified locals to bechosen for employment.

Occupational Safety andHealth

Construction workers are tobe provided with personalprotective equipment (PPE)such as earplugs, helmets,safety shoes, gloves, etc.

Follow the relevant statutoryguidelines

Comply with Buildingconstruction acts.

The premises shall be fencedand no trespassing beallowed.

Ensure adequacy andavailability of Personalprotective equipments.

Project authorities toensure compliance withstatutory requirements.

Project authorities tofence the boundaries toavoid unauthorisedtrespassing.

OCCUPATION STAGE

Urban Heat Island Effect

Cool Roof Vegetation

Building blocks to beprovided with cool roofingmaterial.

Vegetation to be providedby horticulturist for theavenues, and centralgreen

Dust Generation fromtraffic.

Plantation.Maintenance of roads byway of sweeping.

Horticulturist shouldensure avenue plantation

The managing committees





should ensuremaintenance of avenueplantation.

Municipal authoritiesshould ensure the roadmaintenance.

Generation of Exhaustgases from transport andutilities.

Avenue plantation.Rule to allow only vehicleswith PUC.

Proper maintenance ofvehicles.

Stack heights of the DG setsmust be provided as perCPCB guidelines and theemission levels should meetthe CPCB standards.

To be maintained by theM/s Kesari Projects LLPconstructions

Project authorities mustensure that the DG setsare provided with acousticenclosures and properstack heights.

Sewage Management

All Sewage will be collectedby underground drainagesystem.

The sewage will be treated insewage treatment plant

The treated sewage is reusedfor on land irrigation for thedevelopment of green belt.

Treated water line will beprovided for reuse forflushing.

Excess treated sewage willbe let out into drains.

M/s Kesari Projects LLPconstructionsManagement willmaintain the STP, andsewerage.

Municipal authorities willbe appraised during rainyseason when excessquantities are releasedinto the drain.

Treated water lines will becolored blue and adistance of 2 feet will bemaintained from theother lines by the projectauthorities.

Records of influent andtreated effluent qualityand quantity should bemaintained by the society,and the treatment mustbe ensured to meet thestandards prescribed byGSR 422 E.

Storm water ManagementStorm water will be disposedinto storm water drainprovided by Municipality.

Storm water drain systemand disposal point to beprovided by the project





Storm water drains will bemaintained periodicallybefore monsoon.

Accidental dischargesspillages will not be allowedto join storm water drains.

Roads, pavements and othersurfaces are swept regularly.

Rainwater harvestingstructures will be connectedto all the areas andmaintained periodically toremove sediment.

authorities.Rain water harvestingstructures to be providedby project authorities.

Maintenance of stormwater drains by Municipalauthorities and thesociety shall oversee thesame.

Management to interactwith the Municipalauthorities.

Ground water usage

Ground water sources to beused during non-availabilityof sufficient supplies fromMunicipal Supply.

Ground water to be usedsparingly and waterconservation measures tobe adopted.

Water ConservationMeasures

Water conservation measuresto be adopted to reduceresource consumption.

Management to educatethe employees andprovide a book let ofmeasures to reduce waterconsumption.

Loss of productive soil

Individuals to be educatedabout importance greeningto avoid loss of productivesoil.

Management to educatethe people.

Solid Wastes

Solid waste/garbage to becollected in green and bluedustbins.

The biodegradable wastes tobe removed everyday whilethe recyclable wastes to beremoved once a week.

Solid waste/garbage to bepicked by management staffor its representative NGO.

Transporting the garbage tomunicipal garbagebin/segregation pointlocated near high-techrailway station.

Municipality shall transportthe wastes

The project authorities tomake arrangements withthe Municipality.

The management shallensure the transfer ofwastes to the municipalbin/segregation point.

The project authoritiesmust identify the users forSTP sludge and authorisedrecyclers for hazardouswastes.





The sludge from the STP maybe used as manure forgreening program is disposedto farmers.

The used oils and usedbatteries, and usedtransformer oils should besent to authorised recyclers.

Consumption of naturalresource

The major natural resourceconsumed during occupationstage is water and power.

Consumption of naturalresources shall beoptimised by educationand conservationmeasures.

Noise Levels

Noise levels due to traffic willincrease in the area and themitigation measures ofconstruction and Greening.

Noise levels from DG sets tobe mitigated by the provisionof acoustic enclosures.

The project authoritiesshall ensure that thematerial of constructionshall use best soundtransmission classmaterials to ensure thatthe sound levels with inthe residence are withinthe prescribed limits forresidential areas.

Plantation should becompleted before theoccupation stage toensure that the noiselevels are mitigated.

The project authoritiesmust ensure the provisionof acoustic enclosures tothe DG sets.





Traffic Volumes andparking facilities

Traffic volumes will increaseover a period of time and putpressure on theinfrastructure.

Subsequent increase in airpollution loads on the projectsite and its surroundings.

Provision of parking facilitiesTraffic and road safetysignals to be provided.

The project authoritiesmust ensure publictransport bus stations inthe immediate vicinity ofthe site.

The project authoritiesmust provide the trafficand road safety signals inthe project. Two-waymirrors must be providedat blind corners.

Flora

The impacts on flora are dueto air pollution from exhaustof vehicles to be mitigated bythe choice of species.

The flora of the site shallincrease with the greeningprogram.

The Project authorities/M/s Kesari Projects LLPconstruction managementto ensure greening theopen space.

Horticulturists to assistthe employees inidentifying the plantspecies with an objectiveof reducing the energycosts and mitigating theheat island effect.

Energy Conservation

The energy conservationbuilding practices withrespect to building envelopfenestration and roofmaterials to be adopted.

The Architect shall ensurethe codes areimplemented in thedesign drawings andworking drawings.

Use of CFLS, ElectronicBallast, and ON/OFFsensors, etc.

Fire Safety

Provision of fire safetymeasures as per the firesafety regulations.

The project authoritiesmust provide themeasures and obtain theNOC from the DirectorGeneral of fire safety.

5.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTSThe responsibility of implementing the mitigation measures lies with M/s KesariProjects LLP during design and construction stages while the responsibility lies with thecooperative owner’s society and the municipal authorities during occupation stage. Allconstruction activities taken up by the project authorities will be supervised by theSupervision Consultant (SC). Implementation schedule will be worked for phase wiseimplementation of the mitigation measures after completion of detailed designs. In the



pre-construction phase of the project the supervision consultants shall review the EMPto identify environmental and social issues and arrive at a suitable strategy forimplementation. The activities to be carried out and the target dates will be worked outafter completion of detailed designs.

5.6 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENINGThe management of M/s Kesari Projects LLP will evaluate the organizational structurewith respect to inadequacies in implementing the environment management plans.The commercial project is typical as the responsibility of management lies with theowners/employees during occupation stage. The owners form a cooperativesociety/association to manage the utilities and common areas in a normal case. Thecommon areas, electrical supply, street lighting, open space of central green will betaken over and managed by the local body and State Electricity Board. The role ofemployees is limited to being stakeholders with little say in the day-to-day matters; thisissue must be addressed by the town planning agencies and the government.

The Environment Management Plan envisages on-site monitoring of constructionactivities for environmental pollution and will involve collection of samples and theirsubsequent analysis. For this purpose two chemists would be required especially whenthe implementation of the two phases goes on simultaneously. Induction of two moreassistant engineers, one each for the biophysical and social environment will also benecessary.

5.7 TRAININGThe existing supervising staff and the additional staff have to be trained to effectivelycarry out.

Co-ordinate, with supervision consultants and contractors on compliancemonitoring of mitigation measures during construction phase.

Monitoring of environmental components in the operation stage; Co-ordinate with concerned departments on environmental issues; Environmental impact studies for future projects; Liase with State and Government of India on fiscal policies to reduce

environmental pollution from construction activity.

5.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING5.8.1 IntroductionThe environmental monitoring programme provides such information on whichmanagement decision may be taken during construction and occupation phases. Itprovides basis for evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measuresand suggest further actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired effect.

The monitoring includes:(i) Visual observations;(ii) Selection of environmental parameters at specific locations;(iii) Sampling and regular testing of these parameters.



5.8.2 ObjectivesThe objectives of the environmental monitoring programme are:

Evaluation of the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures; Updating of the actions and impacts of baseline data; Adoption of additional mitigation measures if the present measures are

insufficient; Generating the data, which may be incorporated in environmental

management plan in future projects.

5.8.3 MethodologyMonitoring methodology covers the following key aspects:

Components to be monitored; Parameters for monitoring of the above components; Monitoring frequency; Monitoring standards; Responsibilities for monitoring; Direct responsibility, Overall responsibility; Monitoring costs.

Environmental monitoring of the parameters involved and the threshold limits specifiedare discussed below.

5.8.4 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) MonitoringAmbient air quality parameters recommended for road transportation developmentsare Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Oxidesof Nitrogen (NOX), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Lead (Pb). These are to be monitored atdesignated locations starting from the commencement of construction activity. Datashould be generated over three days at all identified locations in accordance to theNational Ambient Air Quality Standards (Table 5.2) location, duration and the pollutionparameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements aredetailed out in the Environmental Monitoring Plan.



Table 5.2 National Ambient Air Quality StandardsS. No Pollutant Time

Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial,Residentia

l, Ruraland Other

Area

EcologicalSensitive

Area(Notified by

CentralGovernmen

t)

Methods ofMeasurement

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)1 Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2), µg/m3Annual*24Hours**

50

80

20

80

- Improved west andGaeke

- Ultravioletfluorescence

2 NitrogenDioxide (NO2),µg/m3

Annual*24Hours**

40

80

30

80

- Modified Jacob &Hochheiser (Nn-Arsenite)

- Chemiluminescence3 Particulate

Matter (SizeLess than 10µm) or PM10

µg/m3

Annual*

24Hours**

60

100

60

100

- Gravimetic- TOEM- Beta Attenuation

4 ParticulateMatter (SizeLess than2.5µm) or PM2.5

µg/m3

Annual*24Hours**

40

60

40

60

- Gravimetic- TOEM- Beta Attenuation

5 Ozone (O3)µg/m3

8hours**1 hour**

100

180

100

180

- UV Photometric- Chemilminescence- Chemical Method

6 Lead (Pb)µg/m3

Annual*

24hours**

0.50

1.0

0.50

1.0

- AAS /ICP method aftersampling on EPM 2000or equivalent filterpaper

- ED-XRF using Teflonfilter

7 CarbonMonoxide (CO)mg/m3

8hours**

1 hour**

02

04

02

04

- Non Dispersive InfraRed (NDIR)

- Spectroscopy

8 Ammonia (NH3)µg/m3

Annual*24hours**

100400

100400

- Chemilminescence- Indophenol blue

method

9 Benzene (C6H6)µg/m3 Annual* 05 05

- Gas Chromotographybased continuousanalyzer

- Absorption andDesorption followedby GC analysis



S. No Pollutant TimeWeighte

dAverage

Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial,Residentia

l, Ruraland Other

Area

EcologicalSensitive

Area(Notified by

CentralGovernmen

t)

Methods ofMeasurement

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)10 Benzo(o)Pyrene

(BaP) –ParticulatePhase only,ng/m3

Annual* 01 01 - Solvent extractionfollowed by HPLC/GCanalysis

11 Arsenic (As),ng/m3

Annual* 06 06 - AAS/ICP method aftersampling on EPM 2000or equivalent filterpaper

12 Nickel (Ni),ng/m3

Annual* 20 20 - AAS/ICP method aftersampling on EPM 2000or equivalent filterpaper

G.S.No.826 (E) dated 16th November, 2009. Vide letter no. F. No. Q-15017/43/2007-CPWThese rules may be called the Environment (Protection) Seventh amendment rules, 2009.

*Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular sitetaken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.

**24 hourly/8 hourly or 1 hour monitored values as applicable, shall be compiled with 98percent of the time in a year, 2% of the time they may exceed the limits but not on twoconsecutive days of monitoring.

5.8.5 Water Quality MonitoringThe physical and chemical parameters recommended for analysis of water qualityrelevant to road development projects are pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, totalsuspended solids, oil and grease, COD, chloride, lead, zinc and cadmium. The location,duration and the pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsibleinstitutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan. Themonitoring of the water quality is to be carried out at all identified locations inaccordance to the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500: 1991(stated in Table 5.3)



Table 5.3 Indian Standard Drinking Water Specifications – IS: 10500:1991

S.No.

Substanceor

Characteristics

Requirement

(DesirableLimit)

UndesirableEffect Outsidethe Desirable

Limit

Perm

issib

leLi

mit

in th

eAb

senc

e of

Alte

rnat

eSo

urce

Methods ofTest(Ref.To IS)

Remarks

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS

1 Colour,Hazenunits, Max.

5 Above 5,consumeracceptancedecreases

25 3025(Part 4)1983

Extended to 25only if toxicsubstances arenot suspected, inabsence ofalternate sources

2 Odour Unobjectionable

- - 3025(Parts5):1984

a) Test cold andwhen heatedb) Test at severaldilutions

3 Taste Agreeable - - 3025(Part 7and 8)1984

Test to beconducted onlyafter safety hasbeen established

4 TurbidityNTU, Max.

5 Above 5,consumeracceptancedecreases

10 3025(Part 10)1984

-

5 pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond thisrange, thewater willaffect themucousmembraneand/or watersupply system

Norelaxation

3025(Part 11)1984

-

6 Totalhardness(as CaCO3)mg/l, Max

300 Encrustation inwater supplystructure andadverse effectson domesticuse

600 3025(Part 21)1983

-

7 Iron (as Fe)mg/l, Max

0.3 Beyond thislimittaste/appearance are affected,has adverse

1 32 of3025 :1964

-



S.No.

Substanceor

Characteristics

Requirement

(DesirableLimit)


Limit

Perm

issib

leLi

mit

in th

eAb

senc

e of

Alte

rnat

eSo

urce


Remarks

effect ondomestic usesand watersupply struc-tures, andpromotes ironbacteria

8 Chlorides(as CI) mg/l,Max

250 Beyond thislimit, taste,corrosion andpalatability areaffected

1000 3025(Part 32)1988

-

9 Residual,freechlorine,mg/l, Min

0.2 - - 3025(Part 26)1986

To be applicableonly when wateris chlorinated.Tested atconsumer end.When protectionagainst viralinfection isrequired, itshould be Min 0.5mg/l

DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS1 Dissolved

solids mg/l,Max

500 Beyond thispalatabilitydecreases andmay causegastrointestinalirritation

2000 3025 (Part16)1984

-

2 Calcium (asCa) mg/l,Max

75 Encrustation inwater supplystructure andadverse effectson domesticuse

200 3025 (Part40)1991

-

3 Magnesium(as Mg),mg/l, Max

30 Encrustation towater supplystructure andadverse effects

100 16, 33, 34of IS3025:1964

-



S.No.

Substanceor

Characteristics

Requirement

(DesirableLimit)


Limit

Perm

issib

leLi

mit

in th

eAb

senc

e of

Alte

rnat

eSo

urce


Remarks

on domesticuse

4 Copper (asCu) mg/l,Max

0.05 Astringenttaste,discolorationand corrosionof pipes, fittingand utensilswill be causedbeyond this

1.5 36 of3025:1964

-

5 Manganese(as Mn)mg/l, Max

0.1 Beyond thislimittaste/appearance are affected,has adverseeffects ondomestic usesand watersupplystructures

0.3 35 of3025:1964

-

6 Sulphate(as 200 SO4)mg/l, Max

200 Beyond thiscauses gastrointestinal irrita-tion whenmagnesium orsodium arepresent

400 3025 (Part24) 1986

May beextended up to400 provided (asMg) does notexceed 30

7 Nitrate (asNO2) mg/l,Max

45 Beyond this,may causemethaemoglobinemia

100 3025 (Part34) 1988

-

8 Fluoride (asF) mg/l,Max

1 Fluoride maybe kept as lowas possible.High fluoridemay causefluorosis

1.5 23 of3025:1964

-

9 Phenoliccompounds(As C6H5OH)mg/l, Max

0.001 Beyond this, itmay causeobjectionabletaste and

0.002 54 of3025:1964

-



S.No.

Substanceor

Characteristics

Requirement

(DesirableLimit)


Limit

Perm

issib

leLi

mit

in th

eAb

senc

e of

Alte

rnat

eSo

urce


Remarks

odour10 Mercury (as

Hg) mg/l,Max

0.001 Beyond this,the waterbecomes toxic

Norelaxation

(see Note)Mercuryionanalyser

To be testedwhen pollution issuspected

11 Cadmium(as Cd),mg/l, Max


Norelaxation

(See note) To be testedwhen pollution issuspected

12 Selenium(as Se),mg/l, Max


Norelaxation

28 of3025:1964


13 Arsenic (AsAs) mg/l,max


Norelaxation

3025 (Part37) 1988


14 Cyanide (AsCN), mg/l,Max

0.05 Beyond thislimit, the waterbecomes toxic

Norelaxation

3025 (Part27) 1986


15 Lead (asPb), mg/l,Max

0.05 Beyond thislimit, the waterbecomes toxic

Norelaxation

(see note) To be testedwhen pollution issuspected

16 Zinc (As Zn).Mg/l, Max

5 Beyond thislimit it cancauseastringent tasteand anopalescence inwater

15 39 of3025:1964)


17 Anionicdetergents(As MBAS)mg/l, Max

0.2 Beyond thislimit it cancause a lightfroth in water

1 Methylene-blueextractionmethod


18 Chromium(As Cr6+)mg/l, Max

0.05 May becarcinogenicabove this limit

Norelaxation

38 of3025:1964


19 Polynucleararomatichydrocarbons (as PAH)g/1, Max

- May becarcinogenicabove this limit

- - -



S.No.

Substanceor

Characteristics

Requirement

(DesirableLimit)


Limit

Perm

issib

leLi

mit

in th

eAb

senc

e of

Alte

rnat

eSo

urce


Remarks

20 Mineral oilmg/l, Max

0.01 Beyond thislimit un-desirable tasteand odour afterchlorinationtake place

0.03 GasChromatographicmethod

-

21 Pesticidesmg/l, Max

Absent Toxic 0.001 - -

22 Radioactive materials: 58 of3025:01964

-

23 a) AlphaemittersBq/l, Max

- - 0.1 - -

24 Betaemiterspci/1, Max

- - 1 - -

25 Aluminium(as Al),mg/l, Max

200 Beyond thislimit tastebecomesunpleasant

600 13 of3025:1964

-

26 Aluminium(as Al),mg/l, Max

0.03 Cumulativeeffect isreported tocause dementia

0.2 31 of3025:1964

-

27 Boron,mg/l, Max

1 - 5 29 of3025:1964

-

Source: Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification-IS10500: 1991

5.8.6 Noise Level MonitoringThe measurements for monitoring noise levels would be carried out at all designatedlocations in accordance to the Ambient Noise Standards formulated by Central PollutionControl Board (CPCB) in 1989 (refer) Sound pressure levels would be monitored ontwenty-four hour basis. Noise should be recorded at a “A” weighted frequency using a“slow time response mode” of the measuring instrument. The location, duration andthe noise pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutionalarrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan (Table 5.4)



Table 5.4 Noise level standards (CPCB)Type Noise level for Day

Time Leq dB(A)Noise level for

Night Time dB(A)Industrial area 75 70Commercial area 65 55Residential area 55 45Silence zone 50 40Day time - 6.00 am - 9.00 pm (15 hours)Night time - 9.00 pm - 6.00 am (9 hours)

The monitoring plan along with the environmental parameters and the time frame ispresented in the environmental monitoring plan (Table 5.5)

Table 5.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Project

Envi

ronm

ent

com

pone

nt

Proj

ect S

tage MONITORING Institutional

Responsibilities

Parameters

SpecialGuidanc

e

Standards Location Freque

ncyDurati

onImplementation

Supervision

Air

Cons

truc

tion

stag

e

PM,SO2,NOX, CO,HC

Highvolumesamplerto belocated50 mfrom theplant inthedown-winddirec-tion.Usemethodspeci-fied byCPCB foranalysis

Air(Preven-tion andControlof Pollu-tion)Rules,CPCB,1994

Locationofconstruction area

Onceeveryseasonfor 2years

Continuous24hours/or for 1fullworking day

Contractorthroughap-provedmoni-toringagency

EnvironmentalEngineer, TUDA



Envi

ronm

ent

com

pone

nt

Proj

ect S


Responsibilities

Parameters

SpecialGuidanc

e


ncyDurati

onImplementation

Supervision

Cons

truc

tion

stag

ePM, High

VolumeSamplerto belocated40 mfrom theROW inthedown-winddirec-tion.Usemethodspeci-fied byCPCB foranalysis


Locationofconstruction area

Onceeverymonthfor 2years

Continuous24hours/or for 1fullworking day


EnvironmentalEngineer, M/sKesariProjectsLLP

Occ

upat

ion

stag

e

PM, SO2,NOx, CO,Pb, HC

HighVolumeSamplerto belocatedat 15 mfrom theedge ofpave-ment


1.site Thriceinoccupationstage.December 2015,January2016andJanuary2019

Continuous24 hours

Society Society



Envi

ronm

ent

com

pone

nt

Proj

ect S


Responsibilities

Parameters

SpecialGuidanc

e


ncyDurati

onImplementation

SupervisionW

ater

Qua

lity

Cons

truc

tion

stag

epH,BOD,COD,TDS,TSS, DO,Oil &Greaseand Pb

Grabsamplecollected fromsourceandanalyseas perStandardMethods forExamination ofWaterandWastewater

Waterqualitystandards byCPCB

1Akkarampallichervu

End ofsummerbeforetheonset ofmon-sooneveryyear for2 years

- Contractorthroughap-provedmoni-toringagency


Wat

er Q

ualit

y

Occ

upat

ion

stag

e

pH,BOD,COD,TDS,TSS, DO,Pb, OilandGrease.

Grabsamplecollected fromsourceandanalyseas perStandardMethods forExamination ofWaterandWastewater

Waterqualitystandards byCPCB

1.Akkarampallichervu

2.STPInfluent3.STPtreatedEffluent

End ofsummerbeforetheonset ofmon-soon in2015,2016and2019

Daily

Daily

- M/sKesariProjectsLLP

M/sKesariProjectsLLP

Society

Society



Envi

ronm

ent

com

pone

nt

Proj

ect S


Responsibilities

Parameters

SpecialGuidanc

e


ncyDurati

onImplementation

Supervision

Noi

se le

vels

Cons

truc

tion

stag

eNoiselevels ondB (A)scale

Freefield at 1m fromtheequipmentwhosenoiselevelsarebeingdeter-mined.

Noisestan-dards byCPCB

Atequipment yards

Onceeverymonth(max)for twoyears,asrequired by theengineer

Readings tobetakenat 15seconds inter-val for15minutes everyhourandthenaveraged.



Noiselevels ondB (A)scale

Equivalent noiselevelsusing aninte-gratednoiselevelmeterkept at adistanceof 15from theinternalroads


Asdirectedby theEngineer(Atmaximum5locations)

Thrice ayear for2 yearsduringtheconstructionperiod






Envi

ronm

ent

com

pone

nt

Proj

ect S


Responsibilities

Parameters

SpecialGuidanc

e


ncyDurati

onImplementation

Supervision

Occ

upat

ion

stag

eNoiselevels ondB (A)scale

Equivalent noiselevelsusing aninte-gratednoiselevelmeterkept at adistanceof 15fromedge ofpavement


1. At allboundaries of thesite.

Thricein op-erationperiod,inDecember 2015,January2016andJanuary2019.


Societythroughanapprovedmonitoringagency

Society

Soil

Cons

truc

tion

stag

e

Monitoring of Pb,Cr, Cd

Sampleof soilcollected toacidifiedandanalysedusingabsorptionspectropho-tometry

Threshold foreachcontaminant setby IRISdatabase ofUSEPAuntilnationalstan-dardsarepromulgated.

Atproductiveagricultural lands intheprojectimpactarea to beidentifiedby theenvironmentalengineer

Once ayear for2 years

- Contractorthroughanapprovedmonitoringagency




Envi

ronm

ent

com

pone

nt

Proj

ect S


Responsibilities

Parameters

SpecialGuidanc

e


ncyDurati

onImplementation

Supervision

Occ

upat

ion

stag

eMonitoring ofheavymetals,oil andgrease

Sampleof soilcollected toacidifiedandanalysedusingabsorptionspectropho-tometry

Threshold foreachcontaminant setby IRISdatabase ofUSEPAuntilnationalstan-dardsarepromulgated.

Ataccident/spilllocationsinvolvingbulktransportcarryinghazardousmaterials(5locationsmaximum)

As pertheoccurrence ofsuchincidents

Thricein op-erationstageformonitoringturbidity

Society Society

Soil

Eros

ion

Cons

truc

tion

stag

e

Turbidity inStormwater

Silt loadin ponds

Visualobser-vationsduringsitevisits

Asspecified by theWaterqualitystandards

At thedrains

Pre-monsoon andpost-mon-soonseasonsfor 2years

Engineer M/sKesariProjectsLLP

Occ

upat

ion

stag

e

Turbidity inStormwater

Silt loadin ponds

Visualobser-vationsduringsitevisits

Asspecified by theWaterqualitystandards

Thricein pre-monsoon andpost-monsoonseasonsin 2015,2016and2019.

Society Society



Envi

ronm

ent

com

pone

nt

Proj

ect S


Responsibilities

Parameters

SpecialGuidanc

e


ncyDurati

onImplementation

Supervision

Cons

truc

tion

Site

s and

Con

stru

ctio

n Ca

mps

Cons

truc

tion

Stag

eMonitoring of:1.

Storage Area

2.DrainageArrangements

3.Sanitation inConstructionCamps

Visualobser-vationswillsuffice.Theseare tobecheckedasspecified in theEMP.

To thesatisfac-tion ofthe M/sKesariProjectsLLP andthestan-dardsgiven inthereporting form.

AtStoragearea andcon-structioncamps

Quarterly in theconstructionstage.

SupervisionEngineer/consultant

M/sKesariProjectsLLP

5.9 REPORTING SYSTEMReporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensurequality of the works and that the program is on schedule. The rationale for a reportingsystem is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of theEnvironmental Management Plan get implemented in the project.

The reporting system will operate linearly with the contractor who is at the lowest rungof the implementation system reporting to the Supervision Consultant, who in turn shallreport to the M/s Kesari Projects LLP All reporting by the contractor and SupervisionConsultant shall be on a quarterly basis. M/s Kesari Projects LLP shall be responsible forpreparing targets for each of the identified EMAP activities. All subsequent reporting bythe contractor shall be monitored as per these targets set by the M/s Kesari ProjectsLLP before the contractors move on to the site. The reporting by the Contractor will bea monthly report like report of progress on construction and will form the basis formonitoring by the M/s Kesari Projects LLP either by its own Environmental Cell or theEnvironmental Specialist hired by the Supervision Consultant.

Monitoring of facilities at construction camps Monitoring of air, noise, soil and water parameters including silt load Monitoring of survival rate of plantation. Monitoring of cleaning of drains and water bodies.



5.10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUDGETThe environmental budget for the various environmental management measuresproposed in the EMP is detailed in Table 5.6. There are several other environmentalissues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs forwhich have been accounted for in the Engineering Costs. Moreover, sinceenvironmental enhancements have not been finalized at this stage, the table projectsthe typical costs unit wise.

Table 5.6 Environmental Budgets for the Project

S.NO. Description

Capital cost in Rs. Lakhs Recurring cost in Rs. Lakhs

ConstructionPhase

OccupationPhase

ConstructionPhase

OccupationPhase

1 Air PollutionControl 10.0 -- 0.7 3.0

2 Water PollutionControl 36.3 -- 4.0 3.5

3 Noise PollutionControl 2.2 -- 0.9 0.5

4EnvironmentalMonitoring &Management 0.2 1.4 0.4 --

5Green belt &Open areadevelopment 12.5 2.5 0.3 3.6

6 Solid Waste 2.5 0.3 0.7 1.8

7 Others 13.1 -- 1.7 1.1

Total 76.8 4.1 8.6 13.4

5.11 HORTICULTURAL AND LANDSCAPING WORKS(a) ScopeThe Horticultural and Landscaping works may be entrusted to a contractor. It wouldgenerate local employment if the plantation, upkeep and maintenance of the green beltwere entrusted to local VSS bodies. Detailed drawings and designs of landscaping willbe drawn after completion of the detailed designing. The following precautions mustbe taken while undertaking horticulture and landscaping works. M/s Kesari Projects LLPproject will have greenery by way of avenue plantation and central green. The schemeof plantation and the figures are presented in mitigation chapter. The upkeep and themanagement of the greening are presented as follows:



b) MaterialsPlant MaterialsPlant Materials shall be well formed and shaped true to type, and free from disease,insects and defects such as knots, sun-scaled, windburn, injuries, abrasion ordisfigurement.

All plant materials shall be healthy, sound, vigorous, free from plant diseases, insectspests, of their eggs, and shall have healthy, well-developed root systems. All plants shallbe hardy under climatic conditions similar to those in the locally of the project. Plantssupplied shall to confirm to the names listed on both the plan and the plant list. Noplant material will be accepted if branches are damaged or broken. All material must beprotected from the sun and weather until planted.

Any nursery stock shall have been inspected and approved by the EnvironmentalSpecialist or the Engineer.

All plants shall conform to the requirements specified in the plant list. Except thatplants larger then specified may be used if approved, but use of such plants shall notincrease the contract price. If the use of the larger plant is approved, the spread ofroots or ball of earth shall be increased in proportion to the size of plant. Deliver plantswith legible identification labels.

Top Soil (Good Earth)Topsoil or good earth shall be a friable loam, typical of cultivated topsoils of the localitycontaining at least 2% of decayed organic matter (humus). It shall be taken from a well-drained arable site. It shall be free of subsoil, stones, earth skids, sticks, roots or anyother objectionable extraneous matter or debris. It shall contain no toxic material. Notopsoil shall be delivered in a muddy condition. It shall have pH value ranging between6 and 8.5.

FertiliserMeasurement of sludge shall be in stacks, with 8% reduction for payment. It shall befree from extraneous matter, harmful bacteria insects or chemicals. (Subjected tosafety norms)

Root SystemThe root system shall be conducive to successful transplantation. While necessary, theroot-ball shall be preserved by support with Hessian or other suitable material. On soilswhere retention of a good ball is not possible, the roots should be suitably protected insuch a way that the roots are not damaged.

ConditionTrees and shrubs shall be substantially free from pests and diseases, and shall bematerially undamaged. Torn or lacerated roots shall be pruned before dispatch. Noroots shall be subjected to adverse conditions such as prolonged exposure to dryingwinds or subjection to water logging between lifting and delivery.



(c) Supply and SubstitutionUpon submission of evidence that certain materials including plant materials are notavailable at time of contract, the contractor shall be permitted to substitute with anequitable adjustment of price. All substitutions shall be of the nearest equivalentspecies and variety to the original specified and shall be subjected to the approval ofthe Landscape Architect.

(d) PackagingPackaging shall be adequate for the protection of the plants and such as to avoidheating or drying out.

(e) MarkingEach specimen of tree and shrub, or each bundle, shall be legibly labelled with thefollowing particulars:

Its name. The name of the supplier, unless otherwise agreed. The date of dispatch from the nursery.

(f) Tree PlantingPlants and ShrubsTrees should be supplied with adequate protection as approved. After delivery, ifplanting is not to be carried out immediately, balled plants should be placed back toback and the ball covered with sand to prevent drying out. Bare rooted plants can beheeled in by placing the roots in prepared trench and covering them with earth, whichshould be watered into, avoid air pockets round the roots. Trees and shrubs shall beplanted as shown in architectural drawings and with approval of site supervisionengineer.

Digging of PitsTree pits shall be dug a minimum of three weeks prior to backfilling. The pits shall be120 cm in diameter and 120 cm deep. While digging the pits, the topsoil up to a depthof 30 cm may be kept aside, if found good (depending upon site conditions), and mixedwith the rest of the soil.

If the side of the below, it shall be replaced with the soil mixture as specified furtherherein. If the soil is normal it shall be mixed with manure; river sand shall be added tothe soil if it is heavy. The bottom of the pit shall be forked to break up the subsoil.

Back FillingThe soil back filled watered through and gently pressed down, a day previous toplanting, to make sure that it may not further settle down after planting. The soil shallbe pressed down firmly by treading it down, leaving a shallow depression all round forwatering.



PlantingNo tree pits shall be dug until final tree position has been pegged out for approval. Careshall be taken that the plant sapling when planted is not be buried deeper than in thenursery, or in the pot. Planting should not be carried out in waterlogged soil. Planttrees at the original soil depth; soil marks on the stem is an indication of this and shouldbe maintained on the finished level, allowing for setting of the soil after planting. Allplastic and other imperishable containers should be removed before planting. Anybroken or damage roots should be cut back to sound growth.

The bottom of the planting pit should be covered with 50mm to 75mm of soil. Bareroots should be spread evenly in the planting pit; and small mound in the centre of thepits on which the roots are placed will aid on even spread. Soil should be placed aroundthe roots, gently shaking the tree to allow the soil particles to shift into the root systemto ensure close contact with all roots and prevent air pockets. Back fill soil should befirmed as filling proceeds, layer by layer, care being taken to avoid damaging the roots,as follows:

The balance earth shall be filled in a mixture of 1:3 (1 part sludge to 3 part earth byvolume) with 50 gm potash, (Mop) 50gms of Super Phosphate and 1Kg. Neem oil cake.Aldrin or equivalent shall be applied every 15 days in a mixture of 5ml in 5 litres ofwater.

StakingNewly planted trees must be held firmly although not rigidly by staking to prevent apocket forming around the stem and newly formed fibrous roots being broken bymechanical pulling as the tree rocks.

Methods:The main methods of staking shall be:

(a) A single vertical shake, 900mm longer than the clear stem of the tree, driven600mm to 900mm into the soil.

(b) Two stakes as above driven firmly on either side of the tree with a cross bar towhich the stem is attached, suitable for bare- rooted or Ball material.

(c) A single stake driven in at an angle at 45 degrees and leaning towards theprevailing wind, the stem just below the lowest branch being attached to thestake. Suitable for small bare- rooted or Ball material

(d) For plant material 3m to 4.5m high with a single stem a three- wire adjustableguy system may be used in exposed situations.

The end of stake should be pointed and the lower 1m to 1.2m should be coated with anon-injurious wood preservative allowing at least 150mm above ground level.

TyingEach tree should be firmly secured to the stake so as to prevent excessive movement.Abrasion must be avoided by using a buffer, rubber or Hessian, between the tree andstake. The tree should be secured at a point just below its lowest branch, and also just



above ground level; normally two ties should be used for tree. These should beadjusted or replaced to allow for growth.

WateringThe Landscape Contractor should allow for the adequate watering in of all newlyplanted trees and shrubs immediately after planting and he shall during the followinggrowing season, keep the plant material well watered.

FertilisingFertilising shall be carried out by application in rotation of the following fertilisers, every15 days from the beginning of the monsoon till the end of winter:(1) Sludge or organic well-rotted dry farm yard manure: 0.05 cum or tussle.(2) Urea 25 gm.(3) Ammonium sulphate 25 gm.(4) Potassium sulphate 25 gm.

All shrubs, which are supplied pot grown, shall be well soaked prior to planting.Watering in and subsequent frequent watering of summer planted container- grownplants is essential.

(g) Shrub Planting In Planter BedsAll areas to be planted with shrubs shall be excavated, trenched to a depth of 750 mm,refilling the excavated earth after breaking clods and mixing with sludge in ratio 8:1 (8parts of stacked volume of earth after reduction by 20%: 1 part of stacked volume ofsludge after reduction by 8%.)

Tall shrubs may need staking, which shall be provided if approved by the contractingconsulting engineer, depending upon the conditions of individual plant specimen.

For planting shrubs and ground cover shrubs in planters, good earth shall be mixed withsludge in the proportion as above and filled in planters.Positions of planters shall be planted should be marked out in accordance with thearchitectural drawing. When shrubs are set out, precautions should be taken to preventroots drying. Planting holes 40 cm in diameter, and 40 cm deep should be excavated forlonger shrubs. Polythene and other non-perishable containers should be removed andany badly damaged roots carefully pruned. The shrubs should then be set in holes sothat the soil level, after settlement, will be original soil mark on the stem of the shrub.The holes should be back filled to half of its depth and firmed by treading. Theremainder of the soil can then be returned and again firmed by treading.

(h) GrassingPreparationDuring period prior to planting the ground shall be maintained free from weeds.Grading and final weeding of the area shall be completed at least three weeks prior tothe actual sowing. Regular watering shall be continued until sowing by dividing the areainto portions of approximately 5m squares by constructing small bunds to retain water.



These 'bunds' shall be levelled just prior to sowing of grass plants; it shall be ensuredthat the soil has completely settled.

SoilThe soil itself shall be ensured to the satisfaction of Landscape Architect to be a goodfibrous loam, rich in humus.

Sowing the grass rootsGrass roots (cynodon, dectylon or a local genus approved by the Landscape Architect)shall be obtained from a grass patch, seen and approved before hand.

The grass roots stock received at site shall be manually cleared of all weeds and watersprayed over the same after keeping the stock in place protected from sun and drywinds.Grass stock received at site may be stored for a maximum of three days. In casegrassing for some areas is scheduled for a later date fresh stock of grass roots shall beordered and obtained.

ExecutionSmall roots shall be dibbled about 5 cm apart into the prepared grounds. Grass willonly be accepted as reaching practical completion when germination has provedsatisfactory and all weeds have been removed.

MaintenanceAs soon as the grass is approximately a 3cm high it shall be rolled with a light woodenroller – in fine, dry weather – and when it has grown to 5 to 8 cm, above to groundweeds must be removed and regular cutting with the scythe and rolling must be begun.A top-dressing of an ounce of guano to the square yard or well decomposed wellbroken sludge manure shall be applied when the grass is sufficiently secure in theground to bear the mowing machine, the blades must be raised an inch above thenormal level for the first two or three cuttings. That is to say, the grass should be cut sothat it is from 4 to 5 cm in length, instead of the 3 cm necessary for mature grass.

In the absence of rain, in the monsoon, the lawn shall be watered every ten daysheavily, soaking the soil through to a depth of at least 20 cm.

Damage failure or dying back of grass due to neglect of watering especially for seedingout of normal season shall be the responsibility of the contractor. Any shrinkage belowthe specified levels during the contract or defect liability period shall be rectified at thecontractor's expense. The Contractor is to exercise care in the use of rotary cultivatorand mowing machines to reduce to a minimum the hazards of flying stones andbrickbats. All rotary mowing machines are to be fitted with safety guards.

RollingA light roller shall be used periodically, taking care that the area is not too wet andsodden.



EdgingThese shall be kept neat and must be cut regularly with the edging shears.

FertilisingThe area shall be fed once in a month with liquid manure prepared by dissolving 45gmsof ammonium sulphate in 5 litres of water.

WateringWater shall be applied at least once in three days during dry weather. Wateringwhenever done should be thorough and should wet the soil at least up to a depth of20 cm.

WeedingPrior to regular mowing the contractor shall carefully remove rank and unsightly weeds.

CultivatingThe Landscape Contractor shall maintain all planted areas within Landscape contractboundaries for one year until the area is handed over in whole or in phases.Maintenance shall include replacement of dead plants, watering, weeding, cultivating,control of insects, fungus and other diseases by means of spraying with an approvedinsecticide or fungicide, pruning, and other horticulture operations necessary for propergrowth of the plants and for keeping the landscape sub-contract area neat inappearance.

Pruning and RepairsUpon completion of planting work of the landscape sub-contract all trees should bepruned and all injuries repaired where necessary. The amount of pruning shall belimited to the necessary to remove dead or injured twigs and branches and tocompensate for the loss of roots and the result of the transplanting operations. Pruningshall be done in such a manner as not to change the natural habit or special shape oftrees.

Tree GuardsWhere the tree guards are necessary, care should be taken to ensure that they do notimpede natural movement or restrict growth. Circular iron tree guards shall be providedfor the trees at enhancement locations. The specifications for which one given below:

Circular Iron Tree Guard with Bars

The tree guard shall be 50 cm. in diameter

The tree guards shall be formed of (i) 3 Nos. 25x25x3mm angle iron verticals 2.00m longexcluding splayed outward at lower end up to an extent of 10 cms. (ii) 3 Nos. 25x25mmMS flat rings fixed as per design (iii) 15 Nos. 1.55 metres long 6mm dia bars. Each ringshall be in two parts in the ratio of 1:2 and their ends shall be turned in radially for alength of 4 cm at which they are bolted together with 8mm dia and 30mm long MSbolts and nuts.



The vertical angle irons shall be welded to rings along the circumference with electricplant 15 Nos. bars shall be welded to rings at equal spacing along the circumference ofring. The lower end of the angle iron verticals shall be splayed outwards up to an extentof 10cm. The lower end of the flat of lower ring shall be at a height of 45cm. and upperend of the flat of top ring shall be at the height of 2.00 metres. The middle ring shall bein the centre of top and lower ring. The bars shall be welded to rings as shown in thedrawing. The entire tree guard shall be given two coats of paint of approved brand andof required shade over a priming coat of ready mixed primer of approved brand.

(i) Nursery StackPlanting should be carried out as soon as possible after reaching the site. Whereplanting must be a necessity and/or be delayed, care should be taken to protect theplants from pilfering or damage from people animals. Plants with bare-roots should beheeled- in as soon as received or otherwise protected from drying out, and others setclosely together and protected from the wind. If planting is to be delayed for more thana week, packaged plants should be unpacked, the bundles opened up and each group ofplants heeled in separately and clearly labelled. If for any reason the surface of theroots becomes dry the roots should be thoroughly soaked before planting.

(j) Protective FencingAccording to local environment, shrubs shall be protected adequately from vandalismuntil established.

(k) CompletionOn completion, the ground shall be formed over and left tidy.

5.12 WATER CONSERVATION MEASURESWater conservation measures must be adopted during the occupation stage that would

conserve the natural resource and also reduce the pressure on other users. Typical listsof water conservation measures are presented as follows;

Water Saving MeasuresThere are a number of ways to save water, and they all start with you.

1. Check your sprinkler system frequently and adjust sprinklers so only your lawn iswatered and sidewalk, or street.

2. Run your washing machine and dishwasher only when they are full and you couldsave 3785 liters a month.

3. Avoid planting turf in areas that are hard to water such as steep inclines andisolated strips along sidewalks and driveways.

4. Install covers on pools and check for leaks around your pumps.

5. Use the garbage disposal less often.

6. Plant during rainy season and or winter when the watering requirements are lower.

7. Check your water meter and bill to track your water usage.



8. Always water during the early morning hours, when temperatures are cooler, tominimize evaporation.

9. Wash your produce in the sink or a pan that is partially filled with water instead ofrunning water from the tap.

10. Use a layer of organic mulch around plants to reduce evaporation and savehundreds of liters of water a year.

11. Use a broom instead of a hose to clean your driveway and sidewalk and save up to300 liters of water every time.

12. If your shower can fill a 4 liters bucket in less than 20 seconds, then replace it with awater-efficient showerhead.

13. Collect the water you use for rinsing produce and reuse it to water houseplants.

14. Water your lawn in several short sessions rather than one long one. This will allowthe water to be better absorbed.

15. We’re more likely to notice leaky faucets indoors, but don’t forget to check outdoorfaucets, pipes, and hoses for leaks.

16. Only water your lawn when needed. You can tell this by simply walking across yourlawn. If you leave footprints, it’s time to water.

17. When you shop for a new appliance, keep in mind that one offering severaldifferent cycles will be more water and energy-efficient.

18. Time your shower to keep it under 5 minutes. You’ll save up to 3750 liters a month.

19. Install low-volume toilets.

20. When you clean your fish tank, use the water you’ve drained on your plants. Thewater is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, providing you with a free and effectivefertilizer.

21. Water small areas of grass by hand to avoid waste.

22. Put food coloring in your toilet tank. If it seeps into the toilet bowl, you have a leak.It's easy to fix, and you can save more than 2250 liters a month.

23. Plug the bathtub before turning the water on, then adjust the temperature as thetub fills up.

24. Use porous materials for walkways and patios to keep water in your yard andprevent wasteful runoff.

25. Designate one glass for your drinking water each day. This will cut down on thenumber of times you run your dishwasher/wash your utensils.

26. Instead of using a hose or a sink to get rid of paints, motor oil, and pesticides,dispose of them properly by recycling or sending them to a hazardous waste site.

27. Install a rain shut-off device on your automatic sprinklers to eliminate unnecessarywatering.



28. Don’t use running water to thaw food.29. Choose water-efficient drip irrigation for your trees, shrubs, and flowers. Watering

roots is very effective, be careful not to over water.

30. Grab a wrench and fix that leaky faucet. It’s simple, inexpensive, and can save 525liters a week.

31. Cut back on the amount of grass in your yard by planting shrubs and ground coveror landscaping with rock.

32. When doing laundry, match the water level to the size of the load.

33. Teach your children to turn the faucets off tightly after each use.

34. Remember to check your sprinkler system valves periodically for leaks and keep theheads in good shape.

35. Before you lather up, install a low-flow showerhead. They’re inexpensive, easy toinstall, and can save your family more than 1875 liters a week.

36. Don’t water your lawn on windy days. After all, sidewalks and driveways don’t needwater.

37. Water deeply but less frequently to create healthier and stronger landscapes.

38. Make sure you know where your master water shut-off valve is located. This couldsave liters of water and damage to your home if a pipe were to burst.

39. When watering grass on steep slopes, use a soaker hose to prevent wasteful runoff.

40. To get the most from your watering time, group your plants according to theirwater needs.

41. Remember to weed your lawn and garden regularly. Weeds compete with otherplants for nutrients, light, and water.

42. While fertilizers promote plant growth, they also increase water consumption.Apply the minimum amount of fertilizer needed.

43. Avoid installing ornamental water features unless the water is being recycled.

44. Use a commercial car wash that recycles water.

45. Don’t buy recreational water toys that require a constant flow of water.

5.13 Risk Assessment and Disaster ManagementConstruction sites in general do not handle toxic and or hazardous chemicals in largequantities, and the usage of the same is temporary for specific tasks. However theconstruction activity has a number of hazards resulting injuries and fatalities, and arenot reported widely due to the unorganized nature of construction professions. Theproposed project shall ensure the safety of workers and equipment to reduce andmitigate hazards. The hazards and mitigation measures due to various constructionactivities, and hazards to specific professions of construction are discussed as follows;



Site planning and layoutSite planning is essential to ensure safety and health of workers, in urban work siteswhich have space constraints. Site planning shall reduce and or help avoiding accidentsdue to collision of men with material and equipment etc. It is essential to plan thesequence of construction operations, access for workers on and around the site withsignage, location of work shops for welding, carpentary etc., location of first air facility,adequate lighting for work areas, site security by provision of fence or barricades,arrangements to keep the site tidy and for collection and removal of wastes.

Site tidinessAll the construction workers are briefed about the importance of keeping the site tidy,by clearing the rubbish and scrap at the end of the day, to keep the work area clear ofequipment and material, by depositing the waste in a designated location, by cleaningup spills of materials.

ExcavationExcavation for foundation and trenches involves removal of soil and rock. Excavation ortrenching plan shall consider underground services if any. The hazards related toexcavation are face collapse and injury or burial of workers by soil and rock, fall and slipof people in excavated pits and trenches, and injury to workers due to falling materialor equipment. The precautions to be taken are protection of excavation faces bysupport material, erection of shoring along trenches.Urban areas have building properties adjacent to the developing site, in such cases it isnecessary to shore the face of adjacent property to avoid fall or collapse of neighboringland or wall. Vehicular movement surrounding the excavated area needs to berestricted so as to avoid face collapse, and possible injury to workers. Excavation areasshall be provided with adequate lighting.

ScaffoldingOne of the important and serious safety risk in construction activity is fall of personfrom a height and fall of materials and objects from height resulting in injury toworkers. Scaffold is a supporting structure connecting two are more platforms used foreither storage of materials or as a work place. Guard rails and toe boards shall beprovided at every place where the height of scaffolding is more than 2 m. It shall beensured that scaffold is anchored and tied to the building, it is not overloaded with menand material, it is examined (both bamboo or wood and rope) frequently for infectionby insects, and that timber, if used, is not painted.

LaddersLadders are most commonly used equipment, as it is readily available and inexpensive,and is used widely. However the limitations of ladders are overlooked resulting ininjuries and fatalities. Ladders have limitations; allows only one person to work, climb,and carry materials or work with one hand, restricts movement, should be secured allthe time either using ropes or other people. It is essential to secure the ladder beforeuse. The safe use of ladder involves; ensuring that there are no overhead power lines,ladder extends at least one meter above the landing place, never use props to extendthe height of ladder, facing the ladder while climbing or descending, making sure foot



ware of ladder user is free of mud and grease, not to over balance or over reach andusing a hoist line instead of carrying materials.

Steel ErectionSteel erection of building frames requires construction work at heights and in exposedpositions. However planning at the design stage, setting the sequence of operations,supervising during construction, and usage of personal protective equipment like safetybelts in addition to provision of safety nets, anchorage points etc.

Confined SpacesConstruction work in confined spaces like open manholes, sewers, trenches, pipes,ducts etc. may have dangerous atmosphere due to lack of oxygen or due to presence offlammable or toxic gases. Work confined space is always conducted under supervision,with adequate safety measures like; checking the atmosphere in confined space beforeentry, provision of rescue harness to everyone, involvement of minimum of twopersons – one person for monitoring and ready for rescuing if needed, provision ofsafety equipment like atmospheric testing device, safety harness, torch light, first aidequipment, fire fighting apparatus, and resuscitation equipment.

VehiclesThe construction area shall have multiples of vehicles moving material with in the siteand from out side the site. The most common causes of onsite traffic incidents are;bad driving technique, carelessness, carrying unauthorized passengers, poormaintenance of vehicles, site congestion, overloading, and uneven ground and debris.It is proposed to ensure that all drivers have appropriate driving license, routes areplanned, marked and leveled, enlisting additional workers during reversing, switchingoff the engine during idling, and periodic maintenance schedule for all vehicles.

Movement of materials – Cranes and HoistsCranes and hoists are used for movement of materials within the site. The operators ofthese machines are qualified and the cabins will have a signal chart to understand thesignals given by site workers. The site workers are trained in signals for transmitting tothe operators of these machines. Stability of these machines and overloading aremajor concerns while operating these machines, hence it is necessary to avoidoverloading, and to ensure structural stability of these machines before use. Thecranes will have safety hooks, and the workers are trained in using the same, andcriticality of the hook. In case of hoists, it will be ensured that a gate is provided at eachplatform, travel of passengers is avoided, and platforms are always aligned with landingpoints.

Lifting and CarryingConstruction work involves a lot of manual labour resulting in stress and injury to theworkers. It is proposed to provide wheel burrows, trolleys etc., to avoid manualcarrying of materials. In situations where manual lifting of materials is needed, theworkers are trained in safety related to correct lifting technique, throwing technique inaddition to provision of personal protective equipment.



Working positions tools and equipmentThere is an increased reliance of tools and equipment in the construction industry in thepast 15 years resulting in reduced risk of physical exhaustion. However the equipment,working positions in using the equipment have its own hazards, which need to beavoided to reduce risks like musculoskeletal disorders. It will be ensured that workerspreferably work in sitting posture with necessary tools handy, to avoid physicalexertion, the right tools are provided, and carrying tools in pockets avoided, and wornout tools are replaced in time. In case of power driven tools, the dangerous part of themachinery is always covered, the tool is never left in operation when not in use, andpower is switched off immediately in case of any incident, to avoid physical injury toworkers.

Working EnvironmentMany chemical substances like adhesives, cleaning agents, floor treatments, fungicides,cements, grouts, insulants, sealants, paints, solvents etc. Solvents are criticalsubstances which require due attention as they are flammable and or toxic in few cases.The usage of these chemical substances is always ensured to follow the instructionsmentioned by the manufacturers. Solvents will not be used for removal of paints andgrease from skin. Personal protective equipment is provided by the proponent and orthe contractor and the site safety executive shall ensure the same. Construction sitesare also major sources of noise resulting in hearing impairment. Hence it will beensured that all emission sources are provided with mufflers or silencers, motors arecovered, machinery panels are secured and are not allowed to rattle, and noiseattenuating screens are provided to segregate noisy working areas, in addition toprovision of personal protective equipment. Gloves are used when using Vibrationcausing equipment. Adequate lighting is provided in work areas to mitigate hazards.

Health Hazards on Construction SitesConstruction works involve various trades with variable times of operation.Construction operations have a number of potential hazardous operations and resultingin health hazards to workers. Exposure differs from trade to trade, from job to job, bythe day, even by the hour. Exposure to any one hazard is typically intermittent and ofshort duration, but is likely to reoccur. A worker may not only encounter hazardsrelated to his profession, but also encounters hazards related to other professions inthe vicinity. This pattern of exposure is a consequence of having many employers withjobs of relatively short duration and working alongside workers in other trades thatgenerate other hazards. The hazard severity is contingent on concentration andduration of exposure in a specific construction work. A list of hazards present forworkers in various trades is presented in table 5.7.



Table 5.7 list of hazards present for workers in various tradesOccupations Hazards

Brick masons Cement dermatitis, awkwardpostures, heavy loads

Stonemasons Cement dermatitis, awkward postures, heavy loadsHard tile setters Vapour from bonding agents, dermatitis, awkward

posturesCarpenters Wood dust, heavy loads, repetitive motionDrywall installers Plaster dust, walking on stilts, heavy loads, awkward

posturesElectricians Heavy metals in solder fumes, awkward posture,

heavy loads, asbestos dustElectrical power installers andrepairers

Heavy metals in solder fumes, heavy loads, asbestosdust

Painters Solvent vapours, toxic metals in pigments, paintadditives

Paperhangers Vapours from glue, awkward posturesPlasterers Dermatitis, awkward posturesPlumbers Fumes and particles, welding fumesPipefitters Fumes and particles, welding fumes, asbestos dustCarpet layers Knee trauma, awkward postures, glue and glue

vapourSoft tile installers Bonding agentsConcrete and terrazzofinishers

Awkward postures

Glaziers Awkward posturesInsulation workers Asbestos, synthetic fibers, awkward posturesPaving, surfacing and tampingequipment operators

Asphalt emissions, gasoline and diesel engineexhaust, heat

Sheet metal duct installers Awkward postures, heavy loads, noiseStructural metal installers Awkward postures, heavy loads, working at heightsWelders Welding emissionsSolderers Metal fumes, lead, cadmiumDrillers, earth, rock Silica dust, whole-body vibration, noiseAir hammer operators Noise, whole-body vibration, silica dustPile driving operators Noise, whole-body vibrationHoist and winch operators Noise, lubricating oilCrane and tower operators Stress, isolationExcavating and loadingmachine operators

Silica dust, histoplasmosis, whole-body vibration,heat stress, noise

Grader, dozer and scraperoperators

Silica dust, whole-body vibration, heat noise



Occupations HazardsHighway and streetconstruction workers

Asphalt emissions, heat, diesel engine exhaust

Truck and tractor equipmentoperators

Whole-body vibration, diesel engine exhaust

Demolition workers Asbestos, lead, dust, noiseHazardous waste workers Heat, stress

Construction HazardsHazards for construction workers are typically of four classes: chemical, physical,biological and social.

Chemical hazardsChemical hazards are mainly due to inhalation of dusts, fumes, mists, vapours or gases,although some airborne hazards may settle on and be absorbed through the intact skin(e.g., pesticides and some organic solvents). Chemical hazards also occur in liquid orsemi-liquid state (e.g., glues or adhesives, tar) or as powders (e.g., dry cement). Skincontact with chemicals in this state can occur in addition to possible inhalation of thevapor resulting in systemic poisoning or contact dermatitis. Chemicals might also beingested with food or water, or might be inhaled by smoking.

Several illnesses have been linked to the construction trades, among them: Silicosisamong sand blasters and rock drill operators; Asbestosis (and other diseases caused byasbestos) among asbestos insulation workers, steam pipe fitters, building demolitionworkers and others; Bronchitis among welders, Skin allergies among masons and otherswho work with cement: Neurologic disorders among painters and others exposed toorganic solvents.

Physical hazardsPhysical hazards are present in every construction project. These hazards include noise,heat and cold, radiation, vibration and barometric pressure. Construction work oftenmust be done in extreme weather conditions. The usage of machines for constructionis resulting in noise. The sources of noise are engines of all kinds (e.g., on vehicles, aircompressors and cranes), winches, paint guns, pneumatic hammers, power saws,sanders, planers and many more. It affects not only the person operating the machine,but all the workers close-by. This may not only cause noise-induced hearing loss, butalso may mask other sounds that are important for communication and for safety.Pneumatic hammers, many hand tools and earth-moving and other large mobilemachines also subject workers to segmental and whole-body vibration. Heat and coldhazards arise primarily because a large portion of construction work is conducted whileexposed to the weather, the principal source of heat and cold hazards. Heavyequipment operators may sit beside a hot engine and work in an enclosed cab withwindows and without ventilation. Those that work in an open cab with no roof have noprotection from the sun. A shortage of potable water or shade contributes to heatstress as well. The principal sources of non-ionizing ultraviolet (UV) radiation are thesun and electric arc welding. Lasers are becoming more common and may cause injury,



especially to the eyes, if the beam is intercepted. Strains and sprains are among themost common injuries among construction workers. These, and many chronicallydisabling musculoskeletal disorders (such as tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and low-back pain) occur as a result of either traumatic injury, repetitive forceful movements,awkward postures or overexertion. Falls due to unstable footing, unguarded holes andslips off scaffolding and ladders are very common.

Biological hazardsBiological hazards are presented by exposure to infectious micro-organisms, to toxicsubstances of biological origin or animal attacks. Excavation workers, for example, candevelop histoplasmosis, an infection of the lung caused by a common soil fungus. Sincethere is constant change in the composition of the labour force on any one project,individual workers come in contact with other workers and, as a consequence, maybecome infected with contagious diseases-influenza or tuberculosis, for example.Workers may also be at risk of malaria disease if work is conducted in areas wherethese organisms and their insect vectors are prevalent.

Social hazardsEmployment in construction sector is intermittent, and control over many aspects ofemployment is limited because construction activity is dependent on many factors overwhich construction workers have no control, such as the state of an economy or theweather. Because of the same factors, there can be intense pressure to become moreproductive. Since the workforce is constantly changing, and with it the hours andlocation of work, and many projects require living in work camps away from home andfamily, construction workers may lack stable and dependable networks of socialsupport. Features of construction work such as heavy workload, limited control andlimited social support are the very factors associated with increased stress in otherindustries. These hazards are not unique to any trade, but are common to allconstruction workers in one way or another.

Decreasing exposure concentrationThree general types of controls can be used to reduce the concentration ofoccupational hazards. These are, from most to least effective: engineering controls atsource, environmental controls that remove hazard from environment, personalprotection equipment provided to the worker.

Engineering controlsHazards originate at a source. The most efficient way to protect workers from hazards isto change the primary source with some sort of engineering change. For example, a lesshazardous substance can be substituted for one that is more hazardous. Water can besubstituted for organic solvents in paints. Similarly, non-silica abrasives can replacesand in abrasive blasting (also known as sand blasting). Or a process can befundamentally changed, such as by replacing pneumatic hammers with impacthammers that generate less noise and vibration. If sawing or drilling generates harmfuldusts, particulate matter or noise, these processes could be done by shear cutting orpunching. Technological improvements are reducing the risks of some musculoskeletaland other health problems. Many of the changes are straightforward-for example, a



two-handed screwdriver with a longer handle increases torque on the object andreduces stress on the wrists.

Environmental controlsEnvironmental controls are used to remove a hazardous substance from theenvironment, if the substance is airborne, or to shield the source, if it is a physicalhazard. Provision of flexible Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) may be used. The simpleand effective method for controlling exposure to radiant physical hazards (noise,ultraviolet (UV) radiation from arc welding, infrared radiant (IR) heat from hot objects)is to shield them with some appropriate material. Plywood sheets shield IR and UVradiation, and material that absorbs and reflects sound will provide some protectionfrom noise sources. Major sources of heat stress are weather and hard physicallabour. Adverse effects from heat stress can be avoided through reductions in theworkload, provision of water and adequate breaks in the shade and, possibly, nightwork.

Personal protectionWhen engineering controls or changes in work practices do not adequately protectworkers, workers may need to use personal protective equipment (PPE). In order forsuch equipment to be effective, workers must be trained in its use, and the equipmentmust fit properly and be inspected and maintained. Furthermore, if others who are inthe vicinity may be exposed to the hazard, they should either be protected orprevented from entering the area.

Eating and sanitary facilitiesA lack of eating and sanitary facilities may also lead to increased exposures. Often,workers cannot wash before meals and must eat in the work zone, which means theymay inadvertently swallow toxic substances transferred from their hands to food orcigarettes. A lack of changing facilities at a worksite may result in transport ofcontaminants from the workplace to a worker’s home. It is proposed to provideseparate temporary canteen and changing place for employees.

SEVEN SQUARE MALLM/s Kesari Projects LLP

SURVEY NOS. 2/1A IN WARD NO 18,AKKARAMPALLI VILLAGE, MADHURA NAGAR,

TIRUPATHI, CHITTOOR DISTRICT

Studies and Documentation by:Team Labs and Consultants(An ISO Certified Organization)B-115 – 117 & 509, Annapurna Block,Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet,Hyderabad- 500 038Phone: 91-040-23748555/23748616Fax : 91-040-23748666e-mail: [email protected]

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