SEVEN PHILOSOPHI

ES OF

EDUCATIONPrepared by: JENERWIN M. COLUMNA, BSE IV- Physical Science Cagayan State University at Lal-lo

Essentialism -contends that teachers teach for

learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills, and values.

Why to teach?

Not to radically reshape the society, but rather to transmit the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens.

Essentialism What to teach?[Essentialist programs are academically rigorous.]Emphasis : Academic Content [r’s]Reading, ‘riting, ‘rithmetic, right conduct

Essentialist curriculum includes the traditional disciplines such as math, natural sciences, history, foreign language and literature.

Teachers & administrators decide what is most important for the students to learn and place little emphasis on the students’ interests.

How to teach?Essentialist teachers emphasize of subject

matter. They are expected to be intellectual and morals models of their students.

They are seen as “fountain” of information and as “paragon of virtue”.

To gain mastery of basic skills, teachers have to observe “core requirements, longer school day, a longer academic year.

Essentialism

Essentialism How to teach?Teachers rely heavily on the use of the

prescribed textbooks, the drill method, lecture, and other direct methods.

There is a heavy stress on memorization and discipline.

Progressivism Why to teach?Progressivist teachers teach to develop

learners into becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens of a democratic society.

This group of teachers teaches thr learners so they may live life fully NOW not to prepare them for adult life.

Progressivism What to teach?The progressivists are identified with need-

based and relevant curriculum. This is a curriculum that “corresponds to students’ needs and that relates to students’ personal lives and experiences.”

Progressivists accept the impermanence of life and the inevitability of change.

Natural and social sciences are given emphasis.

[Teachers expose students to many new scientific, technological, and social development, reflecting the notion that progress and changes are fundamental.]

Progressivism How to teach?Experiential methodLearning by doing.“Book is no substitute for actual

experience”-John DeweyOne experiential teaching method that

progressivist teachers heavily rely on is the problem-solving method.

Also- field trip, thought-provoking games and puzzles.

Perennialism Why to teach? We are all rational animals. Schools should therefore, develop the

students’ rational and moral powers.Aristotle- if we neglect the students’

reasoning skills, we deprive them of the ability to use their higher faculties to control their passions and appetites.

Perennialism What to teach? curriculum is universal on the view that

all human beings possess the same essential nature.

Heavy on humanities, on general education.

Not a specialized curriculumLess emphasis on vocational and

technical eduaction[What the perentialist teachers teach are

lifted from the great books.]

Perennialism How to teach?Teacher-centeredTeachers do not allow the students’

interests or experiences to substantially dictate what they teach.

They apply whatever creative techniques and tried and true methods which are believed to be most conducive to disciplining the students’ minds.

Existentialism Why to teach?To help students understand and appreciate

themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions.

To help define their own essence by exposing them to various paths they take in life and by creating an env’t in which they freely choose their own preferred way.

[The existentialists demand the education of the whole person, not just the mind.”]

Existentialism What to teach?Students are given a wide variety of

options from which to choose, and vicarious experiences that will unleash their own creativity and self-expression.

Vocational education is regarded more as a means of teaching students about themselves and their potential than of earning a livelihood.

How to teach?Existentialists’ methods focus on the

individual.Learning is self-paced, self-directed.It includes a great deal of individual

contact with the teacher.Teachers employ values clarification

strategy.

Existentialism

Behaviorism Why to teach?To modify and shape students’ behavior

by providing for a favorable environment, since they believe that they are product of the environment.

They are after students who exhibit desirable behavior in society.

Behaviorism What to teach?

Because they look at “people and other animals… as complex combinations of matter that act only in response to internally or externally physical stimuli,” behaviorist teachers teach students to respond favorably to various stimuli to their environment.

Behaviorism How to teach?Teachers ought to arrange environmental

conditions so that students can make the responses to stimuli.

Physical variables like light, temperature, arrangement of furniture, size and quantity of visual aids have to be controlled to get the desired responses from the learners.

Why to teach?To develop communication skills of the

learners because of the ability to articulate, to voice out the meaning and values of things that one obtains from his experience of life and the world is the very essence of man.

Teachers teach to develop in the learner the skill to send messages clearly and receive messages correctly.

Linguistic Philosophy

Linguistic Philosophy What to teach?Learners should be taught to communicate

clearly through the three ways of communication.

Verbal components- content of message, choice and arrangement of words, oral/written

Non-verbal components- message through body language

Paraverbal components-how we say what we say-tone, pacing, and volume of voice.

There is a need to caution the learners of the verbal and non-verbal barriers to communication.

Teach to speak as many language as you can. The more languages you speak, the better you can communicate to the world.

A multilingual has an edge over the monolingual/ bilingual.

Linguistic Philosophy

Linguistic Philosophy How to teach?Done in experiential wayMake them experience sending and

receiving messages through verbal, non-verbal and para-verbal manners.

Why to teach?To develop intrinsically motivated and

independent learners adequately equipped with learning skills for them to be able to construct knowledge and make meaning of them.

Constructivism

Constructivism What to teach? Learners are taught how to learn. They are taught learning processes and

skills such as searching, critiquing and evaluating information, relating these pieces of information, reflecting on the same, making meaning out of them, drawing insights, posing questions, researching and constructing new knowledge out of these bits of information learned.

Constructivism The teacher provides students with

data or experiences that allow them to hypothesize, predict, manipulate objects, pose questions, research, investigate, imagine, and invent.

The constructivist classroom is interactive. It promotes dialogical exchange of ideas among learners and between teacher and learners. Teacher’s role is to facilitate the process.

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