Setion 11 Vocab1. Encephalo- brain2. Gastro- stomach3. Hepato- liver4. Gloss/o- tongue5. Glute- buttocks6. Larynglo- larynx7. My/o-muscle8. nephr/o- kidney9. Neuro- nerve10.Oste/o- bone11.Ot/o- ear12.Opthalm/o- eye13.Path/o- disease14.Pneomon/o- lung15.Rhin/o-nose16.Thorac/o- chest/thorax

Section 12 Vocab1. -ism, -osis, -tion: condition2. -ist, -or, -er, ician: agent3. -centesis: to puncture4. -ectomy: to cut out & remove5. -pexy: to fix or repair6. -rraphy: to suture, sew7. -scopy: to view8. -cide: kill or destroy9. -emia: of the blood10.-gram: writing or record11.-graph: recording instrument12.-malacia: soft13.-phasia: speech14.-phobia: fear

Long winter road

End of 1st semester update

The Lymphatic System (Ch. 21)

Functions*maintain fluid balance*immunity

Overview

• Returns leaked plasma to the blood vessels

• Cleanses plasma of bacteria and foreign matter

• Provides surveillance sites by immune system cells

• Nonspecific defenses: prevent pathogen entry; prevent spread of diseases caused by microorganisms; strengthen the immune system

Overview• the lymphatic system is the most

important physiological system of combating foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi

• it consists macroscopically of: the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and a few other organs.

Overview

• functioning of the lymphatic system is most easily seen at the microscopic level where the white blood cell is the single most important element.

• white blood cells are produced, as are red blood cells, in the marrow of human bone.

Consists of 2 semi-independent parts:

A. Network of lymphatic vessels- collect excess fluid (now called lymph) from tissues and return it to the bloodstream.

B. Lymphoid tissues and organs- house phagocytotic cells and lymphocytes

II. Lymphatic Vessel Transport

Lymphatic capillaries- weave between cells and blood capillaries, microscopic

Lymph collecting veins/ vessels

Lymph trunks- drain fairly large area of body;include lumbar, bronchomediastinal,subclavian, jugular, intestinal

Lymph Ducts- R lymphatic duct (R upper arm & R head and thorax),

Thoracic duct (rest of body)

•Lymph empties into venous circulation at internal jugular vein and subclavian veins

•3L of lymph enters bloodstream every 24 hrs

III. Lymphoid Cells

A. Lymphocytes- warriors of the immune system

1.T cells- manage immune response, some directly attack foreign cells

2.B cells- make plasma cells that secrete antibodies

B. Macrophages- phagocytize foreign substances, help activate T cells

C. Reticular cells- make stroma, the network that supports other cell types

IV. Lymphoid Organs A. Lymph nodes- hundreds but large

clusters in inguinal, axillary, cervical areas

1. Functionsa. filter lymph- macrophagesb. help activate immune system-

lymphocytes

2. Structurea. node surrounded by DWF capsuleb. 2 regions: cortex, medulla

B. Spleen- left side of and cavity below diaphragm1. Functions

a. Lymphocyte proliferation b. Immune surveillance & response c. Clean blood- macrophages d. Store rbc breakdown products e. RBC production in fetus f. stores platelets

C. Thymus- throat/ chest region1. Grows during childhood, stops growing during adolescence and atrophies gradually.2. Functions

a. Secrete hormones that allow T cells to function properly b. Only lymph organ not directly fighting antigens

D. Tonsils- ring of tissue around pharynx

1. Named by locationa. palatine- most often infectedb. lingualc. pharyngeal (adenoids)d. tubal

2. Function- gather and remove many pathogens entering pharynx in inhaled air or food (blind-ended crypts)

E. Peyer's Patches- isolated clusters of lymph follicles in small intestine1. Function

a. destroys bacteriab. generates "memory“

lymphocytes for long-term immunity

F. Appendix- clusters of lymph follicles;offshoot of cecum of large intestine

** Peyers + appendix + tonsils + bronchi lymph nodes = Mucosa associated lymph tissue (MALT)- protects digestive and respiratory systems