session sdm - irc namibia presentation
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short term assignment for short term assignment for Lux DevelopmentLux Development
Place:Place: Speke Monyonyo Speke Monyonyo
Hotel; KampalaHotel; Kampala
DateDate: 13-14 April 2010: 13-14 April 2010
Maluti GSM
Challenges of Maintaining Rural Water Supply Challenges of Maintaining Rural Water Supply
Schemes in Kavango and Caprivi RegionsSchemes in Kavango and Caprivi Regions (Republic of Namibia)(Republic of Namibia)
Namibia’s Rural Water Supply StrategyNamibia’s Rural Water Supply Strategy(Community Based Management)(Community Based Management)
Phase 1: Community mobilisation for project implementationPhase 1: Community mobilisation for project implementation
(Aug 97 – July 98);(Aug 97 – July 98);
Phase 2: Hand-over for operation and maintenance with majorPhase 2: Hand-over for operation and maintenance with major
maintenance being carried out by the Directorate ofmaintenance being carried out by the Directorate of
Water Supply and Sanitation Coordination (DWSSC)Water Supply and Sanitation Coordination (DWSSC)
(Aug 98 – July 03);(Aug 98 – July 03);
Phase 3: Hand-over of full ownership (all operation andPhase 3: Hand-over of full ownership (all operation and
maintenance responsibilities) of schemes tomaintenance responsibilities) of schemes to
community based institutional structures community based institutional structures
(Aug 03 – July 07)(Aug 03 – July 07)
Maluti GSM
Namibia’s Rural Water SupplyNamibia’s Rural Water Supply
• 7,731 rural water points 7,731 rural water points
(July 2008)(July 2008)• Kavango = 384 water pointsKavango = 384 water points• Caprivi = 863 water pointsCaprivi = 863 water points• Kavango and Caprivi are Kavango and Caprivi are
traditional rural settlement traditional rural settlement
areasareas
Maluti GSM
Kavango
Caprivi
InfrastructureInfrastructure
Boreholes: H-pumpsDieselElectricSolar
Local Storage: Typically 3 x !0m3polypropylene tanks
Community Stand-pipe
Animal Drinking Trough
Regional PipedWater Schemes(Namwater)
ScopeScopeCaprivi
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Handpumps Diesel Electric Solar Pipeline
Kavango
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Handpumps Diesel Electric Solar Pipeline
Total = 384 Total = 863(including p-line schemes)
KavangoKavangoLarge number of diesel schemesLarge number of diesel schemes
Fairly evenly distributedFairly evenly distributed
CapriviCapriviLarge number of hand-pump schemesLarge number of hand-pump schemes
Mostly located along the roadsMostly located along the roads
Poverty Profile
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Extremely Poor ModeratleyPoor
Rich
perc
en
t o
f h
-ho
lds
Kavango Caprivi
Definitions from Namibian Poverty Profile Studies •The extremely poor have a few chickens, a radio, one or two pots and earn cash by selling thatch and firewood.• The moderately poor cultivate their own fields, own a few cattle and may receive an old age pension.• The rich own business’, they are employed or retired and own many livestock
Water Aid TanzaniaWater Aid Tanzania
• Nearly half (46%) of public improved water Nearly half (46%) of public improved water points in rural areas of Tanzania are not points in rural areas of Tanzania are not functioning.functioning.
Maluti GSM
Comments from ZimbabweComments from Zimbabwe Pumps frequently breakdown and can remain out of Pumps frequently breakdown and can remain out of
service for 6 monthsservice for 6 months Pump attendants do not check to see if parts are worn Pump attendants do not check to see if parts are worn
outout Pumps usually remain un-serviced until they break Pumps usually remain un-serviced until they break
downdown Maintenance schedules are not followed even when Maintenance schedules are not followed even when
users know that certain parts have a limited life spanusers know that certain parts have a limited life span WPC’s do not function as intended, members are WPC’s do not function as intended, members are
usually specially selected, not elected by usually specially selected, not elected by communities, and receive only rushed trainingcommunities, and receive only rushed training
Many communities are unable – or unwilling to pay for Many communities are unable – or unwilling to pay for maintenancemaintenance
Policy makers need to consider incentives for pump Policy makers need to consider incentives for pump mindersminders
Observations in Kavango and CapriviObservations in Kavango and Caprivi
Although there are no definitive figures it appears that Although there are no definitive figures it appears that there are significant levels of operational problemsthere are significant levels of operational problems
Procurement of diesel is problematicProcurement of diesel is problematic Procurement of material and equipment by DWA is Procurement of material and equipment by DWA is
difficult.difficult. WPC’s are based on volunteerism and hence the WPC’s are based on volunteerism and hence the
committee members changecommittee members change Payment by community members is erratic. Payment by community members is erratic. Namwater’s billing procedures are not clear.Namwater’s billing procedures are not clear. Namwater’s cost recovery rate was reported to be 30% Namwater’s cost recovery rate was reported to be 30%
from the community. Deficits were reported to be made from the community. Deficits were reported to be made up directly from DWA.up directly from DWA.
Repairs by DWA can take months.Repairs by DWA can take months. There is a trend of payment to caretakers being stopped.There is a trend of payment to caretakers being stopped.
Community Payment RecordsCommunity Payment Records
Riv
alry
ExcludabilityHigh
High
Low
Toll Goods/Services
• Toll Road• Bridges• Public transport
Private Goods/Services
• purchases in shops• cars
Public Goods/Services
• Lifesavers• Public stand pipe with water abundance
Common Pool Goods/Services
• Commonage grazing• Public stand pipe with water shortage
““Tragedy of the Commons”Tragedy of the Commons”
Comparison of Technological OptionsComparison of Technological Options
Technology choice has a significant impact on the way Technology choice has a significant impact on the way community must behave to sustain the schemecommunity must behave to sustain the scheme
This means that there is no generic community dynamic This means that there is no generic community dynamic around financing O&Maround financing O&M
people cattledomestic demand
agric demand
daily demand
pumping energy
h-pump 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,2608 hrs of
pumping
diesel 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,260$9 per day of diesel
elec 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,260$3 per day
of elec
solar 180 400 1,260 10,000 11,260no pump on cloudy days
nb: demand is not constant through the year due to water lying on the ground in rainy season
Example TariffsExample Tariffs
Domestic UseDomestic Use LivestockLivestock
ConsumptionConsumption 12l/c/day12l/c/day 30l/lsu/day30l/lsu/day
Tariff (Undungu)Tariff (Undungu)(new tariff) (no consideration (new tariff) (no consideration for number of cattle)for number of cattle)
NAD 30/mthNAD 30/mth NAD 50/mthNAD 50/mth
Tariff (Undungu)Tariff (Undungu)(old tariff)(old tariff)
NAD 30/mthNAD 30/mth NAD 80/mthNAD 80/mth
MakandinaMakandina NAD 5/mthNAD 5/mth NAD 10/mthNAD 10/mth
SipilisaSipilisa NAD 5/mthNAD 5/mth
IkumweIkumwe NAD 50/mthNAD 50/mth NAD 30/mthNAD 30/mth
Frequency of services (regular visits)Frequency of services (regular visits) DieselDiesel Every 2 mthsEvery 2 mths
ElectricalElectrical Once every 3 monthsOnce every 3 months
H-pumpsH-pumps 0nce every 6 months0nce every 6 months
Number of services in a dayNumber of services in a day DieselDiesel 33
ElectricalElectrical 44
H-pumpsH-pumps 55
Time allowance for emergenciesTime allowance for emergencies PercentPercent 20%20%
Travel per serviceTravel per service KmKm 100km/day100km/day
Frequency of extension support Frequency of extension support Visits per yrVisits per yr Quarterly (3 WPC per Quarterly (3 WPC per day)day)
Assistants for each artisanAssistants for each artisan numbernumber 22
Activity Base CostingActivity Base Costing
Number of admin peopleNumber of admin people numbernumber 33
Number of management staffNumber of management staff NumberNumber 33
Annual office costsAnnual office costs NADNAD Last years Last years
Provision for major repairsProvision for major repairs NADNAD 2% of capital2% of capital
Hourly rate for WPC staffHourly rate for WPC staff NADNAD NAD 9-00/hrNAD 9-00/hr
Major repairs
2%
HO Support
20%
Travel42%Office
expenses3%
Tech Support
12%
Energy2%Material
7%
CBO 5%
Travel41%
Office expenses
2%
Tech Support
14%
Energy1%
Material8%
CBO 5%
Major repairs
1%
HO Support
20%
CapriviBudget = US$ 959kABC = US$ 1,907kRSA comparison = US$ 723k
KavangoBudget = US$ 990kABC = US$ 2,285kRSA comparison = US$ 1,948k
Monthly CostsMonthly Costs
ANDMANDM CHDMCHDM
Manage and Tech SupportManage and Tech Support 31%31% 40%40%
TransportTransport 8%8% 31%31%
CBO staffCBO staff 25%25% 17%17%
MaterialMaterial 12%12% 9%9%
EnergyEnergy 7%7% 4%4%
Admin Admin 5%5% n/an/a
VATVAT 12%12% n/an/a
Examples From RSAExamples From RSA
Complex OrganisationsComplex Organisations
1.1. The number of exceptions that must be handled.The number of exceptions that must be handled.2.2. The degree to which search is analysableThe degree to which search is analysable
““When the tasks people perform are well When the tasks people perform are well understood, predictable, routine and repetitive, a understood, predictable, routine and repetitive, a bureaucratic structure is the most efficient. “things bureaucratic structure is the most efficient. “things can be programmed”.can be programmed”.
Where tasks are not well understood, the situation Where tasks are not well understood, the situation is poorly understood and possibly reactive, is poorly understood and possibly reactive, recalcitrant, or self activating, the tasks are non-recalcitrant, or self activating, the tasks are non-routine and difficult to bureaucratise”routine and difficult to bureaucratise”
1.1. comparative studies is that we cannot expect a particular comparative studies is that we cannot expect a particular relationship found in one organization to be found in another relationship found in one organization to be found in another unless we know these organizations are in fact similar with unless we know these organizations are in fact similar with respect to their technologyrespect to their technology
2.2. types of organization – in terms of their function in society – types of organization – in terms of their function in society – will vary as much within each type as between types. will vary as much within each type as between types.
• Thus, some schools, hospitals, banks and steel companies Thus, some schools, hospitals, banks and steel companies may have more in common, because of their may have more in common, because of their routine routine character, than routine and character, than routine and non-routinenon-routine schools, routine schools, routine and and non-routinenon-routine hospitals, and so forth. hospitals, and so forth.
3.3. to assume that you are holding constant the major variable by to assume that you are holding constant the major variable by comparing several schools or several steel mills is comparing several schools or several steel mills is unwarranted until one looks at the technologies employed by unwarranted until one looks at the technologies employed by
various schools or steel mills.”various schools or steel mills.”
An ExampleAn Example
Maluti GSM
““A City”A City” ““Rural Munic”Rural Munic”
PopulationPopulation 703,000703,000 961,000961,000
ConsumptionConsumption 70Ml/day70Ml/day 20Ml/day20Ml/day
Pump PowerPump Power 1000 kW1000 kW 600kW600kW
InstallationsInstallations 55 120120
AreaArea 4,100 km4,100 km22 21,900km21,900km22
TechnologyTechnology ElecElec 50% diesel50% diesel
BudgetBudget ???? ????
Staff (skills)Staff (skills) ???? ????
How do we quantify the different challenges ?
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
cost of complexity
economies of scale
total cost
Hidden Cost of ComplexityHidden Cost of Complexity
In rural water supply this hidden cost manifests In rural water supply this hidden cost manifests as service delivery failureas service delivery failure
The Operational Planners ChallengeThe Operational Planners Challenge
Tragedy of the commons
Lack of local equity
Complex technical environment
Non-bureaucraticorganisations
High cost
Distasteful split of costs
ConclusionsConclusions
If sustainability is required,If sustainability is required, realistic realistic evaluation of the following is required:evaluation of the following is required:
Identification of Identification of workwork to be carried out by to be carried out by local local peoplepeople and how it will be and how it will be paid forpaid for (tariffs or subsidies) (tariffs or subsidies)
Identification of technical and institutional support Identification of technical and institutional support required and how this will be adequately funded, with required and how this will be adequately funded, with particular emphasis on realistic particular emphasis on realistic transport transport costs to costs to provide support in settlements located far from the provide support in settlements located far from the operational huboperational hub
Maluti GSM
Key Lessons from the StudyKey Lessons from the Study Planning must identify and quantify Planning must identify and quantify adequate resourcesadequate resources Limits of local cost recoveryLimits of local cost recovery and availability of government and availability of government
funding must be considered.funding must be considered. Equitable tariffsEquitable tariffs must be set when multiple use (domestic must be set when multiple use (domestic
and livestock) services are provided.and livestock) services are provided. The staffing of community based institutions is often transient.The staffing of community based institutions is often transient. Training alone is not a sufficient, Training alone is not a sufficient, ongoing supportongoing support to WPC’s to WPC’s
is essential to ensure that the necessary skills are available.is essential to ensure that the necessary skills are available. The logistical challenge of providing support is The logistical challenge of providing support is
underestimated. underestimated.
Maluti GSM