Session 3

Cultural Values

Zhu Yaoyun@yahoo.cn

http://course.sdu.edu.cn/cec.html

上外宾馆的圣诞装扮Image Courtesy of Zhu Yaoyun

Agenda

Review 1:Review 1:1. Course Info1. Course Info2. Countries2. Countries3. Culture 3. Culture

Review 2Review 2Deep Culture &

Stereotyping

Deep Culture1.1 Deep Structure of culture(1) Family(2) State (community)/History (3) Religion (worldview)1.2 Deep culture: functions (1)They carries the most important beliefs (2) They and their messages endure (3) They are deeply felt (4) They supply much of a person’s identity 1.3 Case study

Stereotyping

• 2. 1 Stereotype: Introduction Definition Nature Effects Causes Popularity • 2.2 Stereotype: Examples• 2.3 Video Analysis

1. Perception, 1. Perception, Beliefs, ValuesBeliefs, Values

Outline

1. Perception 2. Belief 3. Value 4. Cultural Pattern = Belief + Value

Detailed Contents

1. Perception•Definition•Characteristics

2. Beliefs•Definition•Acquisition•Function

3. Values•Definition•Examples•Characteristics

1.1 Definition of Perception

Perception is best defined as “the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting

sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.”

• Perception is the primary mechanism by which you develop your worldview.

1.2 Perception & Reality

1.3 Perception and Culture Perception is culturally determined.Two ways that culture influences the perception

process:

(1) Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determined by culture.

(2) Your perceptual patterns are learned. “We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our

cultural background.”13

www.themegallery.com

World Map in Yellow: http://shijue.me/show_idea/50f79cf98ddf8756e7000585/50f79c108ddf875f47000481

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/gif/mercator.gif

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/gif/unproj.gif

2. 1 Beliefs : Defintion Perceptions are stored within each human being • in the form of beliefs

What are your beliefs? Beliefs are one’s convictions about the truth of

something —with or without proof

A good tan --- a healthy, active lifestyle Suntanned skin ---- a low social status

Zhang Ziyi, Photo Source: www.126baidu.org

2.2 Beliefs : Acquisition and Function2. How did you acquire them? Beliefs are shaped by the individual’s culture.”14

3. What function do they perform? • Beliefs serve as the storage system for the content of our past experiences, including thoughts, memories, and interpretations of events.

Beliefs are important • Because they are “accepted as truths.”• They form the basis of your values,

•RAT•OX•RABBIT•DRAGON•SNAKE•HORSE•TIGER•GOAT•MONKEY•ROOSTER•DOG•PIG

2.2 Beliefs : Acquisition and

Function• Chinese Zodiac, By Grand Master Tan Khoon Yong Source: www.WayOnNet.com• Chinese Zodiac, By Grand Master Tan Khoon Yong Source: www.WayOnNet.com• Chinese Zodiac, By Grand Master Tan Khoon Yong Source: www.WayOnNet.com

3.1 Values: Defintion

Values -----enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.

------shared ideas about

what is true, right, and beautiful which underline

cultural patterns and guide society in response to

the physical and social environment.”18 Nanda &Warmswww.themegallery.com

• Human cloning• Capital punishment• Abortion rights • Plastic Surgery

• Human cloning• Capital punishment• Abortion rights • Plastic Surgery

3.2 Values: Topics• Topics that deal with values

• Evil versus good• Dangerous versus safe• Ugly versus beautiful• Abnormal versus normal• Irrational versus rational• Dirty versus clean• Decent versus indecent• Unnatural versus natural• Paradoxical versus logical• Moral versus immoral Hofstede: 21

• Evil versus good• Dangerous versus safe• Ugly versus beautiful• Abnormal versus normal• Irrational versus rational• Dirty versus clean• Decent versus indecent• Unnatural versus natural• Paradoxical versus logical• Moral versus immoral Hofstede: 21

3.3 Values: Characteristics Characteristics: generally normative and evaluative

Values are transmitted by a variety of sources (family, proverbs, media, school, church, state,

etc.)

and therefore tend to be broad based, enduring, and relatively stable.

“Values are programmed early in our lives”( Hofstede) and therefore are often nonrational, especially when viewed by someone from another culture.23

values are learned within a cultural context.

3.3 Values: Characterstics

E.g. Leadership metaphors – Derr, Rousillon and Bournois:

• USA – The Free Agent, superstar • Latin America – The General, strong man in

charge • France – The Genius, intellectual elite • UK – The Diplomat• Germany – The Master, expert in field • Japan – Senior Statesman • China – Warlord( 军阀 ), has local power

Summary• Perception is best defined as “the process

of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.”

• Beliefs are one’s convictions about the truth of something—with or without proof.

• Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.

4. Cultural Patterns4. Cultural PatternsA prominent taxonomy of diverse culture patterns

Detailed Contents4.1 Cultural Patterns4.2 Obstacles in Using Cultural Patterns4.3 Taxonomies of Diverse culture patterns (1) High-context Vs. Low-context by Hall (2) Dimensions of national culture by Hofstede (3) Face and facework theories by Ting-Toomey (4) Value Orientation taxonomy by Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck (5) 7 fundamental dimensions of culture by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner

4.1 Cultural Patterns

Beliefs + Values = Cultural Pattern• Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a

culture.

Phoenix, http://www.cultural-china.com/

4. 2 Obstacles in Using Cultural Patterns

• WE ARE MORE THAN OUR CULTURE The dominant values of a culture may not be

shared by all individuals within a culture.

• CULTURAL PATTERNS ARE INTEGRATED

• CULTURAL PATTERNS ARE DYNAMIC

• CULTURAL PATTERNS CAN BE CONTRADICTORY

4.3 Taxonomies of Diverse Culture Patterns

(2) Hofstede dimensions of national culture①Power Distance (PDI)②Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)③Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)④Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)⑤ Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (1991)⑥Indulgence versus Restraint (2001) monochromic and polychromic time

(1) Context Orientation: High context versus Low context

4.3 Taxonomies of Diverse Culture Patterns

(4) The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck Value Orientation taxonomy (1)human nature, (2) the perception of nature (3) time, (4) activity, (5) relationships.

www.themegallery.com

(3) Ting-Toomey’s face and facework theories

(5) Extensive Reading: Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner Late 1980s 7 fundamental dimensions of culture: •Relationships with people • Universalism vs. particularism • Individualism vs. communitarianism (collectivism)• Neutral vs. emotional• Specific vs. diffuse • Achievement vs. ascription •Understanding of time attitudes toward environment

www.themegallery.com

4.3.1 Context Orientation

4.1 Theories and Themes 1:Context Orientation

Late 1950s – Edward Hall high context Vs. low context ---- the degree to which individuals rely on internalized information.

Image Source http://www.intcul.tohoku.ac.jp/~yamaguch/JPG/systemic_room_supplement/sft_profile/context_of_culture.gif

4.3.1 High-context cultures • (Much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and

South America) ----relational, collectivist, intuitive, and

contemplative. • Words are not so important as context, which

might include the speaker’s tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s family history and status.

• High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.

4.3.2 Low-context cultures

• (North America and much of Western Europe) --- logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.

• People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness.

• Communicators are expected to be straightforward, concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected.

• To be absolutely clear, they strive to use precise words and intend them to be taken literally.

• A Japanese manager explained his culture’s communication style to an American:

• “We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do here.

• When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to understand one.”

Map of low-High context dimensions, source: http://agents2change.typepad.com/blog4/2012/01/examining-culture-5-the-highs-and-the-lows-of-cultural-difference.html

• Video:• Visit by Waverly’s Boyfriend Rich

4.3.2 Dimensions of National Culture

4.3.2 Hofstede dimensions of national culture

Late 1960s – Geert Hofstede Founded and managed personnel research dept of IBM Europe.

• Surveyed 116,000 IBM employees in 40 countries . The values that distinguished countries from each other could be grouped statistically into four cluster-.

①Power Distance (PDI)②Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)③Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)④Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)⑤ Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (1991)⑥Indulgence versus Restraint (2001,93 countries)http://geert-hofstede.com/ www.themegallery.com

4.2 .1 Power distance• This dimension expresses the degree to which the

less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

• The fundamental issue here is how a society handles inequalities among people.

4.3 .2 (1) Power Distance

• People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification.

Superior

subordinates

This slide, Courtesy of Zhao ShuYi 04/20/23

4.3 .2 (1 ) Power DistanceFeatures of high power distance cultures

Social hierarchy

I nequality

Centralization of power

4.3 .2 (1 ) Power Distance

• In societies with low power distance, people strive to equalise the distribution of power and demand justification for inequalities of power.

Superior Subordinates

=

4.3 .2 (1 ) Power distance

• People in high-power distance countries such as India, Africa, Brazil, Singapore, Greece, Venezuela, Mexico, and the Philippines

• Low-power distance countries such as Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, the United States, New Zealand, and Israel hold that inequality in society should be minimized

This slide, Courtesy of Zhao ShuYi 04/20/23 04/20/23

High power distanceHigh power distance

High power distance Low power distanceMalaysia 马来西亚 104 Guatemala 　 危地马拉

95 Panama 　 巴拿马 95 Philippines 　 菲律宾

94 Mexico 　 墨西哥 81 China 中国 80

America 美国 40 Ireland 爱尔兰 28 New Zealand 新西兰 22 Denmark 　 丹麦 18 Israel 　 以色列

13 Austria 　 奥地利 11

4.3 .2 (1 ) Power Distance ： Video Analysis

• Conflicts between a Mother and a daughter in Joy Luck Club 喜福会

4.3.2 (2) Individualism/collectivism continuum• Individualism, can be defined as a preference for a

loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate families only.

• Collectivism, represents a preference for a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.

• people’s self-image: “I” or “we.”

4.3.2 (2) Individualism/collectivism continuum

1. According to Hofstede’s findings (see Table 5.1), the United States,

Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands and New Zealand all tend toward individualism.

4.3.2 (2) Individualism/collectivism continuum

2. In collective societies, such as those in Pakistan, Colombia, Venezuela, Taiwan, Peru, and much of Africa and Asia, people are born into extended families or clans that support and protect them in exchange for their allegiance.

In many Arabic nations, tribalism predominates. African Americans also exhibit “Hispanics— including Mexican-Americans,

Cubans, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Puerto Ricans, and others.”78

4.3.3 Related Theories: Face Theory

• For Ting-Toomey, face and facework take different forms and are valued differently across cultures.

Save face / lose face Face is a function of group affiliation in

collectivistic cultures and is self-derived in individualistic cultures.

In conflict situations, collectivistic cultures focus on other-face and mutual face, while individualistic cultures focus on self-face. www.themegallery.com

4.3.2 (3) Masculinity vs. femininity (career success and quality of life)

• The masculinity side of this dimension represents a preference in society for achievement, heroism, assertiveness and material reward for success.

Society at large is more competitive. • Its opposite, femininity, stands for a

preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life. Society at large is more consensus-oriented.

• Ireland, the Philippines, Greece, Venezuela, Austria, Japan, Italy, and Mexico are among the countries where you can find many of the masculine values described by Hofstede (see Table 5.4).

[Ex. Japanese men linger outside until around midnight]• Nations such as Sweden,Norway, Finland, Denmark, and

the Netherlands tend toward a feminine worldview.

4.3.3(3) Masculinity vs. femininity (career success and quality of life)

• Ireland provides an example ( in 2007 women were elected to only 35 of the 226 combined seats available in the Upper and Lower Houses, which demonstrates a low level of political empowerment).

• Quite in contrast to the masculine culture of Ireland, in Sweden, which had the highest ranking in Hofstede’s femininity category, women occupied 47.3 percent of the 349 legislative positions following the 2006 election, which suggests a high level of political empowerment. 98

4.3.3(3) Masculinity vs. femininity (career success and quality of life)

4.3.3(4) Uncertainty Avoidance

• The uncertainty avoidance dimension expresses the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity.

• The fundamental issue here is how a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen?

Uncertainty in Films • Lost in Translation 迷失东京• Body Height

4.3.3(4) Uncertainty Avoidance

• Countries exhibiting strong UAI maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are

intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas. Nations with a strong uncertainty avoidance

tendency are Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium, and Japan.

8 旬老太三寸金莲逛超市引发关注 Source: http://www.ahradio.com.cn 　　　 2006-10-16 09:51

4.3.3(4) Uncertainty Avoidance

• Weak UAI societies maintain a more relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles.

countries like Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, the United States, Finland, and the NetherlandsHong kong, Singapore

• Image: Suit+sneakers, source: Mymaoamo.cn

• The long-term orientation dimension can be interpreted as dealing with society’s search for virtue.

4.3.3(5) Long- versus short- term orientation

Quran , Source:www.alquranacademy.co.uk

Holy Bible, Source: holybible.ucoz.orgBook of Changes, Source: http://us.macmillan.com/theichingorbookofchanges/BrianWalker

4.3.3(5) Long- versus short- term orientation • Societies with a short-term orientation

generally have a strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth.

• They are normative in their thinking. They exhibit great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for the future, and a focus on achieving quick results. [often do not place a high priority on status, try to postpone old age. 104]

• E.g., the United States, Great Britain, Canada, the Philippines

4.3.3(5) Long- versus short- term orientation

• In societies with a long-term orientation, people believe that

• truth depends very much on • situation, context and time. • They show an ability to adapt traditions to changed

conditions, a strong propensity to save and invest, thriftiness, and perseverance in achieving results.

• China, Hong Kong, Taiwan,• Japan, and South Korea Book of Changes, Source:

http://us.macmillan.com/theichingorbookofchanges/BrianWalker

4.3.3(6) Indulgence Vs. Restraint

• Indulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives

related to enjoying life and having fun.

• Restraint stands for a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.

4.2.3(6) Indulgence Vs. Restraint

Review: 4.3.3 Hofstede dimensions of national culture

①Power Distance (PDI)②Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)③Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)④Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)⑤ Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (1991)⑥Indulgence versus Restraint (2001,93

countries) http://geert-hofstede.com/

www.themegallery.com

Video Analysis: Three reasons that I like China

4.3.4 Value Orientation Taxonomy

Theories and Themes 4• The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck Value Orientation taxonomy (1)human nature, (2) the perception of nature (3) time, (4) activity, (5) relationships.

www.themegallery.com

4.3.4 Value Orientation Taxonomy

After examining numerous cultures, the Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck concluded that all people turn to their culture to assist them in answering the same five basic questions:

1. What is the character of human nature?2. What is the relation of humankind to nature?3. What is the orientation toward time?4. What is the value placed on activity?5. What is the relationship of people to each

other? 107

4.3.4.1 The character of human nature-Evil

People are intrinsically evil ：• In parts of the Arab world • In the United States, this orientation, which

was inherited from Puritan ancestors, was the prevailing view for many, many years.

In the last hundred years, however, U.S. Americans have come to see themselves as--

.

4.4.1 The character of human nature -Good and Evil

A mixture of good and evil ：That is, most Americans now believe they are

“perfectible.” According to this analysis, with constant hard work, control, education, and self- discipline, people can achieve goodness

• People who hold the Taoist • Many Europeans

4.3.4. 1 The character of human nature -Good

• • Most interpretations of the writings of

Confucius maintain that he was “very optimistic” about human nature.111

• Buddhism maintains that you are born pure and are closest to what is called “loving kindness” when you enter this world.

4.3.4.2 Person/Nature Orientation --HUMAN BEINGS SUBJECT TO NATURE

The most powerful forces of life are beyond their control. Whether the force be a god, fate, or magic, a person cannot overcome it and must therefore learn to accept it.

• Hindu, because everything is part of a unified force.

This “oneness” with the world helps create a vision of a world operating in harmony.

In Mexico and among Mexican Americans, there is a strong tie to Catholicism and the role of fate in controlling life and nature.

4.3.4.2 Person/Nature Orientation --COOPERATION WITH NATURE

• The cooperation view is widespread and is associated with East Asians.

• In Japan and Thailand, there is a perception that nature is part of life and not a hostile force waiting to be subdued. This orientation affirms that people should, in every way possible, live in harmony with nature.

• The desire to be part of nature and not control it has always been strong among American Indians.

4.3.4.2. Person/Nature Orientation --CONTROLLING NATURE

• This value orientation is characteristic of• the Western approach, • which has a long tradition of valuing

technology, change, and science. • People with this orientation see a clear

separation between humans and nature.

• Americans have historically believed that nature was something that could and had to be mastered.

4.3.4.3 PAST ORIENTATION

Past-oriented cultures: The past should be the guide for making

decisions and determining truth. History, established religions, and tradition

are extremely important Japan -- Shintoism ,reverence toward ancestors Great Britain -devotion to tradition, including the

continuation of a monarchyThe FrenchThe Chinese- respect for their historical heritage

4.3. 4.3 PRESENT ORIENTATIONPresent-oriented cultures hold that• the immediate moment has the most

significance, • the present should be enjoyed. • because they see • the future as vague, ambiguous, and

unknown.

• People of the Philippines and • most Latin American, e.g.Mexican Americans • also characteristic of the African- American co-

culture.

4.4. 3 FUTURE ORIENTATION

Future-oriented cultures, emphasize what is to come, and expect the future to be grander than the

present. they can control the future.

Such as the U.S. dominant culture, • “If at first you don’t succeed,try, try again.”• “Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is

ours to win or to lose.”

4.3.4.4 BEING ORIENTATION

People in being-orientated cultures accept people, events, and ideas as flowing

spontaneously. They stress release, indulgence of existing

desires, and working for the moment.”120

Most Latino cultures have the view that the current activity is the one that matters the most. E.g. In Mexico

4.34.4 BEING-IN-BECOMING ORIENTATION

• The being-in-becoming orientation stresses the idea of development and growth

• This usually correlates with cultures that value a spiritual life more than a material one.

• Hinduism and Buddhism, people spend a portion of their lives in meditation

and contemplation in an attempt to purify and fully advance themselves

. Many of the New Age religious movements in the United States also stress the need to develop the being-in-becoming approach to daily life.

4.3.4.4 DOING ORIENTATION

• The key to this orientation is a value system that stresses activity and action.

• The dominant American culture: Americans are action oriented; they are go-getters. They get going,

get things done, and get ahead. In America, people gather for action—to play basketball, to dance, to go to a concert. When groups gather they play games or watch videos. Many Americans don’t have the patience to sit down and talk. . . . Life is in constant motion.

4.5 Seven Fundamental Dimensions of Culture

Theories and Themes 5Late 1980s Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner Consultants By 1998: 15 years of research – questionnaire based. Framework from Talcott Parsons, US Sociologist (Harvard 1927-1973) 30 companies, 50 countries, 30,000 people 7 fundamental dimensions of culture: •Internal direction versus outer direction• Universalism vs. particularism • Individualism vs. communitarianism (collectivism)• Neutral vs. emotional• Specific vs. diffuse • Achievement vs. ascription •Sequential time versus synchronous time.

www.themegallery.com

4.4.5 The Seven Dimensions of Culture

1. Internal direction versus outer direction• People believe that they can control nature or their

environment to achieve goals. • People believe that nature, or their environment,

controls them; they must work with their environment to achieve goals.

• 2. Universalism vs. Particularism -- universal standards and rules (Contracts ) vs. particular people and particular situations (relationship)3. Individualism vs. Collectivism/ Communitarianism• the wants and needs of the individual vs. the interests

of the group.

4.4.5 The Seven Dimensions of Culture

4. Neutral vs. Emotional – show little emotion vs. show emotions readily in many different situations. Controlled vs. animated. American: “The squeaky wheel gets the grease. Chinese: 觉人之诈，不愤于言；受人之侮，不动于色；察人之过，不扬于他；施人之惠，不记于心。5. Achievement vs. Ascription •– what you have done vs. who you are. France (e.g. your school) vs. US (your achievement).

4.4.5 The Seven Dimensions of Culture

• 6. Sequential Time Versus Synchronous Time• Typical sequential-time cultures include China,

Russia, and Mexico.• Typical synchronous-time cultures include

Japan, Canada, Norway, the U.K., and the U.S.

•Worksheet

• •The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck Value Orientation taxonomy includes (1) human nature, (2) the perception of nature, (3) time, (4) activity, and (5) relationships.

• Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner Consultants :7 fundamental dimensions of culture:

①Internal direction versus outer direction② Universalism vs. particularism ③ Individualism vs. communitarianism (collectivism)④ Neutral vs. emotional⑤ Specific vs. diffuse ⑥ Achievement vs. ascription ⑦Sequential time versus synchronous time.

Review Review

Detailed Contents

1. Perception•Definition•Characteristics

2. Beliefs•Definition•Acquisition•Function

3. Values•Definition•Examples•Characteristics

Detailed Contents• Cultural Patterns• Obstacles in Using Cultural Patterns• A prominent taxonomy of diverse culture patterns (1) High-context Vs. Low-context by Hall (2) Dimensions of national culture by Hofstede (3) Face and facework theories by Ting-Toomey (4) Value Orientation taxonomy by Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck (5) 7 fundamental dimensions of culture by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner

Summary

Perception is best defined as “the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.”

• Perception is the primary mechanism by which you develop your worldview.

• Beliefs are one’s convictions about the truth of something—with or without proof.

• Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.

• Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.

Summary

• In Hall’s Context Orientation, high context and low context describe the degree to which individuals rely on internalized information.

• • A prominent taxonomy of diverse culture patterns that explains both perceptual and communication differences is Hofstede’s Values Dimension, which includes

(1) individualism and collectivism, (2) uncertainty avoidance, (3) power distance, (4) masculinity and femininity, and (5) long-term and short-term orientation (6) Indulgence vs

For Ting-Toomey, face and facework take different forms and are valued differently across cultures Collectivistic cultures often focus on other-face and mutual face, while individualistic cultures focus on self-face.

Film to Watch: Joy Luck ClubSuyuan Woo，Jing-Mei "June" Woo

LindoJong，Waverly

Jong

Ying-Ying “Betty” St. Clair，Lena St. Clair

An-Mei Hsu，Rose Hsu

Jordan

Uncertainty in Films • Lost in Translation 迷失东京•

References

• http://geert-hofstede.com/• Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, Edwin R.

McDaniel, Communication between Cultures(6th Edition), Beijing: Peking University Press, 2009

• PPT by my students, Guo Yanping, Zhao Shuyi, Zhao Chuandong

• What’s Up with Culture?• Trompenaars, Alfons, Hampden-Turner, Charles.

Riding the Waves of Culture