sesi 04 km capture & codify

KNOWLEDGE

CAPTURE &

CODIFICATION

CHAPTER 4

Kimiz Dalkir

2005

The material used in producing this presentation

derived from the book. Several examples added

to enrich the student’s understanding

Please acknowledge the Authors

KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & CODIFICATION

THE OBJECTIVE

Mengenal istilah dan konsep yang digunakan dalam mempelajari &

mengkodifikasi pengetahuan

Menjelaskan teknik yang digunakan untuk mempelajari pegetahuan tacit dari

sumber utama.

Menetapkan peran dan tanggung jawab selama proses pembelajaran dan

kodifikasi

Menjelaskan pendekatan taksonomi yang digunakan untuk

mengkalsifikasikan pengetahuan

09 Nopember 2013 KM Teaching - TELKOM University 2

PREFACE

Pembahasan mengenai cara menangkap pengetahuan dan

menyusunnya dengan rapi akan menggunakan siklus KM

terintegrasi

Knowledge capture/creating

Knowledge sharing & dissemination

Knowledge acquisition & application

Kita menangkap pengetahuan tacit, kemudian disusun

menjadi pengetahuan explicit

Differences between capture (of existing knowledge) and

create knowledge (new knowledge)

Capturing is not only about technology


PREFACE


PREFACE

• Employee experiences

• Tangible data

• Knowledge stores inside the company

Perwujudan dari sumber pengetahuan organisasi (organization memory)

adalah:

• It has to be spent/used, in order to be valued

Pengetahuan adalah harta intelektual yang akan

berkurang nilainya & kurang berharga jika tidak dipelajari

dengan tepat

• It had to be protected, cultivated, shared

• The key is to transform the individual knowledge to organization knowledge then to disseminate

Knowledge is the only sustainable competitive

advantage


PREFACE

To compete effectively, your organization should be like

these


PREFACE

Do not bring a knife in a gun fight


PREFACE

Organization need to possess any knowledge which has

value to them in order to increase its agility & ability, and

not just the necessary knowledge for current use but also

for the future development

It must possess ;

Learning ability

Skills to apply

Willingness and courage to learn and to apply


TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE

Individual inside the firms play critical role in acquiring firms

knowledge

The firms also play significant role for individual knowledge

New knowledge – exploration

Existing knowledge - exploitation

Capturing technique using experts system,

Gathering know-how from experts so it can perform like one

Using questionnaire, interview, surveys, observations, talk aloud


TACIT KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE


TACIT CAPTURE in Individu/Group

Transformation of valuable expertise from knower

(expert/document) to knowledge repository

Reducing a vast volume of content from diverse

domains/sourcdes into a precise, easily useable sets of

facts & rules (ex: Reporter, journalist, writer)

Expert system (Knowledge Based System):

Knowledge engineer interview the experts

Produce conceptual model of the critical knowledge

Translate the model into computer-executable

The goal is to extract & render explicit procedural

knowledge that comprise know-how


Procedural knowledge, comprise special know-how

How to do things

How the diagnose

How to make decision

How to prescribe

Declarative knowledge, knowing ‘what’

The major task of knowledge engineer ;

Analyzing information & knowledge flow

Working with expert to optain information

Design & implement expert system



The experts responsibiliy ;

Explain critical knowledge & know-how

Introspective & patient

Effective communication skills

3 approaches to knowledge acquisition which have to use

simultaneously (Parsaye, 1998) ;

Interviewing experts

Learning by being told

Learning by observation

Learning by doing (extra)




Structure interview

Interviewer must have strong communication & conceptual skills,

and also know the subject

Using open (encourage free response) & close questions (limited)




4 techniques in structure interview

Paraphrasing, restating of the perceived meaning of the

speaker’s message using own words

• The goal is to check the accuracy with which the message was

conveyed and understood

Clarifying, lets the expert know that the message was not

immediately understandable

• The goal is the expert clarify the original message so that the

interviewer gets a better idea of the intended message




Summarizing, helps the interviewer compile discrete pieces of

information and form a knowledge acquisition session into a

meaningful whole

• The goal is to confirm that the expert’s message was heard

and understood correctly.

Reflecting feelings, mirrors back to the speaker the feelings that

seem to have been communicated.

• The goal is to clear the air of some emotional reaction or

negative impact of the message




Stories

Telling of a happening or a connected series of happenings,

whether true or fictitious (Denning, 2001)

An organizational story can be defined as a detailed narrative of

past management actions, employee interactions, or other key

events that have occurred and that have been communicated

informally

knowledge-sharing stories need to be authentic, believable, and

compelling

Read the storytelling of IBM on page 87-88, handwritten

translation and submit next week



Learning by being Told

Interviewees express & refine their knowledge

Knowledge engineer clarifiy & validate

Tools ;

Task analysis (job sepcifications & descriptions)

Process & protocol analysis (the way knower apply their

knowledge)

Simulation (model, software, maps, practices)



Learning by observations

Two expertise

Motor-based (operating, conducting)

Cognitive expertise (conceptual, analysis)

Present the problem, scenario, case to be solved by the

experts

Knowledge can’t be observed, behaviour & expertise can

Using tools such audio & video could increase the

successfulness of the process

Screen capture, props



Other methods ;

Ad hoc sessions.

Road maps.

Learning histories, consists of

(1) planning,

(2) reflective interviews,

(3) distillation,

(4) writing,

(5) validation,

(6) dissemination



Other methods ;

Action learning.

E-learning.

Conference

Guest speakers

Learning from others through business guest speakers and

benchmarking against best practices.





Hermawan Kartajaya

Marketing horizontal

Arif Partono

Laporan Tugas Perkuliahan

KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION PHASE


KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION PHASE


• Process of characterizing key problem aspects such as participants, resources, goals, and existing reference materials.

Identification

• Specifying the key concepts and the key relationships among them in the form of a concept or knowledge map.

Conceptualization

• Renders the validated content into an explicit form which then be more readily disseminated throughout the organization

Codification

4 Major organizational knowledge acquisition (Malhotra, 2000)

Grafting

Migrations of knowledge between firms (merger, acquisition,

alliances)

Vicarious learning

One firm observing other firm’s demonstration of techniques &

procedures


TACIT CAPTURE in Organization

4 Major organizational knowledge acquisition (Malhotra, 2000)

Experential learning

Knowledge acquisition within the firm by doing & practising it,

based on repetition of experiences

Refinement & improvement the process (single loop)

Inferential process

Learning within the firm thru interpretation of event, states,

changes, outcomes

Deductive & experimental learning, establish causal links

between actions & outcomes

Double loop changing assumptions & frameworks


TACIT CAPTURE in Organization

Proses mengubah pengetahuan ke dalam bentuk

tangible/eksplisit (dokumen/arsip) agar dapat disebarkan

dgn lebih mudah & murah

Masalah terkait kualitas hasil kodifikasi ;

Keakuratan - Accuracy

Understandability - pemahaman

Accessibility - akses

Currency – arti penting pengetahuan

Credibility - kredibilitas

Mengapa harus dikodifikasi?

Easily understood, maintained, improved


EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE CODIFICATION

Cognitive maps

Decision tree

Knowledge taxonomies

Task analysis


CODIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Cognitive maps

Representation of the ‘mental model’ of a person

knowledge

Provide good form of codified knowledge

Proses berpikir seseorang untuk mengartikan lingkungan

mereka yang kompleks

Allow expert to construct knowledge mode



Mental Model:

Beliefs, ideas, images, and verbal descriptions that we consciously or

unconsciously form from our experiences and which (when formed) guide our

thoughts and actions within narrow channels.

These perceived reality explain cause and effect to us, and lead us to expect

certain results, give meaning to events, and predispose us to behave in certain

ways.

Although mental models provide internal stability in a world of continuous

change, they also blind us to facts and ideas that challenge or defy our deeply

held beliefs.

They are, by their very nature, fuzzy and incomplete.

Everyone has different models (differ in detail from everyone else's) of the

same concept or subject, no matter how common or simple.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mental-models.html



Jay Wright Forrester defined mental models as:

The image of the world around us, which we carry in our head, is just a model.

Nobody in his head imagines all the world, government or country. He has only

selected concepts, and relationships between them, and uses those to

represent the real system.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_model












Decision tree

Ussualy in form of flowchart,

Compact & efficient

Support with alternate paths indicating the impact of different

decision




Konsep, dipandang sebagai satu kesatuan dari

pengetahuan dan keahlian

Mengidentifikasi konsep utama

Menggambarkan pengaturan konsep pada suatu bidang

ilmu tertentu

Menjelaskan saling ketergantungan pada satu konsep

hirarkis

Semakin tinggi letak suatu konsep, semakin umum




Sorting techniques ;

Manual, automated

Sorting card, cluster analysis (method of producing classification

from data that initially unclassified



CONCLUSION

Capturing knowledge is process of adding value to the

original content (restructuring, rewritting)

Analysizing & reworking help clarify what organization know

& what it need to know


CREDITS & INFORMATION

http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/articles/1010/1010.htm

http://www.ahg.com/absolutely%20knowledge%20management%20s

ystem.htm

http://www.prescientdigital.com/articles/content-management/content-

management-in-a-knowledge-management-context/

http://www.lc-stars.com/knowledge.html

http://peterpaulperez.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/knowledge-

management-in-the-call-center-industry/

http://www.ugc.edu.hk/tlqpr01/site/abstracts/098_hui.htm

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/activities/knowl

edge.htm


http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/articles/1010/1010.htm

http://www.ahg.com/absolutely knowledge management system.htm

http://www.ahg.com/absolutely knowledge management system.htm

http://www.prescientdigital.com/articles/content-management/content-management-in-a-knowledge-management-context/


















http://peterpaulperez.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/knowledge-management-in-the-call-center-industry/













http://www.ugc.edu.hk/tlqpr01/site/abstracts/098_hui.htm

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/activities/knowledge.htm

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/activities/knowledge.htm

http://www.hcklab.org/research/knowledgemanagement/tacit-explicit-

knowledge.htm

http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/KM/ExplicitTacit.htm

http://serbaserbikm.blogspot.com/2010/07/2-macam-tipe-knowledge-

yaitu.html

http://www.systems-thinking.org/kmbh/kmbh.htm

http://www.kmnetwork.com/WhatIsKM.html

All figure are from Kimiz Dalkir, 2005, KM Theory & Practices


http://www.hcklab.org/research/knowledgemanagement/tacit-explicit-knowledge.htm





http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/KM/ExplicitTacit.htm

http://serbaserbikm.blogspot.com/2010/07/2-macam-tipe-knowledge-yaitu.html












http://www.kmnetwork.com/WhatIsKM.html

DRESSED 4 SUCCESS

Conduct a brief review after every class.

Complete the assigment on time.

Prepare and conduct the presentation seriously

Pay full attention about what the class discussed

Make notes to help understand the lecture.

Read & understand the main references/books

Look for the other lecture materials from other class

Keep 100% attendance


sesi 04 km capture & codify

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