sero prevalence and risk factors-dr harid kirunda
DESCRIPTION
Uganda continues to suffer inadequate food security Livestock plays a major role with cattle accounting for over 60% of the value of edible products in form of milk and meat Although very gradual, Uganda continue to achieve increase in milk productionTRANSCRIPT
Sero-prevalence and Risk factors
for Outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth
Disease in Uganda
H. Kirunda, N. Muwereza, S.D. Kerfua, P.D. Kasaija,
R. Sande, R. Azabo, C. Ssekitto , P. Emudong, R.
Alingu, J. Walubengo, T. Kabuuka
African Dairy Conference and Exhibition (ESADA), 24th - 26thSeptember 2014,
Kenya International Conference Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
Introduction
Uganda continues to suffer inadequate food security
Livestock plays a major role with cattle accounting
for over 60% of the value of edible products in form
of milk and meat
Although very gradual, Uganda continue to achieve
increase in milk production
Trend of milk production in Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Qu
an
tity
(to
nn
es
) o
f m
ilk
pro
du
ce
d
Period (years)
Supply of whole milk in Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Qu
an
tity
(to
nn
es)
of
wh
ole
mil
k s
up
pli
ed
Period (years)
Export of fresh milk from Uganda
Source: FAOSTAT, 2014
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
To
nn
es
of
ex
po
rte
d m
ilk
Period (years)
6Nganda cattleSmall East African Zebu cattle
Ankole cattle
Nganda cattle
Challenge of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
The dairy industry is however highly jeopardized by trans-
boundary animal diseases including foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD)
FMD is a
contagious viral
disease that
continues to
ravage different
countries in the
world
Economic implications of FMD
The disease causes adverse effects on economies
of affected countries:
losses in household income
Restriction in access to international markets
Costs are also met through the measures put in
place to control an outbreak
Average loss per cattle head US$123
In cattle sero-prevalence of the different serotypes is:
O = 61%
A = 33%
SAT 1 = 70%
SAT 2 = 34%
SAT 3 = 12%
FMD in Uganda
In goats and sheep the serotype O and SAT were
identified with sero-prevalence of;
Goats =14%
Sheep = 22%
Serotype O has been identified and characterized
by molecular methods
FMD in Uganda Cont’d
Although government has made
efforts to control FMD, the disease
outbreaks have continued to occur
across the country
Currently, outbreaks are in 32 out
of the 112 districts of Uganda
This study sought to identify the
risk factors associated with
outbreaks of FMD in Uganda
Control of FMD
Study areas
The 2-month cross-sectional study was carried out in seven
districts with during FMD outbreaks in the country
These included;
2 districts in central
1 district in western
4 districts in eastern
A structured questionnaire was administered to heads or
animal attendants in 384 farm households
Materials and methods
Sera were taken and data captured from 516 study cattle with
observed FMD clinical signs recorded
Sera analysis was done by cELISA for functional proteins to
ascertain exposure
Analysis was done using FMDV Non-Structural protein ELISA
Kit for antibodies against the non-structural 3ABC proteins of
FMDV
Statistical analysis was done at univariate, bivariate and
multivariate levels for proportions, relationships and strength of
associations using logistic regression (at 95% CI)
Materials and methods Cont’d
Results: Demographic characteristics
Region Freq Age
<6m-1 Yr 1-2 Yrs 2-3 Yrs 3-5 Yrs 6>5yr
Central 111 9.9% 11.7% 19.8% 54.1% 4.5%
East 364 5.8% 8.0% 8.2% 33.5% 44.5%
West 41 17.1% 7.3% 31.7% 43.9% 0.0%
Total 516 7.6% 8.7% 12.6% 38.8% 32.4%
Region Frequency Breed
Local Cross
Central 111 33.3% 66. 7%
East 364 72.2% 27.7%
West 41 53.7% 46.3%
Total 516 62.4% 37.6%
Results: Demographic characteristics
Region Frequency Sex
Female Male
Central 111 93.7% 6.3%
East 364 79.9% 20.1%
West 41 97.6% 2.4%
Total 516 84.3% 15.7%
Region Freq Herd size (%)
1-20
cattle
20-40
cattle
40-60
cattle
60-80
cattle
>80
cattle
Central 111 4.5% 33.4% 26.1% 22.5% 13.5%
East 364 20.6% 36.8% 20.6% 0.0% 22.0%
West 41 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100%
Total 516 15.5% 33.1% 20.2% 4.8% 26.4%
Results: Demographic characteristics
Average sero-prevalence was 27.5% (CI: 23.8 - 31.5)
Herds of cattle moved for more 2 km per day (OR=4.4,
95% CI: 1.21 - 16.0)
Cattle allowed frequent assess to slaughter sites
(OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.13 - 4.70)
Keeping cattle in kraals in muddy condition for months
(OR=5.1, 95% CI: 0.63 – 41.4)
Introduction of new animal in the herd (OR=0.1, 95% CI:
0.03 - 0.35)
Results: Risk Factors
There are several risk factors that increase the likelihood
of introduction to and spread of FMD in cattle in Uganda
Conclusion
Recommendation
Study results could be used in development of improved
strategies for control of FMD in the country
Information on the identified risk factors could be useful in
improving veterinary and livestock management practices
National Animal Diseases Diagnostic and
Epidemiology Cetre (NADDEC)/MAAIF
District Veterinary staff
Farmers in participating districts
Acknowledgments
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