1

September 2014

2

Nuisance

Air Pollution

Groundwater Contamination

Surface Water Contamination

Soil Contamination

Water Supply

Wastewater/Hazardous Waste Disposal

Natural Habitat

Earthquakes3

4

Surface Spills

Pits / Ponds

Flowback Water

Transportation

Stormwater runoff

Leaks from well pads and pits

Chemical storage/ Spills

Accidental spills from fracking trucks, etc.

Seepage from contaminated groundwater

Well Leakage

5

Source: AAPG, 2012Source: DWR, 2003

6Source: EPA, 2012

Source: EPA, 2012

7

Faults may act as a 

conduit

Fracking to / near fresh groundwater

Groundwater

Shale Oil/Gas 

Old  Gas/Oil Well – Not Abandoned ProperlySource: EPA, 2013

8

Source: All Consulting, 2008

9

Source: NRDC, 2011; EWG, 2011

10

EPA Traced Pollution of Underground Water Supply to Hydraulic FracturingIn 1982, Kaiser Gas Co. drilled and hydraulically fractured a natural gas well on the property of James Parsons in Jackson County, W. Va. The EPA concluded in a 1987 report to Congress that the process contaminated Parsons’ water well with fracturing fluid . It is unclear how the “fracking” fluids may have entered the water well, but four old natural gas wells nearby could have been the conduits for contamination. (Environmental Working Group, 2011)

1- Hydraulic Fractures

2- 1940s Wells Nearby

3- Fluid Migration

4- Breakout into Aquifer

EPA Case Studies (EPA, 2012)◦ Las Animas and Huerfano Counties, Colorado

◦ Dunn County, North Dakota

◦ Bradford County, Pennsylvania

◦ Washington County, Pennsylvania

◦ Wise County, Texas

11

In California◦ 2009 Kern County 96 million

barrels of wastewater from drilling leached from holding ponds onto a farmers property contaminating groundwater

12

13

• UST’s and Industrial Chemicals• located several feet to about 100

feet from groundwater, above the groundwater table.

• Oil Wells and Injection Wells• generally Located 1,000’s of feet to

up to a couple of miles below surface.

Modified From: Marshak, Stephen. Earth: Portrait of a Planet (Fourth Edition), 4th Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.

14

• Just over 2,200 wells have been hydraulically fractured in California.

• Most in the Central Valley

Hydraulically Fractured Wells

15

• 1980’s there were 2.1 million regulated USTs in U.S.

• >500,000 UST Leaks reported across U.S.

• Nationally, 5,500 new leaks are reported each year

• 42,000 Cleanups Initiated in California

• 6,000 Cleanups remaining

• California has more than • 20,000 active permitted

USTs

USTs

18

Gasoline 1 Frack Fluid 2 Twinkie 3

Propane Hydrochloric Acid Thiamine mononitrateIsobutane Glutaraldehyde Ferrous Sulfate

n-Butane Quaternary Ammonium Chloride

Dextrose

tralls-2-Butene Quaternary Ammonium Chloride

Monocalcium phosphate

cis-2-Butene Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl-Phosphonium Sulfate Sodium acid pyrophosphate

3-Methyl-I-butene Ammonium Persulfate Calcium caseinateIsopentane Sodium Chloride Sodium caseinateI-Pentene Magnesium Peroxide Monoglyceride2-Methyl-I-butene Magnesium Oxide Diglyceride2-Methyl-l,3-butadiene Calcium Chloride Polysorbate 60n-Pentane Choline Chloride Corn dextrin

trans-2-Pentene Tetramethyl ammonium chloride

Sodium stearoyl lactylate2-Methyl-2-butene Sodium Chloride Soy flour2-Methyl-I.2-butadiene Isopropanol Wheat flour3,3-Dimethyl-l-butene Methanol Folic acidCyclopentane Formic Acid Niacin3-Methyl-I-pentene Acetaldehyde Riboflavin2.3-Dimethylbutane Petroleum Distillate Sugar2-Methylpentane Hydrotreated Light Petroleum

Distillate Water3-Methylpentane Potassium Metaborate Corn syrupn-Hexane Triethanolamine Zirconate High fructose corn syrupMethylcyclopentane Sodium Tetraborate Vegetable shortening2,2-Dimethylpentane Boric Acid Animal shorteningBenzene Zirconium Complex Whole eggsCyclohexane Borate Salts Modified cornstarch2.3-DimethyIpentane Ethylene Glycol Corn flour3-Methylhexane Methanol Glucose3-Ethylpentane Polyacrylamide Baking sodan-Heptane Petroleum Distillate Sweet dairy whey2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Hydrotreated Light Petroleum

Distillate Soy protein isolate

Gasoline 1 Frack Fluid 2 Twinkie 3

Methy lcyclohexane Methanol Salt2,2,-Dimethylhexane Ethylene Glycol Soy lecithinToluene Guar Gum Cornstarch2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Petroleum Distillate Cellulose gum3-Methylheptane Hydrotreated Light Petroleum

Distillate Sorbic acid2-Methylheptane Methanol FD&C Yellow #5n-Octane Polysaccharide Blend Red 402,4,4-Trimethylhexane Ethylene Glycol2,2-Dimethy Iheptane Citric AcidEthylbenzene Acetic Acidp-Xylene Thioglycolic Acidm-Xylene Sodium Erythorbate3,3,4-Trimethylhexane Lauryl Sulfateo-Xylene Isopropanol2,2,4-Trimethylheptane Ethylene Glycoln-Nonane Sodium Hydroxide3,3,5-Trimethylheptane Potassium Hydroxiden-Propy Imenzene Acetic Acid2.3,4-Trimethylheptane Sodium Carbonate1,3.5-;rrimethylbenzene Potassium Carbonate1,2.4-Trimethylbenzene Copolymer of Acrylamide and

Sodium Acrylaten-Decane Sodium PolycarboxylateMethy Ipropy Ibenzene Phosphonic Acid SaltDimethy lethylbenzene Lauryl Sulfaten-Undecane Ethanol1.2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Naphthalene1.2.3,4-Tetramethylbenzene Methanol1,2,4-Trimethyl-5-ethylbenzene Isopropyl Alcoholn-Dodecane 2-ButoxyethanolNaphthalene Methylnaphthalene

1 Ground Water Management Review. Spring, 1990, p. 167. 2 FracFocus, What Chemicals are Used, http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/what-chemicals-are-used3 Twinkie, Deconstructed , Hudson Street Press, 2007

Fracking in California uses about 150,000 gallons of water per well

Average golf course uses 300,000 gallons of water each day; 1,100 course in California

Wells typically only fracked once. Therefore, every well in the state that has been frackedto date could be done with the water used on golf courses in one day.

19

SB 4 Became law January 1, 2014 Places California Division of Oil, Gas, and

Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) in Charge of Overseeing Compliance

Groundwater Issues to be Overseen by State Water Resources Control Board◦ Develop permanent model groundwater monitoring criteria

on or before July 1, 2015

20

Hydraulic Fracturing has a potential to impact Groundwater, but most of the Processes that might impact Groundwater are similar to other Industrial Processes

There Has Been Documented Impact, but Rare Oil Drilling and Groundwater Production have

Co-Existed In U.S. for Over 100 years Risk from Fracking Likely Overstated Compared

to Other Potential Contaminants Water Use Not Significant Regulatory Actions Have Been Put Into Place to

Protect Groundwater

21

22

23

Interim Regulations◦ Operators are required to file an

Interim Well Stimulation Treatment Notice – NO PERMIT REQUIRED AT THIS TIME

◦ Provide chemical disclosure of well stimulation fluids

◦ Develop a Groundwater Monitoring Plan

◦ Develop a Water Management Plan◦ Develop a Spill Contingency Plan for

proper storage and handling of well stimulation fluids

◦ Allows nearby property owners to request groundwater testing

◦ DOGGR required to compile submitted information and make it available to the public

24

25

Source

Common to Various

Industrial Operations

Associated with

Hydraulic Frackturing

Surface Spills • •Transportation • •Chemical Storage • •Discharge to Disposal Wells Wells • •Leakage from Surface Impoundments/Tanks • •Flowback Water •Migration of Fracturing Fluids •

26

33

Source: AAPG, 2012

Source: San Francisco Chronicle, 2012

• 1,750 sq. miles • Depths ranging from 3,000 to 17,000 ft.• Monterey is estimated at 15.4 Billion

Barrels of Oil, which is 63% of U.S. Shale OilSource: AAPG, 2012

34