september 2010 journal

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YOUH ENERGY JOURNAL

Copyright 2010 World Energy Council urkish National Committee,All rights reserved.

All or a portion o this article only with the permission o the World

Energy Council urkish National Committee can be published.

In this journal, the opinions o the participants express their own opin-ions. World Energy Council urkish National Committee's opinionsare not express in this report.

Publication date: September 2010Dnya Enerji Konseyi rk Milli Komitesi (DEK MK)Cinnah Cad. No: 67/15

06680 ankaya-Ankarael: (312) 442 82 78-79 (pbx)Faks: (312) 441 96 10E-mail: [email protected]: www.dektmk.org.tr


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esag fr hlead

Youth Energy groups are new formations within World EnergyCouncil, however, we believe that it will bring quite achievement to

World Energy Councils today and future. Todays energy leaders are

the most successful people in this day and age that is why they lead

their company or state to success that needs to be sustainable and

effective. This sustainability will come true, if todays energy leaders

bring up the people that will have their authority in the near fu-

ture. That is the strongest and the clearest way to have sustainable

achievement.

This e-journal, that you are reading now , is the frst sample thatwas prepared by the young leaders in this feld. When we decided

to publish this e-journal the process and its own conclusions were not

clear that is why we took time with many contestations. The group

members were young and the project was like a dream. Moreover,

we decided to publish this e journal within World Energy Council that

is long established global organization in energy sector. That means

the risk that you will take, is really great. The dream came true!

Youth Energy Group of World Energy Council Turkish National Com-

mitttee hopes this e journal could give an idea and open new ways to

the other countries committees.

Young Energy Group has received a lot of supports from the emer-

gence period till today. Mr Sureyya Yucel OZDEN who stated that

how important youth is for this country in this process, Mr Omer

UNVER who helped and supported us during the preperation pro-

cess, Ms Elena NEKHAEV who supported us with her all kindness, the

editors of this e journal Mr Burak DEMIRTAS and Ms Ozge

CESUR who worked devotedly during the preparation process ; End-

less Thanks...

Behave Yourself !Say such a new word that it could renew the world that we live

in.The word that you mentioned not only should exceed the world's

limit but also it should not know what the meanings of limit, meas-

urement are., ( Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi )

HILAL PATACI

Director, Youth Energy Group

Turkish National Committe, World Energy Council

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Youngstersat Ankara on May 19th

or Energy!

Young participantsevaluated the top-ics adopted by up-

coming WEC Congressin Montreal in September2010, namely 4A, through-out a busy 2 days program.Representing the commonopinions and characteristicso the local they are rom,

they enjoyed the chanceto exchange their own

views, and also the socialprogram o the workshop.

Te program o theworkshop was set by theYouth Groups own mem-

bers who generated an ex-ecutive committee. Teprogram included bothacademic and intopic dis-

cussions, and also participation in social program andgetting to know eachother as much as possible. Te goalwas to evaluation o urkey through global energy dy-namics by youngsters who represent their unique lo-cal geography, public, student common sense, social re-

actions and the disciplines they are entitled at schools.

Young members agreed upon how important was the in-terdisciplinar prole o participants were or the assem-

World Energy Council Turkish National Committee (WEC-TNC)

Youth Group Members met in Ankara General Directorate ofTurkish Coal (TKI) Facilities on May 18th -19th 2010 for the 3rdassemblage. Participants came together at the coctail held in thefacilities with the financial and moral support of TNC and TKI.

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blage or both academic

discussions and the so-cial program. Te partici-pants coming rom En-gineering, FundamentalSciences, Law, Economy,International Relationsdepartments o manyuniversities, had vari-ous individual concernsin attending the meeting.Most common concernsamong these were lacko R&D opportunities,nancial developmentprojects, global warm-

ing, international policies,

eciency analysis etc.

Te Interdiscipli-nar prole o the partici-pants enable them to bal-ance eachother, constitutea shared language, dis-course and standing, andgenerate a model proes-sional business organiza-tion platorm. Adoptingeachothers concerns withan equal attention, youngmembers proudly startedthe rst 4A report in the

sector even beore the

21st Energy Congress tobe held in Montreal. Tereport topic 4A reers toso-called main articles omodern energy evalua-tion: Acceptability, Avail-ability, Accountability,Accessibility. Te sum-mary o the report canbe accessed through theweb site o WEC-NC.

With all respectand gratitudes to WorldEnergy Council urk-ish National Committee,to General Directorate o

urkish Coal, KI GeneralManager Mr. SelahaddinAnac and KI Asist. Gen-eral Manager Mr. Musta-a Aktas, or their sup-port and contribution...

zge Esn CSUREditor

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...the complete nuclear power chain, fromuranium mining to waste disposal, and including reactorand facility construction, emits only 26 grams of carbon

per kilowatt-hour. This is about the same as wind and solarpower, and one to two orders of magnitude below coal, oil

and even natural gas...

AS AN

ALTERNATIVE GREEN

ENERGY SOURCE:

NUCLEAR

ENERGY!

R

ecently, due to the act thatwe are close to running outo ossil uels, and that their

excessive use has been causing airpollution and so on, greenhousegases have been seriously takeninto consideration by scientistsand policy makers world-wide. Inthe ace o this issue, we shouldnd new and ecient energysources to protect our environ-ment. In this respect, nuclear en-ergy is one o the most promising

energy sources in terms o energyeciency and theprotection o environment.

Tough alternative green energysources (such as wind, solar orwave energy sources) depend ongeographical and weather condi-tions, nuclear energy does notrequire any specic conditions

except durability to earthquakes.But people have some misconcep-tion about using, operating andmanaging nuclear power plants.

In the rst place, most peoplethink that nuclear power plantsrelease toxic gases andradioactive waste. Contrariwise,nuclear power planting hardlyspreads out greenhouse gases

such as CO2. In 2005, Dr.Mohamed El-Baradei, IAEA(International Atomic EnergyAgency) ormer Director Gen-eral, addressed some general in-ormation about nuclear waste,which was known generally in-accurate. In his speech, he saidthe complete nuclear powerchain, rom uranium mining towaste disposal, and includingreactor and acility construc-tion, emits only 26 grams ocarbon per kilowatt-hour. Tisis about the same as wind and

solar power, and one to twoorders o magnitude below coal,oil and even natural gas. Addi-tionally, i we use theother energy sources, in par-ticular non nuclear sources,

instead o nuclear power plants,we wouldreach 600 million tons o carbonper year. Tese results doublethe amount that is evaluatedby El-Braradei, which will beeschewed by the Kyoto Protocolin 2010.

Even though China decided toincrease its whole amount oenergy obtained romnuclear power plants, rom 6.5GW to 36 GW, and also theRussian Federation adjudicated

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About the

writer

Mehmet Nurullah Ates

-Erciyes University-

graduate student

(Chemistry)

-A Candidate Student to

Study Abroad on Behalf

of Turkish Government

on enlarging the capacity o

energy generation rom nuclearpower plants, rom 22 GW to40-45 GW by 2020. Why dontwe take any action immedi-ately? According to the studyo EIAS, which covers 2005-2020 years, also our annualCO2 emission would reachapproximately 142 million tonsor optimistic estimation or208 million tons or pessimisticestimation by 2020.

Because o this act, we have toreplace our energy sources withgreen energy.

In France, nearly 78% o elec-tricity is generated by nuclearpower plants. Teir secondaim is to sell the redundancy

o electricity to other coun-tries such as Germany. What ismore, the USA has the lead-ing role in terms o using thisenergy source in the world,although France and Japan arealso important producers. Teirproduction capacities o nu-clear energy are 28%, 18% and12% respectively. And my ques-

tion is that why most o the de-veloped countries have alreadystarted to use this technology,though it is hazardous or us?

O course its benets aremore than its drawbacks. Whenwe compare the heats occurringaer burning the uels, we willhave these results shown in thetable below:

about 0.72% (99.27% is 238U), innuclear power plants as a uel. Innuclear power plants, themost toxicity and highly radioac-tive by-product is 239Pu, whichcan be used in nuclear weapons.But 239Pu can be used as a uel in

reactors and also the Japanese areusing 239Pu as a uel. o usethis substance, the system requiressome reprocessing by chemicalreactions. Belgium, France,Russia, UK and Japan have alreadyhad this recycling technology.In the near uture, we should shutdown our coal re power stationsbecause they releasemore hazardous gases into the

atmosphere. o give a persuasiveexample, when we want toproduce 1000 MW energy rom anuclear power station, it will pro-duce 27 tons o waste, butmost o them (97%) can be recy-cled. Te rest (3%) comprise ohighly radioactive substances. Incontrast, to gain same energyamount rom coal-re station, our

noxious gases will reach 7million tons o CO2 and 200.000tons o SO2, which mainly causesacid rain. Furthermore, intothe bargain, we will be aced withother substances such as cadmium,arsenic, mercury andmutagens, which can cause cancer.

Fuel type Heat value

(mega joule)Firewood 16 MJ/kg

Brown coal 9 MJ/kg

Black coal 24-30 MJ/kg

Natural Gas 39 MJ/m3

Crude Oil 45-46 MJ/kg

Uranium* - inlight water

reactorNatural U

500,000 MJ/kg

Source: WNA (World Nuclear Agency)

I think this table gives the mainreason why we choose nuclearenergy in terms o energyeciency. Also, uranium is aninexpensive substance. Accordingto the report, called TeMarket or Uranium, its price was

approximately US$165/kg in early2008. Besides, we knowthat its abundance is more thangold, and tin in the earth.Another actor is radioactivewaste. Generally, nearly one cubicmeter o waste isproduced by nuclear power plantsyearly. Nowadays we use 235U,which presents in uranium ore

some activists

don't agree with

nuclear strategy

of Turkish

Government.

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o be rank, we need to ask thequestion, which energysource is environmentallyriendly?

When we think o the probabilityo the blowing up nuclear power

plants, Chernobyl is always theworst example or us. And theunique ulcrum or opponents tothis technology is only based onpolitical reasons. In Chernobyl theSoviet Union built RBMK reac-tors. In the past, these reactor sys-tems could not be stopped, whenthe reactors became extremelyhot and a certain amount o thewater evaporated. But current

technology has been coping withthis problem. oday i the waterevaporates, the reactors will beprone to stop. Te USA navy hasbeen using nuclear power in theirships or 50 years, and they havehad no accidents. In act, inany energy plants, we cannot re-duce the risk absolutely.

TurkeyAlbeit urkey was one o the rstcountries which supported thenuclear energy or peaceul uses,we have not built any nuclearpower plants yet. In the rst Ge-neva conerence (1955) we agreedabout using nuclear energy withnon-prolieration eorts. For thisreason, we signed two main trea-

References:

1- ) International Conference on

Nuclear Power for the 21st Century,

Statements of the former Director

General by IAEA, Dr.

Mohamed ElBaradei, 21 March 2005 ,

Paris, France

2-) Outlook to non proliferation ac-tivities in the world and cooperation

in peaceful uses of nuclear energy

among turkey,

Caucasian and central Asian countries,

Nevzat Birsen, director TUDNAEM

Turkish Atomic Energy Agency Ankara,

Turkey

3- ) The Market for Uranium: An over-

view of supply, demand and prices

2004--2025, International Nuclear

Inc., in Western

Mining Corporations Ltd TargetStatement (for the takeover by BHP),

December 2004

4- ) http://www.power-technology.

com/projects/akkuyu/specs.html, In-

dustry projects, Akkuyu Nuclear Power

Plant, Turkey;

5- ) AEN (Nuclear Energy Agency)

Turkey Report, http://www.nea.fr/

general/proles/turkey.html, 22 May

2008

6- ) WNA (World Nuclear Agency),

Energy for the World - Why Uranium?

- June 2001

http://www.world-nuclear.org/educa-

tion/whyu.htm

7- ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu-

clear_energy_policy , nuclear energy

policy

8-) WNN (World Nuclear News),

Turkey decides on nuclear power plant

site, - February 2008

http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/

newsarticle.aspx?id=15464&terms=T

urkey+decides+on+nuclear+power+p

lant+site+9- ) John McCarthy, Professor of Com-

puter Science at Stanford University,

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/

progress/nuclear-faq.html

10-) The National newspaper, Turkeys

nuclear plan faces criticism, Thomas

Seibert, Foreign Correspondent, June

12. 2008

http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.

dll/article?AID=/20080612/FOR-

EIGN/653182937/1013/SPORT

images:

http://www.cosmosmagazine.com

http://heatusa.com

ties called NP (Non Prolierationreaty) and CB (Comprehen-sive Nuclear est Ban reaty).But we have always delayed thistechnology until today.

Recently we have decided to build

nuclear power plants in Sinop andin Akkuyu, Mersin.Both placeshave advantages. Akkuyu has ashore and this is very benecialto bring heavy equipment via seaand also to bring water or theplant. In addition, it is close tosome cities which consume elec-tricity signicantly, such as Konya,Adana, Antalya and Mersin. Ac-cording to the mayor o Buyuke-celi, in a town adjacent to Akkuyu,the residents in this district, donot oppose to this decision. Also,these pros can be the same orSinop. But, it has a distinguishingadvantage. In Sinop the tempera-ture o the cooling-water is lessthan the one in Akkuyu, about 5degrees.

o conclude, we must build thistechnology as soon as possible.Also this energy sourcemust be applied irrespective opolitical benets or any businessinterests.

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A LOCAL

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

PROJECT:

T.S.A.D.


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Its a story about lightning of Zeus, powers of theTitans and its about the blood which flows in the metalveins of modern world. Its about an energy which tookthe heart of mankind and tied it with ambition, eager to

power and copper wires

It began with fire, which was the soul of the phoenixand power of the demon. When mankind discovered it,they didnt know what it was really capable of, but withit, they established the great civilizations. They grewwith an unpredictable speed. They spreaded to theworld and one day a man discovered a new fire, a betterenergy:electricity and he found its unique skill: It was

able to be converted to other energies: Heat, force andlight!

However, that was just the beginning. Step by step, thewhole world was surrounded by this energy.With this certainvictory of electricity, people became addicted to this power.But it was not a gift of mother nature. Mankind had to findbetter ways to generate it. They used fire, wind, the Sun,

oceans and the deadly powers hidden in atoms. But thatwasnt enough People wanted more and more power. Theycould even declare war for this power and after the years ofrichness, they did it, too.

One day, wisemen found anew resource. It could solve

most of the energy problemand it could save this planetfrom mankinds dirty chemi-cal hands. It was as valuableas electricity and it was justClean! Its source wasnt fire,wind,earth, stars or oceans.It was just their minds andthey called it: Efficiency!

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Eciency and Co-generationoday, the governmentsare preparing or upcom-ing global energy crisis. However,there is an unignorable obstacle inront o them: Global warming. Ithey choose just clean resources,they can prevent it, but its a more

expensive and less ecient way togenerate electrical power. On theother hand, they can use energymore eciently and they can com-pensate the rising power need withthis saving.

One o the best ways to produceenergy more eciently is Co-

generation (also combined heatand power, CHP). Its dened asthe combined generation o elec-tric (or mechanical) and thermalenergy rom the same initial en-ergy source. Or generally, it meansgeneration o electrical power anduseul heat simultanously with aheat engine or power station.

Scientists rom Yildiz echnicalUniversity (Istanbul-urkey) andUBIAK MAM Materials Insti-tute have been working on a Co-

generation Project since 2006.Tis project includes 14 ther-mal power stations in urkeyand its called: SAD En-erji Verimliliini Arttrmakzere ermik Santral AtkIslarn Faydaya Dntrme

Yntemlerinin Aratrlmas,Gelitirilmesi ve BinalardaIstma Uygulamas (Researchand Development o Ways toConvert Waste Heat to UseulEnergy to Increase Eciencyo Energy and District HeatingApplication) With this project,scientists aim to use the waste

heat (which is generated bypower plants) or district heat-ing. I they succeed, eciencyo the power plants will in-crease with prominent values.

Waste heat

In a system,useul part o theexpended energy is called

exergy and unuseul parto it is called anergy. Whilean energy is being convertedto another,i conditions o

remaining energy rom thisprocess are higher thansurroundings,there is stilla work potential in this en-ergy. As a result, remainingenergy(which is rejected romsystem) still has useul energy

potential (exergy) although itwas rejected to surroundings.While conditions o rejectedenergy get closer to condi-tions o surroundings,exergydecreases and anergy in-creases. SAD Project aimsto use this exergy generatedby thermal power stations or

district heating.

Rejected Energy from a Ter-

mal Power Station

Termal power stations,due tothermodynamic laws, have toreject some part o uel energyto surroundings while theyare converting the remain-

ing part o it.Tis energy isrejected by condenser unit.In addition,temperature oexhaust gasses cannot be re-

duced to atmospheric con-ditions and there is anotherenergy loss in this process.

oday, this rejected energyis recycled with two dier-ent applications:First oneis Combined cycle.In thisapplication,Rankine Cycleand Gas urbine Cyclework together. With thiscombination,high eciencyvalues are able to be ac-quired.Te other application is

called Co-generation. Asmentioned beore,at co-generation systems, energyrejected rom system is

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used or industrial processes ordistrict heating/cooling. Conse-quently, rejected energy is usedor another purpose and wastedenergy is reduced.

Co-generation was initially

introduced in Europe and theUSA around 1890. During therst decades o the 20th century,most industries had their ownpower generation units with asteam urnace-turbine, operat-ing on coal. Many o those unitswere co-generation units. It isworth mentioning that a good

58% o power generated byvarious industries in the USAwas actually generated by co-generation units. Later, a periodo decline ollowed. Industrialco-generation dropped to 15%o the total power generationpotential until 1950 and, aerthat, continued its descend-ing course to as low as 5% in

1974. Tis course has now beenreversed not only in the USAbut also in Europe, Japan etc.,

mainly due to the abrupt rise ouel prices since 1973, and theenergy policy motives providedat a National level.[1]

District heating and powergeneration can be executed asseperated processes. However,

eciency o this systems islower than co-generation. I wecompare co-generation with

the seperated solution, we cansee that over %30 o uel can besaved with co-generation sys-tems. I we consider the moneyequaled to %1 o uel save, wecan imagine the real value othis saving.

Heat generation capacity of thermal power stations and number of residents

which can be heated


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About the

writer

Burak Demirtas

Yildiz Technical

University(Istanbul)

Mechanical

Engineering

Energy Machinery

Program

Undergraduate Student

-WEC-TMC

YOUTH ENERGY GROUP

References:

-[1]-ENERGY CONSUMPTI-ON AND ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY Co-Generation -I.P.Koronakis

-BLGE ISITMA SSTEMLERVE TERMIK SANTRAL KAY-NAKLI BLGE ISITMA- MuratKahraman,Cengiz Gngr,Seluk

Ata,Gkhan Gndodu

-ATIK ENERJ KAVRAMI VETERMK SANTRALLARDAN

ATILAN ENERJLER-HasanHseyin Erdem,Burhanettinetin,Bahri ahin,smailTeke,Ahmet Dada,SleymanHakan Sevilgen,Ali Volkan

Akkaya,Cengiz Gngr

-TERMK SANTRAL LEBLGE ISITMANIN SANTRALPERFORMANSINA ETKLE-R- Ali Volkan Akkaya, HasanHseyin Erdem, Burhanettinetin, Bahri ahin,smail Teke,

Ahmet Dada, Sleyman HakanSevilgen, Cengiz Gngr

12

District Heating

District heating systems aresystems or distributing heatgenerated in a central station toprovide space and water heat-ing requirements o many resi-dential buildings via insulatedpipes.

Heat o the hot fuid, which is

Furthermore, there is no needor a uel storage or there is nodanger o a burning boiler ascentral heating systems. Onlyhot water fows in the lines. Dueto the heatmeters which are de-ployed at entrances o buildings

and building sub-stations, heatusage o consumers are calcu-lated and consumers pay just asmuch as they expended.When heating systems o manycountries are examined, we cansee that the main part o re-quired heat energy is providedby thermal power stations. Also,

in many developed countries,most o the thermal powerstations are designed or co-generation.

We Need Action

In many industrial area and es-pecially at electrical power gen-eration, rejected energy can be

recycled and as a result, a hugeamount o energy can be saved.

"Eciency is not only a benet, but also its anenergy source."

generated by thermal energy sta-tion, is transerred to consumersvia transer and delivery lines

with minimum energy loss. Re-quired heat energy at consumepart is transerred rom districtheating system line(primary cy-cle) to space and water heatingsystem line (secondary cycle)inside the building.

District heating systems pro-vide so many kinds o benets

to users. Initially, user can havecomortable, sae and con-tinuous heating service andhot water with this systems.

In addition, this processes cancause more ecient energyusage, more sel containity, less

emissions and less chemical andthermal pollution. Tese bene-ts only depend on policies andactions about recyling wastedenergy. Initially at energy sectorand or all industrial sectors,consciousness and sensitivityo energy eciency must beadvanced.

At the end o the line, as wise-men say: Eciency is not onlya benet, but also its an energysource.


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nv

This month's exclusive interview was made with Elena Nekhaev,

Director of Programs, World Energy Council. Her backgroundis absolutely extraordinary and not only that, but also she is a

woman leader.

W

e want to intro-duce you someaces rom the

energy sector in every jour-nal. For the rst one, wewanted to choose a personwho is near us and succesul.Elena Nekhaev was the per-ect candidate or us. So, let'smeet her:

Could you summarizeyour education life that

covers high school and uni-

versity?

After completing my col-

lege education in Tampere,

Finland, I took a couple of

"sabbatical" years (time off)

doing odd jobs and travel-

ling, mainly around Europe.

After that I went to study

economics and languages

at the Tampere University

and graduated with aBachelor's Degree at the

age of 25. Having worked

for over 15 years after

completing the Degree, I

decided to add an MBA

(Master of Business Admin-

istration) to my academic

qualications and aftertwo years of business

studies at the London City

University Business School

I completed my formal

education.

Not really, the topics

I studied were rather

remote from the energy

sector. Howoldwere

youwhenyoumet

withWEC?

The rst time I came

accross WEC was about

10 years or so before I

joined WEC, as Iwas just starting a new

job. I was certainly well

past the FELs age.

Haveyouever

showedaninterestinen-

ergycases,asyouwere

a student?

Public awareness about energyissues is still fairly low and there are

many "energy myths" around.

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Whichenergycasesorissuesdo

you recommend to study for youth

energyleaders?

It depends on your own interests but I

believe that environmental sciences and

management, energy engineering and

technologies, nuclear engineering, geo

sciences, energy trade and many other

energy related disciplines will be ingreat demand for many years to come.

Doyouhaveanyexpectation

from youth energy leaders? If so

wouldyoutalkaboutyourexpecta -

tions?

My only expectation from the Future En-ergy Leaders is the role they can play in

spreading the "energy message". Pub-

lic awareness about energy issues is still

fairly low and there ar many "energy

myths" around. By presenting the real

"energy sector" issues to their parents,

friends, relatives and fellow students, FEL

can help close a wide gap in pubolic's

understanding of energy processes.

Whatwouldbetheimpactsof

youthenergygrouponWEC'sfuture?

In the near future, the FEL members could

help enhance WEC's visibility and rec-

ognition by disseminating information

about WEC and its work to their peers

and other "target audiences". This would

help strengthen both the WEC's current

standing and future position. In the longer

term future, today's FEL will be drivingthe energy sector development and their

WEC connection will help them in making

right decisions.

Howdoyouanalyzecontempo-

raryenergypolicies?andHowcould

wedotoday'senergysourcesmore

accessible,acceptable,available,ac-countable?(expectations...briey..)

This is a question requiring a lot of an-

swers, which would be difcult to summa-

rise in a few sentences. So I will leave it

aside.

14

nterview

Dear Elena Nekhaev, thanks for

the interest you have shown and

sparing time.


16/22

w h mn

Fearing a repeat o the devastating Gul o Mexicooil spill on the heavily tracked Bosphorus Strait,urkish ministers will meet oil executives Tursday

to discuss risk-reduction measures that experts say couldinclude limiting tanker trac.

I hope oil companies will understand and advocate or a[possible] request to restrict passage through the Bospho-rus, said ezcan Yaramanc, the executive board chair o

the urkish Marine Environment Association, or urmepa.I they do not, he added, urkey might have to take uni-lateral action, which could cause confict with other stake-holders dependent on the strait as a shipping lane.It would be impossible or urkey to unilaterally restricttrac on the strait, said Abdurrahman Satman, a proessorand member o Istanbul echnical Universitys Institute oEnergy. We do not have the right to keep ships rom pass-ing through the Bosphorus, he said, adding that urkeywould have to reach a consensus with other stakeholdersunder the auspices o the International Marine Organiza-tion.

Te key issue is to be able totake all necessary precautionsor avoiding any possible dis-aster, rather than trying to stopships rom passing through the

[Bosphorus and Dardanelles]straits, Satman said, addingthat the economic ramicationso any such move would haveto be assessed careully and thaturkey and oreign stakehold-ers must cooperate on a strategythat would decrease accidentrisks to a minimum.

Restrictions on shipping mustbe regarded as a humanitarian,rather than political issue, saidYaramanc o urmepa, addingthat the volume o oil tankerspassing through the Bospho-rus annually presents a seriousthreat to the 16 million inhabit-ants o Istanbul, as well as theaquatic environment.

According to a report Sundayby Bloomberg, 1.85 millionbarrels o oil are transportedthrough the Bosphorus andDardanelles straits a day undera 1936 convention that allowsree passage to all commercialvessels o all nations. Between1988 and 2009, there werenearly 300 incidents involving

Shipping limits sought on

urkey's straights

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ships transiting the Bosphorus.In January, a Moldovan-fagged ship ranaground during stormy weather at the north-ern end o the strait, spilling uel oil and dieseloil on the beaches and in the bays o Kilyos.

Te latest serious sea accident in the regionoccurred in 1979, when the Independenta, thebiggest ship in the Romanian commercial feetat that time, collided with a Greek reighter atthe southern entrance o the Bosphorus andexploded.Oil extraction another dangerTe potential or spills during the transporta-tion process is not the only issue the govern-

ment should raise with the oil companies,other experts said, adding that precautionarymeasures must also be taken regarding oil ex-traction and production activities in the BlackSea to avert a disaster such as the one in theGul o Mexico.

Te government must be careul not to dis-courage oreign investment in oil-extraction

activities in the Black Sea region while takingprecautions to protect the environment, saidNecdet Pamir, an executive board member othe World Energy Councils urkish NationalCommittee. He said agreements with oil-ex-tracting companies must be careully preparedto achieve those two goals and include meas-ures to minimize the risk o environmentaldisasters.

Pamir criticized the governments show oconcern on this issue, calling it insincere.Te environment in urkey is being negativelyaected by activities in other sectors as well,such as coal production, and yet the govern-ment keeps silent on those matters, he said.According to Pamir, it would be impossibleto take unilateral action to restrict passage

through urkeys straits, as Yaramanc suggest-ed, but the country could reach a consensuswith other stakeholders through the IMO.Land-based pipelines might be an optimal so-

lution to ensure the sae passage o the largevolume o crude oil currently transportedthrough the narrow, oen choppy straits,which Pamir said are among the most dan-gerous water passages in the world. Anybypass project would be very welcomed,

Pamir said, adding that it is crucial or urk-ish authorities not to ocus their attention ona single bypass pipeline, but to try to build asmany o them as possible.

urmepas Yaramanc also suggested thaturkey must work to tighten regulationsregarding the qualications o ship captainsthat sail vessels through the Bosphorus.

Sending high-level captains to lead the shipthrough the straits is currently done volun-tarily, but it must become compulsory assoon as possible, he said.

Representatives rom Exxon Mobil, Chevronand BP the company behind the Gul oMexico spill are among the 15 energy pro-ducers that have been invited to the meeting

Tursday with urkish government ocials,Bloomberg reported Sunday.

Source:

Wednesday, June 30, 2010ISTANBUL - Hrriyet Daily News

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h bok h mn

Book Description

This book is designed to provide the eco-

nomic skills to make better management

or policy decisions relating to energy.

It requires a facility with calculus and

contains a toolbox of models along with

institutional, technological and historical

information for oil, coal, electricity, and

renewable energy resources.

About the Author

Carol Dahl is currently a professor of Min-

eral Economics and director of the CSM/

IFP Joint International Degree Program in

Petroleum Economics and Management,

in the Division of Economics and Busi-

ness at the Colorado School of Mines. She

received her BA in Economics from the

University of Wisconsin and her PhD in

Economics from the University of Minne-

sota. Dahl has supervised numerous PhD

students, published articles, and traveled

to more than 80 countries pursuing her

interests in modeling international en-

ergy markets. She is a senior fellow and

council member of the American Asso-

ciation for Energy Economics, as well as a

member of the International Association

for Energy Economics and the Editorial

Board for The Energy Journal.

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BENEFITS OF

IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE EUROPEAN

UNION (EU) ACQUIS ON

ENERGY FORTURKEY

As or every sector andissue related with the

European Union (EU),the articles o EU acquis, (whichreer to the total body o the EUlaw accumulated so ar) on en-ergy embodies huge importanceand covers key elements aboutboth primary and secondarylegislation in the topics o theEU energy policies. urkey, asone o the candidate countriesor the EU and energy corridorwhose importance and potentialvalue have been increasing, isrecognized by the EU as a secureand independent (o Russia)route or EU energy supplies.Besides urkeys strategic prox-imity to energy exporter coun-tries, its importance to the EU

increases the necessity o com-mon or similar policies betweenthe EU and urkey. Tus imple-mentation o the EU acquis on

energy in urkey becomes veryimportant. In addition to the

importance o the EU acquisor common policies, there areevident benets urkey gainswithin the context o rules andprinciples o the acquis. Forinstance; opening up o theelectricity and gas markets,promotion o renewable energysources, crisis management andoil stock security obligationsare among the issues whichurkey improves its potentialon.

Te energy sector in urkeywas one o the most importantsectors which was considered asan issue o national sovereigntyand was dominated by state

- owned companies. A privati-zation programme was never-theless devised with a view toprivatizing areas such as coal,

oil, electricity and gas . Withcurrent developments, urkey

has allowed oreign investmentto be made in energy sectorin order to supply energy orincreasing demand - which isactually the aspect the Euro-pean strategy gives importancealong with approximation oadopted laws in this sector.

In the context o electricitysector; the Electricity Mar-ket Law (Law 4628), whichwas adopted in 2001 withinthe context o the EU acquis,had an aim to liberalize theelectricity market along withmaintaining eciency in pro-duction and avoiding technicaland other possible problems in

production process, to diversi-y the costs o electricity pro-duction among state ownedand private companies, - due

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to control o private sector- toachieve decrease in losses andleaks in production, and - dueto competition to have lowprices .Te acquis contributes urkishlegislation and implementation

necessary step or eciency inelectricity sector. First o all,the EU acquis enables liberali-zation o the market by abol-ishing the vertical structure .Te dominant position o thestate - owned company in themarket becomes adjusted, anddue to liberalization, the cur-

rent restrictions or cross-bor-der trading are removed. Tusthis makes the market morecompetitive and open or neworeign and domestic invest-ments. Te domestic electricitymarket becomes well-designedto work smoothly, thus theEuropean internal electricitymarket gets aected positively.

More investment means moredevelopment in the sector.echnical and administrative(education o sta employed)skills will be better. Te acquisalso accelerates restructur-ing o companies since thereare time targets in most o theprinciples o the acquis. Since

the acquis makes the marketopen or investments, con-struction o small or mediumsized plants will be triggeredand it will become much easierto meet the demand. In ad-dition to these, since urtherlegislative and administrativesteps are needed to be takenor proper unctioning o a

competitive electricity marketin line with the acquis, it ena-bles the urkish sector to bemore improvable.

As the Electricity Market Law,when oil and gas market isanalyzed, it can be stated theGas Market Law (Law 4646) isa milestone or the energy sec-tor. Te law basically enabledthe gas market to be opened

up. Te EMRA (which wasestablished under the nameo Electricity Market Regula-tory Authority in 2001), wasassigned with regulation ogas market in 2002. In addi-tion, other necessary stepshave been adopted on taris,transport and distribution

networks, inrastructure,consumer services and inter-nal installations. Along withliberalization o the market,urkish energy [gas] sectorhas started to benet oreigninvestments. In addition tothese, the proposed Oil Mar-ket Law (2004) is consideredas an important step or en-

ergy sector.On security o supply, urkeyhas already introduced majormeasures and its oil reservesare more or less at the levelo the 90 days required bythe acquis. urkey also hasan important role to play inthe EU's security o supply

since it is a transit country oroil and gas rom the CaspianSea, the Black Sea and Cen-tral Asia. Construction othe Blue Stream, the urkey-Greece-Italy Gas Interconnec-tor (which became operationalin spring 2007), the Nabuccoproject (planned to be nishedin 2011), and the Baku-bi-

lisi-Erzurum pipeline (whichbecame operational in 2006)are evident examples on ur-keys role in the regional as an

energy corridor.

urkey is not a member o theUnion or the Coordinationo ransmission o Energyand has not signed the EnergyCommunity reaty establish-

ing a regional energy marketin southeast Europe, and theGreen Paper which osterdevelopment in the areas orenewable energy sourcesand energy eciency, takingaccount o their advantagesor security o supply, envi-ronment protection, social

cohesion and regional devel-opment, does not go beyondbeing a recommendationdocument or urkish energypolicies, since urkey is not amember o the EU. However,although urkey does not par-ticipate in renewable energyplans o the EU, urkey has aspecic advantage in terms o

biomass, since share o agri-culture in urkish GDP oc-cupies a huge portion, and ar-rangements and deploymentsaccording to the EU acquisalong with tailor made rulesare advantageous. Agriculturesector in urkey is consideredas the sector which absorbs

chronic unemployment. Alongwith renewable energy sector,i the renewable plants start towork eciently, labor demandwill increase.In addition to these, imple-mentation o the EU acquisalso enables urkey to di-versiy its renewable energyresources. Not only biomass

sources, but eciency and de-velopments in dierent sectorsor branches o energy such ashydro energy, geothermal

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energy, wind energy, solarenergy (photovoltaic technol-ogy) are encouraged, as wellas dependency on importedenergy decreases due to di-versication. In line with theEU acquis, urkey benetsimprovements in research anddevelopment in this sector.

In the context o urkishapproach toward nuclearenergy, it can be state therehave been some developmentsabout this issue. Te law oninstallation o nuclear energyplants adopted in 2007 aimsto maintain supply securityin medium and long term, to

spread use o nuclear energyto every sector where neces-sary, to decrease dependencyon oreign energy, and tostabilize energy prices. Al-though the law was adopted in2007, urkey does not cur-rently have nuclear plants inoperation and construction onuclear plants in various citiesin urkey has been cancelleddue to public concerns. urkeyhas not joined the Joint Con-vention on the Saety o Spent

Fuel Management and on theSaety o Radioactive WasteManagement, to which EUR-AOM became a contractingparty in January 2006.

o sum up, implementation o

the EU acquis has signicantpositive impacts on energysector. First o all, liberaliza-tion o markets along witheciency and competitivenessis one o the important aspectswhich need to be stressed.Electricity and gas markets arethe obvious examples which

illustrate positive impactsclearly. ransparency andindependence o regulatory,administrative and controllingbodies have been increased inline with the EU acquis. Whennational concerns are consid-ered, dependency on impor-tant energy becomes a seri-ous threat, on the other hand

through improvements direct-ed by the EU acquis diversi-cation policies are acceleratedand become more ecientto be implemented. Due totechnical progress, each sectorbecomes more environmental- riendly. Basically the urk-ish economy gets positively

aected due to changes in linewith the EU acquis. Revisiono tax rate policies, besidesincrease in labor demand withjob creation is the major keyelements posing positive im-pacts on the economy.

A. ekin, P. Williams (2009),EU-Russian Realtions and

urkey's Role as an EnergyCorridor, Europe-Asia Stud-ies, vol.61, pp. 337-356

References:

1-European Commission (2007).

Turkey Adoption of the Community

Acquis, available at; http://europa.

eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/e14113.htm,

accessed April 29, 2009.

2-Energy Market Regulatory Authority(2001). Elektrik Piyasas Kanunu (Law

of Electricity Market) (pp.1), available

at; http://www.epdk.org.tr/mevzuat/

kanun/elektrik/elektrik_piyasalari_ka-

nunu.pdf, accessed April 29, 2009.

3-Vertical structure is in fact not an

obstacle against liberalization of

the market. Vertical structure be-

comes benecial in a fully integrated

liberalized market with various actors

within the system. However, along withexistence of one (or two) monopoly,

in such a market, vertical structure

prevents liberalization of the market.

Due to vertical structure, the company

which acts as monopoly avoids other

small or medium sized companies to

enter the market. Without mature and

plausible conditions (such as existence

of several actors), vertical structure

becomes a threat against liberalization

of the market. In Turkish case, there

are several actors vertically integrated

the system. However due to limits in the

legislation of Law 4628 and adminis-

tration, private companies and other

auto - producer groups cannot work

efciently within the market.

4-Ibid. (European Commission).

About the

writer

GZEM KUMA

-Graduate Student in Interna-

tional Relations, BilkentUniversity-Graduate of Economics, BilkentUniversity

-Founder and FormerChairperson of Youth Section ofthe United Nations Associationof Turkey

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h itch

group leader

Hilal PATACI

secretary general

Burcu AYDINLAR

editor

zge Esin CESUR

design&illustration

Burak DEMRTA

contributors

Erdin DOANAYMehmet Nurullah ATE

Gizem KUMA

[email protected]

september 2010 journal

Documents