UNIT 2Sentences:

Lessons 18-23

SUBJECT COMPLIMENTS A subject compliment is a noun, pronoun, or

adjective that comes after a linking verb, such as a form of the verb be (for example, am, is, are, was, or were). The subject compliment renames or tells something about the subject.

If a verb in a sentence can be replaced by a form of the verb be, it is acting as a linking verb and takes a subject compliment. Among the other verbs that sometimes function as linking verbs are seem, feel, smell, sound, and look. EXAMPLES:

My pet ray is an albino. The house seems [is] deserted. Avi looks [is] happy.

{Activity} Underline linking verbs once and action verbs

twice. Circle the direct object or subject compliment Identify it by writing DO or SC on the line. 1. (The sky was overcast.) SC2. My stomach felt very queasy after I ate that

hotdog. ___3. I could feel the grass tickling my chin. ___4. The cake smelled delicious! ___5. Martha could feel the ground shaking

during the earthquake. ___

PHRASES AND CLAUSES Phrases and clauses are groups of words

used in sentences. A phrase is a group of closely related words that function together as a single element, such as subject, verb, adjective, or adverb. A clause differs from a phrase in that it contains a subject and a predicate. Some sentences have only one clause, while others have several.

EXAMPLES…

Phrases Clauses

Maria and Bai [subject] Whenever I run

Should have won [verb] That Mimi bought

With red hair [adjective] The boy ate the apple

Running through the field [adjective]

While you were sleeping

With passion [adverb] Babu is lost

INDEPENDENT AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES There are two kinds of clauses:

independent clauses and subordinate clauses.

An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence because it expresses a complete thought.

A subordinate clause has a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought. A subordinate clause must be combined with an independent clause to form a sentence.

EXAMPLES… Subordinate Independent

If I won the lottery, I would take a trip around the world.

Independent Subordinate

I like to go swimming when the weather is hot.

Independent Subordinate Independent

The deer that was sighted downtown has been captured.

{ACTIVITY} Write five sentences with one subordinate and one independent clause. Underline the independent clause in each sentence.

ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, AND NOUN CLAUSES Subordinate clauses can act as nouns,

adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence. An adjective clause is a subordinate clause

that modifies a noun or a pronoun. It answers the adjective questions which one or what kind. It usually modifies the word directly preceding it.

Most adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun relates an adjective clause to the noun or pronoun that the clause modifies. Who, whom, whose, which, and that are relative pronouns.

Adjective clause

EXAMPLE: The movie that we watched in class was about ecosystems.

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It answers the adverb questions how, under what condition, or why. Words that introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunctions. Among the many subordinating conjunctions are when, after, before, since, although, and because.

{Activity} Add an adjective or adverb clause to each of the following main clauses to make a sentence. Write ADJ for adjective or ADV for adverb to identify the kind of clause you wrote.

1. The car took the corners beautifully.2. An ancient cave was uncovered.3. My father caught a bat.

A noun clause is a subordinate clause that acts as a noun in a sentence. A noun clause usually functions as a subject, direct object, or subject compliment.

EXAMPLE: Subject: Whoever shows up first will get the best

choice of seats. Direct Object: I want what he has. Subject compliment: Skateboarding is what I love to

do.

SIMPLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX SENTENCES A simple sentence expresses a complete

thought, using one independent clause. Independent

EXAMPLE: My cat dines on liver and onions. A compound sentence expresses a

complete thought using at least two independent clauses joined by a co-ordinating conjunction: and, or, nor, for, but, so, or yet. Each clause must have its own subject and predicate.

Independent Independent EXAMPLE: My cat dines on liver and onions, but I eat

macaroni.

A complex sentence expresses a complete thought using one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.

Subordinate + Independent

EXAMPLE: While my cat dines on liver and onions, I eat macaroni.

{Activity} Add clauses to the following simple sentences to create one compound and one complex sentence.

1. The students stared.2. The brakes failed.3. The weather turned cold.4. Zoltan likes video games. 5. My knee hurts.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES A compound-complex sentence

contains at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

Independent Independent Subordinate

EXAMPLE: That house was sold, but we found another one that we liked.

{activity} Write three compound-complex sentences. Underline each independent clause once, and each subordinate clause twice.