① Answer the following questions:

What are wisdom teeth?

Where and when do wisdom teeth come in?

Have you ever felt a twinge or tooth pain when drinking cold

water?

What do we call this phenomenon?

Discussion

25

Sensitive and Wisdom Teeth

Unit 3 "UNITED WE STAND, DIVIDED WE Fall." Aesop

Grammar: The Passive Voice Speaking: at the Dentist’s Office Vocabulary: The Dentist’s Spot

26

②Match the following words with their meanings:

a. Primary teeth 1- A dentist who specializes in the treatment of diseases of your

gums.

b. Secondary Teeth 2- The first set of teeth which comes in.

c. Quadrants 3- The very inner part of your tooth containing nerve cells and

blood vessels.

d. Alveolus 4- to fall out. (Your Deciduous teeth exfoliate and permanent

teeth erupt into the space).

e. Pulp 5- A silver/mercury mixture which is used for fillings.

f. Pulp Chamber 6- Removal of fluids from your mouth with an aspirator.

g. Amalgam 7- Your lower jaw

h. Aspirator 8- An unerupted tooth that somehow has gotten stuck and

cannot come in.

i. Aspiration 9- A dentist who specializes in the treatment of children's teeth.

j. Denture 10- The four parts of your mouth, that is the upper left, the upper

right, the lower left, and the lower right.

k. Exfoliate 11- Your upper jaw

l. Impacted tooth 12- The soft inner structure of a tooth, consisting of nerve and blood vessels

m. Mandible

13- Your permanent teeth, i.e. the second group of teeth to come in.

n. Maxilla 14- An opening in your jaw-bone in which a tooth is attached.

o. Pedodontist 15- A dentist who specializes in the treatment of children's teeth.

(Pedo)

p. Periodontist 16- A synthetic replacement for all of your teeth in either your upper or your lower jaw. (Perio)

27

③ Choose the correct answer:

1- I ___________ my tooth. = Part of my

tooth broke off.

a. Shopped

b. Chipped

c. shaped

6- She is my ________ (=helper).

a. Assailant

b. Asylum

c. assistant

2- If I give you local __________, you

won’t feel any pain.

a. Painless

b. Medicine

c. Anesthesia

7- you have a ________ in that tooth.

a. Cave

b. Cavity

c. caveat

3- This won’t hurt at all. = you won’t

____________.

a. Feel me

b. Feel a thing

c. Feel a bit

8- I suggest we put a porcelain ________ on

that tooth.

a. Crown

b. Crane

c. Corn

4- Most people hate the sound of a

dentist’s _________

a. Drill

b. Drawl

c. Drip

9- We won’t be able to finish the ________

today.

a. Treat

b. Treatment

c. Treating

5- I’m sorry but your dental plan does

not _______ (=pay for) this type of

treatment.

a. Cover

b. Assist

c. make

10- How ________ do you brush your

teeth?

a. Many

b. Times

c. often

28

Frequently Asked Questions:

A range of things can trigger a twinge or tooth pain for people with sensitive teeth. Here’s some of the most common triggers for tooth sensitivity:

Cold foods or beverages Sour foods Hot foods or beverages Breathing in cold air Sugary foods Brushing teeth

In dental terminology "impacted" means that a tooth has failed to emerge fully into

its expected position. This may occur either because there is not room enough in the

jaw for the tooth, or else because the angulation of the tooth is improper.

Dentin hypersensitivity, or tooth sensitivity, is a common dental problem that can

arise when dentin, the inner part of the tooth, becomes exposed. It’s a condition that

can develop over time, as a result of common problems such as receding gums and

enamel wear.

If a dentist can clearly tell that there are good reasons to remove a wisdom tooth, it is

usually best to go ahead and have it removed as soon as possible. While there is no

specific age by which a person's wisdom teeth should be extracted, as a rule of

thumb, the younger a person is when they have their wisdom teeth extracted the

fewer complications they experience. Usually, a person's wisdom teeth should be

removed in their later teens or early twenties.

Tooth sensitivity can start to happen when the softer, inner part of the tooth called ‘dentin’

becomes exposed. Dentin lies under the enamel and the gums. Thousands of microscopic

channels run through the dentin towards the center of the tooth. Once the dentin is exposed,

external triggers (such as a cold drink) can stimulate the nerves inside the tooth, resulting in

the characteristic short, sharp pain of tooth sensitivity.

Reading

29

④Match the following questions with their answers from the extracts above:

♣What triggers sensitive teeth?

♣What is tooth sensitivity?

♣What are "impacted wisdom teeth"?

♣At what age should wisdom teeth be extracted?

♣What causes tooth sensitivity?

⑤Consider the difference in meaning and structure between these sentences.

Which sentence is grammatically incorrect?

The girl hit the ball.

The ball was hit by the girl.

The ball hit the girl.

The girl was hit the ball.

The girl was hitting the ball.

(A) (B)

Grammar

30

Active: Mary helped the boy. Passive: The boy was helped by Mary.

(subject) (verb) (object) (subject) (verb)

Form of the passive:

Be + past participle

He is helped by her.

He was helped by her.

He will be helped by her.

Notice that the

subject of an active

verb follows by in a

passive sentence

and is called the

agent.

In the passive, the

object of an active

verb becomes the

subject of the

passive verb.

Active VS. Passive

31

⑥Decide if the sentences are active (A) or passive (P).

1. Kate prepared the salad.

2. The rice was prepared by Jamal.

3. Shirley was preparing the dessert.

4. Andy has prepared the tea.

5. Our papers will be collected by the teacher next week.

6. Anna’s car was stopped by the police.

Tense Forms of the Passive

Active Passive

(a) Simple present Mary helps the boy. The boy is helped by

Mary.

(b) Present progressive Mary is helping the boy.

The boy is being helped

by Mary.

(c) Present perfect Mary has helped the The boy has been helped

boy. by Mary.

(d) Simple past Mary helped the boy. The boy was helped by

Mary.

(e) past progressive Mary was helping the boy.

The boy was being helped

by Mary.

(f) past perfect Mary had helped the boy.

The boy had been helped

by Mary.

(g) simple future Mary will help the boy. The boy will be helped by

Mary.

(h) be going to

Mary is going to help the boy.

The boy is going to be

helped Mary

32

⑦Change the active to passive:

1- Shakespeare wrote that play.

2- Waitresses and waiters serve the customers.

3- The teacher is going to explain the lesson.

4- Two horses were pulling the farmer’s wagon.

5- John will invite Patrick to the party.

6- Alex is preparing that report.

7- Kathy had returned the book to the library.

8- Miriam has designed several public buildings.

9- His tricks won’t fool me.

10- I did not write that note.

Teeth Idioms

Grit your teeth: When you are determined

to do something in spite of the difficulties

involved, you grit your teeth.

like pulling teeth: Something that is like

pulling teeth is extremely difficult to obtain,

especially if trying to extract information

from someone.

Usually the passive is used

without a by-phrase. The

passive is most frequently used

when it is not known or not

important to know exactly who

performs an action. Sometimes,

the speaker chooses the passive

in order to focus attention on

the subject of a sentence.

33

⑧ Read the paragraph. Underline the passive verbs. Discuss why the writer chose

to use passive rather than active. Answer the questions in complete sentences.

The chief writing material of ancient

times was papyrus.

It was used in Egypt, Greece, and other

Mediterranean lands.

Parchment, another writing material

that was widely used in ancient times,

was made from the skins of animals,

such as sheep and goats.

After the hair had been removed,

the skins were stretched and rubbed

smooth to make a writing surface.

Paper, the main writing material

today, was invented by the Chinese.

Ink has been used for writing and

drawing throughout history. No one

knows when the first ink was

developed. The ancient Egyptians and

Chinese made ink from various

natural substances such as berries,

soot, and tree bark. Most ink today is

made from synthetic chemicals.

Before paper was invented, what materials were used for writing?

What was parchment made from?

When was ink first used?

What substances are in ink today?

Early Writing Materials

34

Dentist: Hello Mr. Smithers. It is good to have you back. We haven’t seen you in a while. How are the teeth? Do you have any concerns?

Patient: No. I am just here for a cleaning with your dental hygienist. I guess you will check out my mouth after that.

Dentist: That’s right sir. I will take a quick glance at your teeth once she is done. This visit should go a lot better for you than last year’s visit. I believe we had to pull one of your molars and put in a few fillings. Hopefully you have been taking better care of your teeth this year.

Patient: Yes, I am. Last year’s visit was painful, even with the Novocain you gave me. It isn’t fun getting a tooth pulled. The sound of the tooth coming out still gives me nightmares.

Dentist: Well, at least that ordeal inspired you to take better care of your teeth. Have you been using the dental floss that my receptionist gave you.

Patient: Yes. I floss every night before going to bed. I do have one problem that I forgot to mention. When I wake up in the morning my teeth and jaw hurt. Do you know what that could be?

Dentist: Sounds to me like you are grinding your teeth at night. You will have to buy a night guard to protect your teeth.

Patient: Let me guess. You sell them here. How convenient… I noticed your new BMW in the parking lot. With all of the money I paid you last year I guess you can afford it.

Dentist: Very funny. Tooth decay is normal for people your age. It is worth it to spend the money and get your teeth cleaned and looked at.

Patient: OK doctor. Just don’t tell me my teeth are crooked and that I will need braces. I won’t fall for that one.

Dentist: No. I won’t try that on you. I am a nice dentist!

Patient: Whatever you say…

⑨Practise this conversation with a partner. Switch roles.

Speaking

35

⑩ Write a paragraph describing the scene below. Use the passive voice as

appropriate.

This is the End of Unit 3

Writing

37

Unit4

Bleeding Gums

Grammar: Review

(Modals – Passive Voice- Conditionals)

Reading: Bleeding Gums Pros and Cons of

Being a dentist

Vocabulary: Bleeding gums

① Answer the following questions.

Why do you want to be a dentist?

In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of being a dentist?

How would you be as a dentist?

38

② Guess and match the meaning of the following words with their meanings .

a. decay 1. the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth. 2. the living part of the tooth, located inside the dentin. Pulp

contains the nerve tissue and blood vessels that supply

nutrients to the tooth.

3. a surgical procedure conducted by a periodontist to reconture

the gum tissue to normal size and function.

4. exposure of dental roots due to shrinkage of the gums as a

result of abrasion, erosion, periodontal disease, or surgery.

5. Destruction of tooth structure caused by toxins produced by bacteria

6. Gums are the soft tissue lining that surrounds the teeth and

covers the upper and lower jaw bones in the mouth.

7. inflamed, swollen, and reddish gum tissue that may bleed

easily when touched or brushed.

8. Also called spit, this substance helps in digestion, protects

teeth and prevents infection.

9. the soft tissue that surrounds the base of the teeth; the

pink tissue around the teeth.

10. Babies suffer from sore gums during the teething process that

begins at 6 months of age.

11. Plaque that has hardened on the teeth. 12. the back one-third of the roof of the mouth composed of soft

tissue. 13. a tooth that has not pushed through the gum and assumed

its correct position in the dental arch.

14. The sharp, chisel-shaped front teeth (four upper, four lower)

used for cutting food.

b. gingiva

c. gingivitis

d. gum recession

e. hard palate

f. pulp

g. soft palate

h. unerupted

tooth

i. Gingivoplasty

j. Gums

k. Saliva

l. Tartar

m. Infant Sore

Gums

vocabulary

39

③ Read the following text Gum Disease

More than three-quarters of American adults over age 35 get periodontal (gum) disease. While most

people with gum disease have the less severe form, called gingivitis, between 5% and 15% have a

much more serious type of gum disease known as periodontitis.

When people don't practice proper dental hygiene, bacteria in the mouth forms plaque on the

teeth. These bacteria may cause your gums to become inflamed, which results in red, swollen, or

bleeding gums. For many people with gingivitis, this inflammation is not painful. If you catch

gingivitis early, it can be reversed and healed with proper oral hygiene. But left untreated, gingivitis

can worsen and ultimately lead to tooth loss. Be sure to seek medical attention if you have the

following symptoms, even if you don't have any discomfort:

39

changes in the way teeth fit together on biting, or in the fit of partial dentures

formation of deep pockets between teeth and gums

gums that bleed during and after tooth brushing

loose or shifting teeth

persistent bad breath or bad taste in the mouth

receding gums

red, swollen, or tender gums

When gingivitis progresses, it develops into periodontitis, a condition in which the gums and bone

that hold the teeth in place can be severely weakened. The bacteria on the teeth release toxic

substances that harm your gums and cause them to become infected. The infection and the

inflammation that result when your body attacks the bacteria can degrade your gums and the

bone in your jaw even further. You may have exceptionally swollen, painful gums that are likely to

bleed. If left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss.

41

How to Prevent Sore, Swollen, and Bleeding Gums

1. Brush your teeth at least twice each day.

2. Floss daily.

3. Rinse with mouthwash daily.

4. Eat a well-balanced diet.

5. Drink plenty of water.

6. Say no to tobacco.

7. Be cautious about extremely hot or cold foods and drinks.

8. Relax. Being stressed out raises levels of the stress hormone cortisol, increasing the likelihood of inflammation throughout your body, including in your gums.

42

④ Answer the following questions then discuss in pairs:

1- How do you know that you are suffering from gingivitis?

2- How do you treat bleeding gums?

3- What are the causes of bleeding gums?

⑤ Conditional sentences, type I to III, Multiple Choice Questions.

1- If I (go – went – had gone) to Leipzig, I'll visit the zoo.

2- If it (hadn’t rained – wouldn’t rain - didn't rain), we'd be in the garden.

3- If you (wear - had worn - worm) a lighter jacket, the car driver would have seen you earlier.

4- We would have watched TV tonight if Peter (would have bought – bought - hadn't bought)

the theatre tickets.

5- She (wouldn't have - wouldn't have had – won't have) two laptops if she had not signed the

contract.

6- If I was/were a millionaire, I (will - would live – would have lived) in Beverly Hills.

7- You (will save - would save – would have saved )energy if you switched off the lights more

often.

8- If we (had read – read – will read) the book, we would have understood the film.

9- My sister could score better on the test if the teacher (would have explained – would

explained- explained) the grammar once more.

10- They (might have arrived- have arrived – would be arrived) on time if they hadn't missed

the train.

⑥ Complete the sentences with the correct conditional sentence form (Type I, II or III).

1- If I (be) ………..stronger, I (help) ………………………………..you carry the piano.

2- If we (see) ………………………. you, we would have stopped.

3- If we meet him tomorrow, we(say) ……………………………… hello.

4- He would have repaired the car himself if he (have) …………………………………..the tools.

Grammar

43

5- If you drop the vase, it (break) ………………………………. .

6- If I hadn't studied, I (pass) ……………………………... the exam.

⑦Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1- He opened the door. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2- We set the table. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3- She is paying a lot of money. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4- I have drawn a picture. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5- They are going to wear blue shoes. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6- They will not help you. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7- He should open the book. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8- You couldn’t have written the letter. –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

9- Does your mum pick you up? –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

10- Has the police officer caught the thief? –

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

44

⑧Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use Simple Present

or Simple Past.

1. The Statue of Liberty (give) to the United States by France.

2. It (be) a present on the 100th anniversary of the United States.

3. The Statue of Liberty (design) by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi.

4. It (complete) in France in July 1884.

5. In 350 pieces, the statue then (ship) to New York, where it (arrive)

on 17 June 1885.

6. The pieces (put) together and the opening ceremony (take) place

on 28 October 1886.

7. The Statue of Liberty (be) 46 m high (93 m including the base).

8. The statue (represent) the goddess of liberty.

9. She (hold) a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand.

10. On the tablet you (see / can) the date of the Declaration of Independence

(July 4, 1776).

11. Every year, the Statue of Liberty (visit) by many people from all over the

world.

⑨ Write passive sentences (use the indications between brackets.)

1. the picture / draw (Simple Present)

2. the door / close (Simple Past)

3. the house / steal (Present Continuous)

4. the bike / repair (Past Continuous)

5. the room/ clean (Present Perfect)

6. the homework / do (Past perfect)

7. the window / break (Simple future)

8. the essay / write (Should + Verb)

45

⑩Complete the sentences using the words listed below.

can could have to must might should

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He be exhausted after

such a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk

downtown and explore the waterfront.

3. Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared for

dramatic weather changes. You research the route a little more before you

attempt the ascent.

4. When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects lying

around. Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.

5. Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute?

Nathan: No, I can't.

6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune.

7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water,

they die.

8. I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we

moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost

everything I knew as a child. Now, I just say a few things in the language.

9. The book is optional. My professor said we read it if we needed extra credit.

46

But we read it if we don't want to.

10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but it's not here.

Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It

be in there. That's the only other place it be.

11. You take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news

said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon.

12. we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom and I

don't know. if I hold it until we get to Chicago

13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He have left it here last

night.

14. Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute?

Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you keep it if you want to. I've given up

smoking.

15. I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking in front

of everyone at the party last night. She have just said she was full or had some

salad if she didn't like the meal.

16. Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick

watching you eat that piece of pizza.

17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm!

Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer be someone in this room.

47

⑪Choose the right modal verb.

It be any one of us!!!

18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.

Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just

nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.

19. you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you think

once in a while before you speak?

20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room.

It be lying around here somewhere. Where it be? be swallowed,

causing serious injury or even death.

1. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You (mustn't – don’t have to) buy any.

2. It's a hospital. You (shouldn't - mustn't) smoke.

3. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He (have to – must) be tired after such hard

work. He (should – may) prefer to get some rest.

4. I (could – might) speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But

after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot

almost everything I knew as a child.

5. (Can – might) you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I can't.

6. Take an umbrella. It (might – should) rain later.

7. You (don't have to - shouldn't) leave small objects lying around . Such objects (may –

will) be swallowed by children.

8. People (mustn't – don’t have to) walk on grass.

48

⑫Read the following

There are a number of different things that you will have to do in order to become a dentist. One of the things that you should do before you even think about becoming a dentist is to determine if a dentistry career is really what you want or not. Everyone has their own idea of what an ideal career really is, and you need to make sure that you are entering a career that is as close to your ideal as possible. Unfortunately, finding your ideal career is not always an easy task; no career is perfect, and it is very easy to pay attention only to the benefits of a career rather than the drawbacks. To find out if a dental career is actually the career that you want, you may want to look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of a career in the field of dentistry to ensure that you are choosing correctly.

One of the advantages of becoming a dentist is that you will be able to help people. Almost everyone will have to find a dentist or a dental specialist at some point to treat a problem with their teeth, and if you become a dentist, you may be the one who can offer these people the dental care that they need.

Another advantage of becoming a dentist is that you will receive a substantial income. A dentist will typically make over $65,000 a year right after he or she graduates from one of the dental schools accredited by the American Dental Association's Commission on Dental Accreditation (ADA CORA), and this amount will climb to over $140,000 a year within the first ten years of practice. In fact, you may be able to make over $180,000 a year if you specialize in a specific type of dental care.

The third advantage of becoming a dentist is that you will typically have good job prospects. Everyone needs dental care, and the demand for dentists continues to grow as the population grows and more people begin to seek out the dental care that they need.

The fourth advantage of becoming a dentist is that you can be your own boss. Most dentists start out as associates, but they eventually move up to full partners or open their own practices. You may start out working for someone else, but you will, if you choose to do so, eventually be able to establish your own practice and make your own hours and your own decisions.

It is important to remember, however, that the field of dentistry is not without its disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of becoming a dentist is that it can be physically demanding. The average dentist will spend hours daily on his or her feet carefully examining each patient and performing a series of procedures that require amazing dexterity. Making a series of very precise movements for an extended period of time can be very stressful and tiring.

Reading

49

Another disadvantage of becoming a dentist is that you will typically have to work long hours when you first start out. The average dentist typically works 35 to 40 hours a week, but a dentist that is just starting out may have to work anywhere from 40 to over 60 hours a week to establish his or her new practice. You will eventually be able to cut back your hours, but you may have some long hours ahead of you when you're just out of dental school.

The third disadvantage of becoming a dentist is that you may have to be on call for dental emergencies. The dental problems that your patients experience will not always occur during your office hours and you may have to answer questions about, or even perform procedures to correct, these problems after your office is closed.

The fourth disadvantage of becoming a dentist is that you have to deal with the feeling of apprehension that a typical patient might have toward dental treatment. Many people are afraid of the dentist's office, and you will have to find ways to work around or alleviate this fear every single day that you work.

After having read the previous text, write an essay about the advantages and

disadvantages of being a dentist in Syria.

This is the End of Unit 4

Write