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Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles

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Page 1: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles

Page 2: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Introduction

• Sensation

• Perception–Are one

continuous process

Page 3: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Sensation

= the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Page 4: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Perception

= the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Page 5: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Introduction

• Bottom-up processing

• Top-down processing

Page 6: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Bottom-up processing

= analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.

Page 7: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Top-down processing

= information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

Page 8: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Selective Attention

• Selective Attention–Cocktail party effect

Page 9: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Selective attention

= the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Page 10: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Selective AttentionSelective Attention and Accidents

• Cell phone use and car accidents

Page 11: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Selective AttentionSelective Inattention

• Inattentional blindness

Page 12: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Inattentional blindness

= failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Page 13: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Selective AttentionSelective Inattention

• Change blindness–Change deafness

–Choice blindness

–Choice-choice blindness

• Pop-out

Page 14: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Change blindness

= failing to notice changes in the environment

Page 15: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Thresholds

• Psychophysics

Page 16: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Psychophysics

= the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

Page 17: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

ThresholdsAbsolute Thresholds

• Absolute threshold–50 % of the time

Page 18: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Absolute threshold

= the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.

Page 19: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

ThresholdsSignal Detection

• Signal-detection theory–Ratio of “hits” to “false alarms”

Page 20: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Signal detection theory

= a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and altertness.

Page 21: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

ThresholdsSubliminal Stimulation

• Subliminal (below threshold)

• Priming–Masking stimulus

• Subliminal persuasion

Page 22: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Subliminal

= below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Page 23: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Priming

= the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

Page 24: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

ThresholdsDifference Thresholds

• Difference threshold–Just noticeable difference (jnd)

• Weber’s Law

Page 25: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Difference threshold

= the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd).

Page 26: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Weber’s law

= the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).

Page 27: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Sensory Adaptation

• Sensory Adaptation–Informative changes

–Reality versus usefulness

Page 28: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Sensory adaptation

= diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

Page 29: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Vision

Page 30: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Stimulus Input: Light Energy

• Transduction (transform)

• Wavelength

• Hue (color)–Wavelength

• Intensity–Wave amplitude

Page 31: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Transduction

= conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

Page 32: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Wavelength

= the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of comic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

Page 33: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Hue

= the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

Page 34: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Intensity

= the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude.

Page 35: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum

Page 36: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Physical Property of Waves

Page 37: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Eye

• Cornea

• Pupil

• Iris

• Lens–accommodation

• Retina

Page 38: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Page 39: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Cornea = outer covering of the eye.

Page 40: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Pupil = the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

Page 41: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Pupil

= the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which lights enters.

Page 42: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Iris = a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

• The iris dilates/constricts in response to changing light intensity

Page 43: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Iris

= a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Page 44: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Lens = the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

Page 45: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Lens

= the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus the images on the retina.

Page 46: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Accommodation

= the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Page 47: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Retina = the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the

processing of visual information.

Page 48: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Retina

= the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Page 49: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The EyeThe Retina

• Rods and Cones

RodsCones

Page 50: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Rods

= retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond.

Page 51: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Cones

= retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Page 52: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Rods versus Cones

Page 53: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Retina’s Reaction to Light

Page 54: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The EyeThe Retina

• Optic nerve

• Blind spot

• Fovea

Page 55: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Optic Nerve

= the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Page 56: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Optic Nerve = the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Page 57: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Blind Spot

= the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.

Page 58: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Blind Spot = the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.

Page 59: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Fovea

= the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

Page 60: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Structure of the Eye

Fovea = the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

Page 61: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Pathways from the eyes to the visual cortex

Page 62: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Visual Information ProcessingFeature Detection

• Feature detectors

Page 63: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Feature detectors

= nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

Page 64: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Visual Information ProcessingParallel Processing

• Parallel processing–Blind sight

Page 65: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Parallel processing

= the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Page 66: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Visual information processing

Page 67: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Color Vision

• Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory–Red – Green - Blue

–Monochromatic vision

–Dichromatic vision

Page 68: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

= the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors – one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue – which, when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

Page 69: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Color Vision

• Opponent-process theory–Three sets of colors

• Red-green

• Blue-yellow

• Black-white

–Afterimage

Page 70: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Opponent-process theory

= the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

Page 71: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

After image

Page 72: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

This slide is intentionally left blank.

Page 73: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Hearing

Page 74: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves

• Audition

• Amplitude–loudness

• Frequency–Pitch

Page 75: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Audition

= the sense or act of hearing.

Page 76: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Frequency

= the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (i.e. per second).

Page 77: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Pitch

= a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.

Page 78: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Ear

• Outer ear–Auditory canal

–Ear drum

Page 79: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

The ear is divided into the outer, middle and inner ear.

Page 80: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Eardrum = tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves.

Page 81: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Ear

• Middle ear–Hammer, anvil, stirrup

Page 82: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Middle Ear

= the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.

Page 83: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate with the eardrum.

Page 84: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Cochlea

= a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Page 85: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Inner ear

= the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

Page 86: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Eardrum

Page 87: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Oval window = where the stirrup connects to the cochlea.

Page 88: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Cochlea = a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Page 89: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The Ear

• Inner ear– Oval window

–Cochlea• Basilar membrane

–Auditory nerve

–Auditory cortex

Page 90: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Oval Window

Page 91: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Cochlea

Page 92: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The structure of the ear

Auditory nerve

Page 93: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Neural impulse to the brain

Page 94: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The EarPerceiving Loudness

• Basilar membrane’s hair cells–Compressed sound

Page 95: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Cochlea and loud sounds

Page 96: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The EarPerceiving Pitch

• Place theory–High pitched sounds

• Frequency theory–Low pitched sounds

–Volley principle

Page 97: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Place theory

= in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated.

Page 98: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Frequency theory

= in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

Page 99: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The EarLocating Sounds

• Stereophonic hearing

• Localization of sounds–Intensity

–Speed of the sound

Page 100: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Hearing Loss and Deaf Culture

• Hearing loss–Conduction hearing loss

–Sensorineural hearing loss

–Cochlea implant

• Signing

Page 101: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Conduction hearing loss

= hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

• Problems with the eardrum or three bones of the middle ear.

Page 102: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Sensorineural hearing loss

= hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.

Page 103: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Cochlea implant

= a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

Page 104: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Other Senses

Page 105: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Touch

• Types of touch–Pressure

–Warmth

–Cold

–Pain• Sensation of hot

Page 106: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Touch

• Rubber hand illusion

Page 107: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Touch

• Kinesthesis

• Vestibular sense–Semicircular canals

Page 108: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Kinethesis

= the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

Page 109: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Vestibular sense

= the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.

Page 110: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Semicircular Canals

Page 111: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

PainUnderstanding Pain

• Biological Influences–Noiceptors

–Gate-control theory

–Endorphins

–Phantom limb sensations

–Tinnitus

Page 112: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Gate-control theory

= the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Page 113: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

The pain circuit

Page 114: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

PainUnderstanding Pain

• Psychological Influences–Rubber-hand illusion

–Memories of pain

Page 115: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

PainUnderstanding Pain

• Social-Cultural Influences

Page 116: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Biopsychosocial approach to pain

Page 117: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

PainControlling Pain

• Physical methods

• Psychological methods

Page 118: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Taste

• Sweet, sour, salty and bitter–Umami

• Taste buds–Chemical sense

• Age and taste

Page 119: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

TasteSensory Interaction

• Sensory interaction

• Interaction of smell and taste–McGurk Effect

• Interaction of other senses

Page 120: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Smell

• Olfaction–Chemical sense

–Odor molecules

–Olfactory bulb

–Olfactory nerve

Page 121: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Smell (olfaction)

Page 122: Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles. Introduction Sensation Perception –Are one continuous process

Smell and age