sensation vs. perception sensation – the stimulation of sense organs; raw data without meaning...
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Sensation vs. PerceptionSensation vs. Perception• Sensation – the
stimulation of sense organs; raw data without meaning
• Perception – the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input; meaning is subjective
• Sensation – the stimulation of sense organs; raw data without meaning
• Perception – the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input; meaning is subjective
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Sensation and PerceptionSensation and Perception
•6-8% of AP exam•Thresholds and Signal Detection Theory•Sensory Mechanisms•Attention•Perceptual Processes
•6-8% of AP exam•Thresholds and Signal Detection Theory•Sensory Mechanisms•Attention•Perceptual Processes
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Essential Questions!Essential Questions!• How are our perceptions formed?
• How accurate are our perceptions?
• How are our perceptions formed?
• How accurate are our perceptions?
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Common FeaturesCommon Features
• All senses enter the brain through TRANSDUCTION – the process of transforming physical stimuli into neural impulses
• All sense organs have a built-in system of ADAPTATION – our awareness of the stimulation decreases if we are constantly exposed to it
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Sensory ThresholdsSensory Thresholds
• Absolute threshold – the intensity level of a stimulus that a person correctly detects at least half (50%) of the time
• Subliminal stimulus – a stimulus that is correctly detected less than half of the time
• Just noticeable difference (JND) – the smallest magnitude of difference in a stimulus that a person can correctly detect at least 50% of the time
• Absolute threshold – the intensity level of a stimulus that a person correctly detects at least half (50%) of the time
• Subliminal stimulus – a stimulus that is correctly detected less than half of the time
• Just noticeable difference (JND) – the smallest magnitude of difference in a stimulus that a person can correctly detect at least 50% of the time
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Examples of Absolute Thresholds
Vision A candle flame seen at 30 miles on a dark, clear night
Hearing The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet
Taste One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water
Smell One drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of a six-room apartment
Touch The wing of a fly falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 cm
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Sensory ThresholdsSensory Thresholds
• Absolute threshold – the intensity level of a stimulus that a person correctly detects at least half (50%) of the time
• Subliminal stimulus – a stimulus that is correctly detected less than half of the time
• Just noticeable difference (JND) – the smallest magnitude of difference in a stimulus that a person can correctly detect at least 50% of the time
• Absolute threshold – the intensity level of a stimulus that a person correctly detects at least half (50%) of the time
• Subliminal stimulus – a stimulus that is correctly detected less than half of the time
• Just noticeable difference (JND) – the smallest magnitude of difference in a stimulus that a person can correctly detect at least 50% of the time
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Sensory ThresholdsSensory Thresholds
• Absolute threshold – the intensity level of a stimulus that a person correctly detects at least half (50%) of the time
• Subliminal stimulus – a stimulus that is correctly detected less than half of the time
• Just noticeable difference (JND) – the smallest magnitude of difference in a stimulus that a person can correctly detect at least 50% of the time
• Absolute threshold – the intensity level of a stimulus that a person correctly detects at least half (50%) of the time
• Subliminal stimulus – a stimulus that is correctly detected less than half of the time
• Just noticeable difference (JND) – the smallest magnitude of difference in a stimulus that a person can correctly detect at least 50% of the time
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Weber’s LawWeber’s Law• The size of the JND is proportional to
the intensity of the initial stimulus
Ex: You can tell the diff. between 1 lb. and 2 lb. weights, but not between 100 and 101 lb. weights
• The size of the JND is proportional to the intensity of the initial stimulus
Ex: You can tell the diff. between 1 lb. and 2 lb. weights, but not between 100 and 101 lb. weights
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Sense Sensation Measured Weber Fraction
Vision Brightness, white light 1/60
Kinesthesis Lifted weights 1/30
Pain Heat on skin 1/30
Hearing Tone of middle pitch and moderate loudness
1/10
Pressure On “spot” of skin 1/7
Smell Odor of India rubber 1/4
Representative Middle-Range Values for Weber Fractions
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Fechner’s LawFechner’s Law
• The magnitude of a sensory experience is proportional to the number of JNDs that the stimulus causing the experience is above absolute threshold
• Constant increments in stimulus intensity produce smaller and smaller increases in the perceived magnitude of sensation
• The magnitude of a sensory experience is proportional to the number of JNDs that the stimulus causing the experience is above absolute threshold
• Constant increments in stimulus intensity produce smaller and smaller increases in the perceived magnitude of sensation
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Signal-Detection TheorySignal-Detection Theory
• Proposes that the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity
• Performance depends on the level of “noise” in the system; noise comes from all irrelevant stimuli in the environment
• Proposes that the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity
• Performance depends on the level of “noise” in the system; noise comes from all irrelevant stimuli in the environment
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Gestalt Principles of OrganizationGestalt Principles of Organization
• Rules that specify how our brains organize separate pieces or elements into meaningful perceptions
• Rules that specify how our brains organize separate pieces or elements into meaningful perceptions
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Figure-ground • We tend to automatically distinguish betweena figure and the background• Innate• Typically thesmaller object with more detail is thefigure
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Closure• We tend to fill in anymissing parts of a figure and see the figureas complete
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Simplicity• We organize stimuli inthe simplest way possible
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Continuity•We tend to favorsmooth or continuous pathswhen interpretinga series of points or lines
•We follow themuntil their perceivedend even if something is in theway
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Proximity •We tend to group togetherobjects that are physicallyclose to each other
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Similarity •We group togetherelements that appear similar
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Size constancySize constancy
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• Having two eyes helps us to judge depth
• Retinal Disparity – the difference between the image cast on each retina, helps our brains determine depth (the closer the image, the greater the disparity)
• Convergence – your eyes turn inward to focus on close object; the closer an object the greater the convergence
• Having two eyes helps us to judge depth
• Retinal Disparity – the difference between the image cast on each retina, helps our brains determine depth (the closer the image, the greater the disparity)
• Convergence – your eyes turn inward to focus on close object; the closer an object the greater the convergence
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Monocular Depth Cues – need only one eye
Monocular Depth Cues – need only one eye
• Height-in-plane – objects higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away
• Interposition – when objects overlap, the object that is blocked appears farther away
• Linear perspective – parallel lines appear to come together at greater distances
• Height-in-plane – objects higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away
• Interposition – when objects overlap, the object that is blocked appears farther away
• Linear perspective – parallel lines appear to come together at greater distances
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http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/MotionParallax/MotionParallax.html
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Eugene Boudin - "The Coast of Protrieux"
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"Sculls" by Gustave Caillebotte
http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/art/rel_size.html
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“Paris Street: A Rainy Day” by Gustave Caillebotte
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Monocular Depth Cues (cont.)Monocular Depth Cues (cont.)
• Light and shadow – brightly lit objects appear closer, while those in shadows appear farther away
• Motion parallax – we perceive objects that are blurred from motion to be closer to us
• Atmospheric perspective – clear objects appear closer; dust, smog, and mist make hazy objects appear farther
• Light and shadow – brightly lit objects appear closer, while those in shadows appear farther away
• Motion parallax – we perceive objects that are blurred from motion to be closer to us
• Atmospheric perspective – clear objects appear closer; dust, smog, and mist make hazy objects appear farther
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Photographs by Gus van Veen & Jan Brouwer, Used by
Permission, "Rock Art in the British Landscape" (
www.rockartuk.tk)
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“Near Salt Lake City” by Albert Bierstadt
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Monocular Depth Cues (cont.)Monocular Depth Cues (cont.)
• Relative size – when we expect two objects to be about the same size and they are not, the smaller one appears to be farther
• Texture gradient – things with more detail appear closer and those with less detail appear farther
• Relative size – when we expect two objects to be about the same size and they are not, the smaller one appears to be farther
• Texture gradient – things with more detail appear closer and those with less detail appear farther