SeniorDesign2015Designing a Sustainable Pump and Irrigation System

Britta Huibers, Alston Loper, Katie Love & Ingrid Petterson

http://www.ggardeningforgood.com/

Table of Contents1. Addressing the problem

a. Sustainable agriculture practices at the local level2. Project assessment

a. Defining goals, constraints, and consideration3. Literature review

a. Analyzing possible solutions4. Design and methodology

a. Rain captureb. Irrigationc. Pump

5. Sustainability measures

Addressing the Problem

The Problem: Agriculture and SocietyAgriculture accounts for 80% of America’s

consumptive water useCost of transport:

Economic: transportation accounted for 6.3 percent of retail tomato price

Energy: Fruits travel averaged 2,146 miles and 1,596 miles for vegetables (maryland)

Refocus on sustainable agriculture http://www.vegetablegardeninglife.com/

Greenville Community InitiativeLocal Community Gardens

~7500 ft2 gardenVegetable garden used for produce and education

Looking to expand but have following problems:Current pump system faultyIrrigation network not yet in place

GCI Community Garden

Google Earth

Survey of Plot

Project Assessment

Project Goals Mechanical:

Design a non-electric pump and irrigation networkEffectively pump available water into the system

Pressure gradientsStructural:

Reservoir/storage basinInverted roofBiological:Focus on sustainability

Maintain vegetation

www.liveorganicsolutions.com

ConstraintsLimited skills and experience

with farming and fabricationLocal community garden with

very limited budget - honors college grants

Space is limited for pump, reservoir, and system

Time and coordinating meetings with the farm directors

http://yourmoneymattersinc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/triple-constraint-copy-50x50.jpg

ConsiderationsSafety - water quality, water

leaksEthical - no use of fossil fuelsEcologically - farm runoff to

nearby water sources, pump washing away

Ultimate - sustainable method available for teaching

http://www.theenergycollective.com/sites/theenergycollective.com/files/pic2_839.jpg

http://kainos-partners.com/files/2013/08/hardhat.jpg

Questions Client

● How much will the pump cost?● How often should parts be replaced?● How long will the pump and irrigation system take to

assemble?User

● When does the system need to be flushed out?● How much water can be stored?● How do I operate the system?

Designer● How much space is available for the system?● What water supply is available?● What is the daily water usage of the farm?

Literature Review

IrrigationSprinkler

75-85% efficientSandy soils, faster water infiltrationNo pondingPump, mainline, laterals, and sprinkler9-24 meters apart

bad for small plotshigh evaporation

IrrigationCircular wetting pattern wettest at headOverlap of 65%

http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684e/s8684e06.htm

Irrigation

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/drip-irrigation-design-guidelines-basics-of-measurements-parts-and-more/

IrrigationDrip

Good for small plots95% efficient

small reservoir neededminimal evaporation

1-2 emitters per plant (8-24 in apart)System pressure required 4-15 psiFlow rate of 0.16 - 1 gallon/hrHigher cost and maintenance

Rain water CollectionGreenville has an average of 42.1

in/yrRain naturally provides water

Have funnel system into a basinSlanted roof designStore in a small elevated tank Use tank elevation for the

irrigationAn “in addition to” idea

http://www.kahrl.com/on-site-projects/rainwater-harvesting-on-a-farm-in-the-venice-lagoon/

Current System - Hand PumpDiaphragm pump

Head in 5-10m rangeAdvantages

high mechanical efficiencyself-primingfunction well with muddy or gritty water

Disadvantagesexpensiverequires specialized parts for

maintenance

Fraenkel, et al. Water lifting Devices (24)

Wind PumpKinetic energy from the wind is captured and turned into mechanical energy

Free & eco friendly form of energyTrusted method of pumping water for over a centuryTangible design for hands-on educationAesthetically pleasing

Inherent disadvantage: unreliability

http://fineartamerica.com/featured/12-water-pump-windmill-werner-lehmann.html

Hydraulic Ram PumpMechanical system that is powered

by the potential energy of the power supply

Allows water to be pumped from both a running and free-standing water supply, i.e. creek or rain barrel

Main components:a. header tankb. drive pipec. pump with impulse and delivery valvesd. air chambere. delivery pipe

http://www.rampumps.net/img/201203311800450181.jpg

Young, B. W. (7)

Spiral Coil PumpFirst invented in 1746 by H.A. Wirtz, the spiral pump is an old

method with many modificationsThe floating inclined coil pump was developed by David J Hilton in

1989

David J Hilton (15)

● The pump operates by intaking air and water alternately. The compressed air is then used as the driving force to lift the water.

● The floating drum allows the pump to rise and fall with the water level of the creek

Design Methodology

Rain Capture Design Easy pump supplement to store water

from rain events for later usage Slanted roof directs water into a gutter

protected by a gutter guard to reduce debris inflow into tank

Major design considerations:1. Structural stability2. Rainwater capture3. System economics

Katie Love

Structure: Roof design and CalculationsUsed batten scheme for roofing structure (with 24 inch spacing)15 degree slope Collar for structural support Greenville live wind load: 20 psfPine maximum bending force(FB): 1509.4 psi

National design specification for wood construction requires 70% of maximum for hot, wet conditions

Equations:W= 0.6D+0.6LR (ASCE-7)FB=(My/I)∑M=F d⊥Results:

Rafter size: 2 in. x 6 in. (6 in. height)Batten size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)Collar Size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)

Britta Huibers

Rainwater CaptureThe volume captured was calculated by multiplying the surface area of the

roof by the average inches of rainfall for each period analyzed. Due to an average efficiency of 80%, this number was then multiplied by 0.8

Surface area of roof: 63.2 ft2

Average annual rainfall: 42.1 in/yrTotal volume captured: 1325 gallons

The typical growing period for crops is March - November so the design parameters can be adjusted to focus on this time period

Average rainfall from March - November: 31.5 in/yrTotal volume captured: 988.8 gallons

System Economics

Prices from lowes.com

Irrigation Network - Equations ● Blaney Criddle equation was used to

calculate the evapotranspiration rate of tomatoes

● %slope = ∆elevation/length of plot *100

● All other soil and plot characteristics needed to satisfy the spreadsheet were found in literature

○ Cartecay and Toccoa soils○ Tomatoes

Irrigation Network

Equations

L = lateral length (ft)Pa = average emitter operating pressure

(psi)K = constant (-)LS = slope (%)

K = constant (-)D = diameter (in)q = lateral discharge rate (gpm/ft)

C = Hazen - Williams for PE pipeCf= head-loss adjustment factor

Irrigation - Summary16 laterals45 emitters per lateral

spaced 2’Discharge from pump:

64.8 gph16.2 gph per lateralPeak tomato summary1 set/day8.57 hours/set4 sets total555.3 gal/day

http://www.dripworks.com/category/half-inch-emitter-tubing

Irrigation Economics

Prices from lowes.com

Coil PumpOur specifications:

delivery head: ~ 20ftdistance from structure to top of stream bank: 10ftlength of slope down to water surface: 11ftdistance from edge of stream to deepest section of water: 12ft 8indeepest section of water: ~ 10 in

* measurement taken 1 week after stormtube diameter available: ~2.5 in

Major constraints:diameter of pumplength of tubing available delivery head

Coil Pump: number of coils● Modeled as a series of manometers

○ P=γh1+γh2+...γhn

○ PTOT=γnh● Bernoulli’s analysis of pipe flow

● Frictional head loss by Darcy-Weisbach

● Number of coils○ n=

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moody-diagram-d_618.html

http://lurkertech.com/water/pump/belcher/fish/

Coil Pump: Pump DischargeFollowing Mortimer & Annabelle:

Qp=ωπdp2Lw.1

Lw.1=R*cos-1((R-d1)/R)Qp=

Buoyancy

SustainabilityEconomical

no energy usagecost reducing

Environmentalmaximizes water usageminimizes wastedoes not require

nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels

http://sites.psu.edu/zero/wp-content/uploads/sites/10619/2014/03/sustainability-smaller.png

Tentative Time Line

References(1) "USDA ERS - Irrigation & Water Use." USDA ERS - Irrigation & Water Use. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(2) "Irrigation Tutorials." Irrigation Tutorials. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(3) Best Management Guidelines for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture . Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and

Forestry, 2000. Web.(4) Bachelor Degree Project In Mechanical Engineering, Level Ects, Spring Term 2010, and Sara

Salomonsson.WINDMILL DRIVEN WATER PUMP FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION AND DOMESTIC USE (n.d.): n. pag. Web.

(5) "CHAPTER 5. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION." CHAPTER 5. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept.

2015. (6) Pirog, Rich. "Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa Perspective on How Far Food Travels, FuelUsage, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." (2001): n. pag. Iowa State University. (7) Young, B. W. "Design of Hydraulic Ram Pump Systems." ARCHIVE: Proceedings of the Institution of

MechanicalEngineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 1990-1996 (vols 204-210) 209.41 (1995): 313-22. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(8) Smith, Bryan. "Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pump." Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pump. N.p., 22 July 2014. Web.

11 Sept. 2015. <http://www.clemson.edu/irrig/Equip/ram.htm>.(9) Rogers, Alison. "Wind Power: Are Vertical Axis Wiling Turbines Better?" Mother Earth News. N.p.,

Mar. 2008.Web. 13 Sept. 2015.(10) "UNL Extension Resources for Irrigation Systems: Subsurface Drip." Agricultural Irrigation

Systems: SubsurfaceDrip. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2015. <https://water.unl.edu/cropswater/subsurface-drip>.

References(11) Muller, Edward J. "Rafter Span Tables." Rafter Span Tables. Architectural Drawing and Light

Construction, n.d.

Web. 27 Sept. 2015.

(12) Mehta, Kishor C., and James Delahay. Guide to the Use of the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-02.

Reston, VA:

American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. Print.

(13) NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction. Washington, D.C.: American Forest & Paper

Association, 2001. Print.

(14) https://www.clemson.edu/sustainableag/rainwater_manual.pdf

(15) Hilton, David J. "Further Development of the Inclined Coil Pump." Waterlines 8 (1989)

(16) rain water efficiency http://www.nrdc.org/water/files/rooftoprainwatercapture.pdf

(17) "SoilWeb." SoilWeb. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.

<

http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soil_web/ssurgo.php?action=explain_component&mukey=1895726&cokey=11165400

>.(18) Chapter 3. Place of Publication Not Identified: Stationery Office, 2006. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.

References(19) "CHAPTER 3: CROP WATER NEEDS." CHAPTER 3: CROP WATER NEEDS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/s2022e/s2022e07.htm>.(20) "When to Water Vegetables." The Old Farmer's Almanac. N.p., 27 Apr. 2009. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. <http://www.almanac.com/content/when-water-vegetables>.

(21) Jarret, Al. “Drip Irrigation”

(22) LINEDSGN.xml

(23) Sumner, M. E. Handbook of Soil Science. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 2000. Print.(24) Fraenkel, Peter, and Jeremy Thake. Water Lifting Devices: A Handbook for Users and Choosers. Rugby: Practical Action Pub., 2006. Print.

(25) Tailer, Peter. "The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump." The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump. N.p.,

1986. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

(26) http://www.lowes.com/