SEMESTER IV

FSC 201 Production Technology of Sub Tropical And Temperate Fruit Crops (2 + 1)

Aim

To impart knowledge about the cultivation of sub tropical and temperate fruit crops

Theory

Unit I Scope and importance

Subtropical, temperate and humid zones of India and Tamil Nadu – classification of

subtropical and temperate fruits – area, production, scope and importance, role of

subtropical and temperate fruit crops in national and international economy.

Unit II Sub tropical fruit crops

Crops :Hill banana, mandarin, grapefruit, pummelo, grape and avocado.

Composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties -soil and

climatic requirements –propagation – rootstocks-main field preparation – spacing, planting

density and cropping systems. Planting and after care - nutrients, water and weed

management - training and pruning –canopy management– flowering, pollination and fruit

set - use of plant growth regulators – physiological disorders and remedies - maturity

indices and harvest – post harvest handling - ripening and storage - production constraints.

Unit III Sub tropical fruit crops

Crops : Pine apple, mangosteen, litchi, loquat, rambutan, carambola, durian, passion

fruit and rose apple.

Composition and uses – origin and distribution –species and varieties soil and

climatic requirements - propagation - rootstocks -main field preparation – spacing, planting

density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients, water and weed

management - training and pruning – canopy management -flowering, pollination and fruit

set - use of plant growth regulators – physiological disorders and remedies - maturity

indices and harvest – post harvest handling - ripening and storage - production constraints.

Unit IV Temperate fruit crops

Crops : Apple, pear, peach, plum, strawberry, sweet and sour cherry, black and raspberry,

currants, apricot, vkiwi and persimmon

Composition and uses – origin and distribution – species andvarieties -soil and

climatic requirements - propagation – rootstocks-main field preparation – spacing, planting

density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients, water and weed

management - training and pruning – canopy management -problems in flowering,

pollination and fruit set – planting of pollinizers - use of plant growth regulators –

physiological disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest - post harvest handling

and storage - production constraints.

Unit V Temperate nut crops

Crops : Almond, walnut, pecan nut, pistachio nut, macadamia nut, chest nut and hazel

nut.

Composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil and

climatic requirements - propagation – rootstocks-main field preparation – spacing, planting

density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients, water and weed

management - training and pruning – canopy management- flowering, pollination and fruit

set – planting of pollinizers - use of plant growth regulators – physiological disorders and

remedies - maturity indices and harvest - post harvest handling and storage - production

constraints of pistachio nut, macadamia nut, almond, walnut, pecan nut, chest nut and hazel

nut.

Practical

Description and identification of important varieties of sub tropical and temperate

fruits – selection, pre-treatment and intercultural operations in hill banana – systems of

training, pruning, propagation methods, use of growth regulators in grapes - physiological

disorders and remedies in major fruit crops- study of varieties – propagation methods in

mangosteen, loquat, carambola, pine apple - planting systems and growth regulation in pine

apple – description of varieties, propagation and growth regulation in apple, pear, plum and

peach – identification and description of temperate nut crops – study of maturity indices in

major sub tropical and temperate fruit crops – visit to sub tropical and temperate zones and

study of sub tropical and temperate fruit crops

Lecture schedule

1. Subtropical and temperate zones of India and Tamil Nadu – classification of

temperate and subtropical fruits.

2. Area, production, scope and importance, role on national economy of sub tropical

and temperate fruits.

3. Hill banana - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and vareities

soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management, training and pruning - canopy management- use of

plant growth regulators - physiological disorders and remedies - maturity indices

and harvest – post harvest handling - ripening and storage

4. Mandarin -composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and vareities soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators, physiological

disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest handling -

ripening and storage - production constrains

5. Grape fruit and pummelo - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species

and vareities soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field

preparation - spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care

- nutrients, water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy

management- flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators,

physiological disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest

handling - ripening and storage of - production constrains

6. Grapes - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and vareities soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks-main field preparation - spacing,

planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients, water and

weed management - training and pruning - canopy management- flowering,

pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators

7. Grapes - physiological disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post

harvest handling - ripening and storage - production constraints

8. Avocado - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and vareities soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators, physiological

disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest handling -

ripening and storage, production constraints

9. Pineapple - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and vareities

soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators, physiological

disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest handling -

ripening and storage.

10. Litchi - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and vareities soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators, physiological

disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest handling -

ripening and storage.

11. Mangosteen and loquat - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species

and vareities- soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field

preparation - spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care

- nutrients, water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy

management- flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators,

physiological disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest

handling - ripening and storage.

12. Rambutan and carambola - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species

and varieties - soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field

preparation - spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care

- nutrients, water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy

management- flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators,

physiological disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest

handling - ripening and storage.

13. Durian and rose apple - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and

varieties - soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field

preparation - spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care

- nutrients, water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy

management- flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators,

physiological disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest

handling - ripening and storage - production constraints

14. Passion fruit - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties

- soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of plant growth regulators, physiological

disorders and remedies - maturity indices and harvest – post harvest handling -

ripening and storage - production constrains

15. Introduction to temperate fruit crops – climatic requirements and growth physiology

16. Bearing habits and training systems of temperate fruit crops

17. Mid semester examination.

18. Apple - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning – canopy management-

problems in flowering, pollination and fruit set – planting pollinizers

19. Apple - use of plant growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies

maturity indices and harvest - post harvest handling and storage.

20. Pear - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning – canopy management-

problems in flowering, pollination and fruit set – planting pollinizers - use of plant

growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage.

21. Peach - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning – canopy management-

problems in flowering, pollination and fruit set – planting pollinizers - use of plant

growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage.

22. Plum - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning – canopy management-

problems in flowering, pollination and fruit set – planting pollinizers - use of plant

growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage.

23. Strawberry- composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties -

soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

24. Cherries- composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

25. Raspberry, black berry and currants - composition and uses – origin and distribution

– species and varieties - soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks-

main field preparation - spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting

and after care - nutrients, water and weed management - training and pruning -

canopy management- flowering, pollination and fruit set use of growth regulators,

maturity indices and harvest - post harvest handling and storage

26. Apricot - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

27. Kiwi - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

28. Persimmon - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties -

soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

29. Pistachio nut- composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties -

soil and climate requirements - propagation - rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

30. Macadamia nut -composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and

varieties - soil and climate requirements - propagation – rootstocks- main field

preparation - spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care

- nutrients, water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy

management- flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity

indices and harvest - post harvest handling and storage

31. Almond- composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation – rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

32. Walnut -composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties - soil

and climate requirements - propagation – rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

33. Pecan Nut- composition and uses – origin and distribution – species and varieties -

soil and climate requirements - propagation – rootstocks- main field preparation -

spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care - nutrients,

water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy management-

flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity indices and

harvest - post harvest handling and storage

34. Chestnut and hazel nut - composition and uses – origin and distribution – species

and varieties - soil and climate requirements - propagation – rootstocks- main field

preparation - spacing, planting density and cropping systems. planting and after care

- nutrients, water and weed management - training and pruning - canopy

management- flowering, pollination and fruit set - use of growth regulators, maturity

indices and harvest - post harvest handling and storage - production constraints of

nuts.

Practical schedule

1. Hill banana - description, pre treatment of suckers – intercultural operations viz., de

suckering and clump management

2. Description of mandarin, pummelo and grape fruit, budding and training practices

3. Visit to sub-tropical fruit zones and identification of sub-tropical varieties

4. Grape varieties, propagation methods and use of growth regulators

5. Training and pruning practices in grapes

6. Identification of physiological disorders and remedies in grapes, mandarin,

pummelo and grape fruit

7. Identification and description of varieties of avocado, litchi and passion fruit

8. Study of varieties, propagation, propagation, planting systems and growth

regulation in pine apple

9. Description of varieties and propagation methods of mangosteen, loquat and

carambola

10. Visit to temperate orchards and identification of temperate fruit varieties

11. Description of apple and pear varieties

12. Study of propagation and growth regulation of apple and pear

13. Description of plum and peach varieties

14. Study of propagation and growth regulation of plum and peach

15. Identification and description of temperate nut crops

16. Study of maturity indices in major sub tropical and temperate fruit crops

17. Practical Examination

REFERENCES

Text Books

1. Bose, T. K. 1996. Fruits of India – Tropical and sub – tropical. Nayaprakash, Calcutta

2. Bose, T. K. S. K. Mitra, and D. S. Rathore. 1998. Temperate Fruits - Nayaprakash,

Calcutta

3. Bose, T.K., S.K. Mitra and D. Sanyal 2001, Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical (2

volumes) NayaUdyog, Calcutta.

Further reading

1. Bose, T.K., S.K.Mitra, A.A. Farooqi and M.K. Sadhu (Eds) 1999. Tropical Horticulture

Vol.1. NayaProkash, Calcutta.

2. Chadha, K.L. 2001. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR, Delhi

3. Chattopadhyay, T.K., 2001. A Text Book on Pomology (4 volumes) Kalyani

Publishers, Ludhiana.

4. Grape- ICAR-Publication

5. Litchi –ICAR-Publication

6. Mitra, S. K., T. K. Bose and D. S. Rathore. 1990. Temperate fruits. Horticulture and

Allied Publishers.

7. Pine Apple –ICAR Publication

8. Veeraraghavathatham, D., M. Jawaharlal, S. Jeeva and S. Rabindran 1996. Scientific

Fruit culture, Suri Associates, Coimbatore.

Journals

1 Punjab Horticulture journal

2 Journal of American Society of Horticultural Sciences

3 Acta Hort. (ISHS)

4 Indian Horticulture (ICAR)

5 Indian Journal of Horticulture (ISH)

6 Journal of Horticulture Sciences (SPH)

7 Hort – technology

Web resources

1 www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton 2 www.actahort.org/ 3 http://agriportal.tnau.ac.in/ 4 www.fruits-mg.com 5 www.fruits.com

FLG 201 Production Technology of Commercial Flower Crops (2 + 1)

Aim

To impart knowledge on commercial cultivation, post-harvest handling and value

addition of loose and cut flowers.

Theory

Unit I Major loose flowers

Crops: Rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, tuberose and marigold

Scope and importance – scenario of international and national floral industry-

institutions and developmental agencies involved in promotion of floriculture- export

potential origin and distribution – uses – area and production - species and varieties - soil

and climate – propagation - planting systems and methods - training and pruning- special

horticultural practices - nutrient and water management - growth regulators –

intercultivation - harvest and yield - post harvest management and value addition

Unit II Minor loose flowers

Crops: Crossandra, nerium, gomphrena, celosia, barlaria, ixora, hibiscus and lotus.

Origin and distribution - uses - area and production - species and varieties - soil and

climate - propagation- planting systems and methods - training and pruning- special

horticultural practices - nutrient and water management - growth regulators - inter

cultivation - harvest and yield - postharvest management and value addition.

Unit III Cut flowers under protected cultivation

Crops: Dutch rose, carnation, gerbera, chrysanthemum, orchids, anthurium, liliums and

lisianthus

Scope and importance - origin and distribution-uses- area and production - species

and varieties - soil and climate - propagation – planting systems and methods - special

horticultural practices – nutrient and water management - growth regulators – flower

forcing- inter cultivation – harvest and yield - postharvest management and value addition.

Unit IV Cut flowers under open condition

Crops: Rose, gladiolus, china aster, dahlia, bird of paradise, Alstroemeria sp., Heliconia spp.,

torchginger and gingerlily.

Origin and distribution – uses - area and production - species and varieties - soil and

climate - propagation – planting systems and methods – special horticultural practices –

nutrient and water management – growth regulators – inter cultivation – harvest and yield -

postharvest management and value addition.

Unit V Cut foliage and fillers

Crops: Cut foliage: Aglaonema spp., Asparagus spp, Dracaena spp., Cordyline spp.,

Spathiphyllum sp., Foliage fillers:baby eucalyptus, Ivy, Podophylumspp.and box wood

Flower Fillers: Golden rod, Gypsophila sp.,and limonium sp.

Scope and importance – origin and distribution – area and production - species and

varieties - soil and climate - propagation – planting systems and methods – special

horticultural practices – nutrient and water management – growth regulators – inter

cultivation – harvest and yield – postharvest management - dry flower production - flower

arrangement

Practical

Description and identification of species and varieties in rose, jasmine, crossandra,

chrysanthemum, tuberose, marigold, nerium, gomphrena, celosia, barleria, ixora, hibiscus,

lotus,Dutch rose, carnation, gerbera, gladiolus, orchids, anthurium, liliums and Alstroemeria

sp. -propagation - seed treatment and sowing - lay out and planting of rose and jasmine -

media preparation and potting of orchids and anthurium - special horticultural practices in

rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold and dahlia-harvesting - postharvest handling and

storage–extraction of floral concrete from rose, jasmine and tuberose - visit to commercial

fields, cut flower units, flower markets and extraction units - preparation of project reports

for fresh and cut flower production and floral concrete extraction.

Lecture schedule

1. History and importance–area and production–export potential-industrial

importance–floriculture industry in India and Tamil Nadu

2. Rose-importance and uses–origin and history- area and production – species and

varieties– classification.

3. Rose - propagation – soil climate season and planting-nutrition and irrigation –

management practices - role of growth regulators-pruning – plant protection -harvest

and yield- post harvest management and value addition.

4. Jasmine- importance and uses–origin and history- area and production– species and

varieties

5. Jasmine - soil - climate - propagation - season and planting-nutrition and irrigation –

management practices - role of growth regulators-pruning methods- plant protection

- harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition.

6. Chrysanthemum - importance and uses–origin and history- area and production –

soil - climate – species and varieties–propagation - season and planting-nutrition and

irrigation – management practices - role of growth regulators- pinching and

disbudding – plant protection - harvest and yield- post harvest management and

value addition

7. Tuberose - importance and uses-origin and history-distribution-area and production

- species and varieties - propagation- season and planting-nutrition and irrigation

soil climate – management practices – nematode management - role of growth

regulators- plant protection -harvest and yield- post harvest management and value

addition.

8. Marigold - importance and uses–origin and history- area and production – species

and varieties–propagation - season and planting-nutrition and irrigation –

management practices - role of growth regulators-pinching and disbudding- plant

protection -harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition.

9. Crossandra - importance and uses-origin and history-distribution-area and

production- species and varieties – propagation- season and planting-nutrition and

irrigation – management practices - role of growth regulators- nematode

management - plant protection -harvest and yield- post harvest management

10. Nerium and gomphrena - importance and uses–origin and history- area and

production – species and varieties–propagation - season and planting-nutrition and

irrigation – management practices - role of growth regulators- plant protection -

harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition.

11. Celosia and barlaria - importance and uses–origin and history- area and production –

species and varieties–propagation - season and planting- nutrition and irrigation –

management practices -role of growth regulators- plant protection -harvest and

yield- post harvest management and value addition

12. Ixora, hibiscus and lotus-importance and uses–origin and history- area and

production –species and varieties–propagation - season and planting- nutrition and

irrigation – management practices -role of growth regulators- plant protection -

harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition

13. Guest lecture loose flower production and export.

14. Dutch rose - importance and uses-origin and distribution-area and production-

species and varieties -propagation and planting - environmental factors- pruning –

pinching - production constraints-inter culture- plant protection - harvest and yield-

post harvest management and value addition

15. Carnation-importance and uses-origin and distribution-area and production- species

and varieties –propagation-media and planting-environmental factors- netting –

inter culture - pinching-production constraints-plant protection-harvest and yield.

16. Gerbera -importance and uses-origin and distribution-area and production- species

and varieties -propagation and planting-media – inter culture -production

constraints-harvest and yield - post harvest management and value addition.

17. Mid semester examination

18. Chrysanthemum-importance and uses-origin and distribution-area and production-

species and varieties -propagation and planting-media environmental factors– inter

culture - pinching-production constraints-plant protection-harvest and yield- post

harvest management and value addition.

19. Orchids - importance and uses-origin and history-distribution-area and production-

species and varieties –environmental factors- methods of propagation media and

methods of nutrient management - irrigation – plant protection-harvest and yield -

post harvest management and value addition.

20. Anthurium - importance and uses-origin and history-distribution-area and

production- botany and varieties – environmental factors - methods of propagation –

media and methods of nutrient management - irrigation – plant protection-harvest

and yield- post harvest management and value addition

21. Liliums and lisianthus, importance and uses-origin and history-distribution-area and

production- species and varieties – media and climate - methods of propagation –

nutrient management - irrigation – plant protection-harvest and yield- post harvest

management and value addition

22. Gladiolus and bird of paradise-importance and uses-origin and distribution-area and

production- botany and varieties -propagation and planting-media – environmental

factors-inter culture - production constraints-plant protection-harvest and yield.

23. Alstroemeria-importance and uses-origin and distribution-area and production-

botany and varieties -propagation and planting-media – environmental factors-inter

culture - production constraints-plant protection-harvest and yield.

24. China aster and dahlia - importance and uses-origin and history-distribution-area

and production- species and varieties – media and climate - methods of propagation

– nutrient management - irrigation – plant protection-harvest and yield- post harvest

management and value addition

25. Heliconia, torchginger and gingerlily - importance and uses-origin and history-

distribution-area and production- species and varieties – media and climate -

methods of propagation – nutrient management - irrigation – plant protection-

harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition

26. Cut foliages- Aglaonema, Asparagus, Dracaena, -importance and uses-origin and

history-distribution-area and production- species and varieties – media and climate -

methods of propagation – nutrient management - irrigation – plant protection-

harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition

27. Cordyline and Spathiphyllum--importance and uses-origin and history-distribution-

area and production- species and varieties – media and climate - methods of

propagation – nutrient management - irrigation – plant protection-harvest and yield-

post harvest management and value addition

28. Foliage fillers-, baby eucalyptus, Ivy, Podophylumspp. and box wood -importance and

uses-origin and history-distribution-area and production- species and varieties –

media and climate - methods of propagation – nutrient management - irrigation –

plant protection-harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition

29. Flowering fillers-Golden rod, Gypsophila and Limonium, - importance and uses –

origin and distribution–species and varieties – propagation – planting – inter culture

– plant protection-harvest and yield- post harvest management and value addition

30. Guest lecture – Cut flower production -export potential of floral products

31. Methods of floral concrete extraction

32. Methods of dye extraction from flower crops.

33. Dry flower production

34. Flower arrangement- principles and styles

Practical schedule

1. Rose–identification and description of species/varieties – propagation and planting –

pruning management.

2. Jasmine -identification and description of species/varieties – propagation and

planting –pruning management.

3. Chrysanthemum and marigold- identification and description of species/varieties -

propagation and planting

4. Tuberose and crossandra – identification, description of species/varieties,

propagation and planting

5. Nerium and gomphrena- identification, description of species/varieties, nursery

raising and planting

6. Celosia and barlaria- identification, description of species/varieties, nursery raising

and planting

7. Ixora, hibiscus identification, description of species/varieties, nursery raising and

planting

8. Dutch rose - identification and description of species/varieties – media – planting

9. Carnation and gerbera - identification and description of species/varieties – media –

planting

10. Chrysanthemum and gladiolus - identification and description of species/varieties –

media – planting

11. Anthurium and orchids – identification and description of species/varieties – media

preparation - planting

12. Bird of paradise and Heliconia- identification and description of species/varieties –

propagation - media preparation – planting

13. Liliums, Alstroemeria, flowering and foliage fillers - identification and description of

species/varieties – propagation - media preparation – planting

14. Visit to flower growing areas and flower industries– loose and cut flowers

15. Preparation of project report for fresh and cut flower production and floral concrete

extraction.

16. Dry flower production and flower arrangement

17. Practical examination

REFERENCES

Text Books

1. Bhattacharjee, S.K., 2004 – Advanced commercial floriculture. Vol. I and II.

2. Bhattacharjee, S.K., 2004 – Post harvest technology of flowers and ornamental plants.

3. Bose, T.K., Yadav, L.P., Pal. P., Parthasarathy, V.A., Das. P., 2003. Commercial

flowers. Vol. I and II. Nayaudyog, Kolkata-6.

Further reading

1. Bhattacharjee and De. L.C. 2004 – Advanced Commercial Floriculture. Vol. I & II.

2. Bhattacharjee, S.K., 2004 – Landscape gardening and design with plants.

3. Biswas, T. D. 1984. Rose growing. Principles and practices. Assoc. Pub. Co., New

Delhi

4. Bose, T. K. and S. K. Bhattacharjee. 1980. Orchids of India. NayaPrakash, Calcutta

5. Foja Singh, 1997. Advances in Floriculture. Media Today Pvt Ltd., New Delhi-17

6. Prasad, S. and U. Kumar, 1998. Commercial floriculture. Agro Botanica. Bikaner - 334

003

7. Roy.A.Larson.1992. Introduction of Floriculture. International Book Distributing Co.,

Lucknow.

8. Vishnu Swarup. 1997. Ornamental Horticulture. Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi-2

9. Yadav, L., P. and Bose, T. K. 1986. Biology, conservation and culture of orchids. East-

west press private Limited, New Delhi.

Journals

1. Indian jounal of Horticulture. The Horticultural Society of India, ICAR, New Delhi.

2. Journal of South Indian Horticulture TNAU, Coimbatore.

3. Journal of Ornamental Horticultue, IARI, New Delhi.

Webresources

1. www.wikihow.com

2. www.fao.org

3. www. hort.purdue.edu

4. www.theflowerexpert.com

5. www.growing for market.com

6. www.dpt.nsw.gov.au

7. www.keralaagriculture.gov.in

SST 221 Principles of Seed Production and Quality Regulations In

Horticultural Crops (1 + 1)

Aim

To make the students understand the importance of quality seed and principles

involved in quality seed production and distribution.

Theory

Unit I Importance of quality seed

Seed - definition - importance -quality characteristics - history of seed industry -

classes of seed - generation system - multiplication ratio - seed replacement rate - varietal

deterioration - causes - maintenance.

Unit II Principles of seed production

Methods and tools of seed production in variety and hybrid - seed crop management

- land requirement - isolation - pre-sowing seed treatments - dormancy - spacing - nutrients

- irrigation - contaminants - roguing - physiological maturation - pre-harvest sanitation

spray - pre and post harvest techniques - extraction methods - processing - seed treatment -

packing - storage - factors influencing seed storage.

Unit III Seed quality assurance

Seed certification - phases - seed farm procedures - general and specific seed crop

standards for horticultural crops - field standards, seed standards - field inspection - field

counts - purity status of seed crop - post harvest inspection - bagging - tagging - Grow Out

Test.

Unit IV Seed testing

Seed testing - importance - seed lot - assignment of lot number - seed sample - sampling

methods - purity analysis - moisture estimation - Germination tests - viability test - seed

vigour tests - seed health test

Unit V Seed legislations and regulatory framework

Theseeds act and rules - composition and role of central seed committee and its sub-

committee i.e. central sub - committee on crop standards, release and notification of varieties

of horticultural crops - state seed sub - committee - central seed certification board, state

seed certification agency - central seed testing laboratory cum referral laboratory and

notified seed testing laboratories - seed inspector - duties and responsibilities - offences and

penalties - seeds (control) order, 1983 and labelling standards - new policy on seed

development, 1988 - salient features of seed bill 2004.

Practical

Seed structure - seed production planning - pre sowing seed management techniques

- (dormancy and priming) - seed treatments for precision sowing (coating and pelleting) -

practicing field counting - identification of contaminants and practicing roguing - studies on

physiological and harvestable maturity - visit to seed processing unit - visit to Directorate of

Seed Certification - visit to Grow Out Test plots - seed sampling, mixing and dividing -

analysis of physical purity - moisture estimation - conducting of germination tests - seedling

evaluation and quick viability test - seed health test.

Lecture schedule

1. Seed - definition - importance - quality characteristics - history of seed industry

2. Classes of seed - generation system - multiplication ratio - seed replacement rate

3. Varietal deterioration - causes - maintenance

4. Methods and tools of seed production in variety and hybrid

5. Seed crop management - land requirement- isolation - pre-sowing seed treatments -

dormancy

6. Spacing - nutrients - irrigation - contaminants - roguing

7. Physiological maturation - pre-harvest sanitation spray - pre- and post harvest

techniques - extraction methods

8. Processing - seed treatment - packing - storage - factors influencing seed storage

9. Mid Semester Examination

10. Seed certification - phases - seed farm procedures - general and specific standards

11. Field inspection - field counts - field standards - purity status of seed crop - post

harvest inspection

12. Seed standards - bagging - tagging - Grow Out Test

13. Seed testing - importance - seed lot - assignment of lot number - seed sample -

sampling methods - purity analysis - moisture estimation

14. Germination tests - viability test - seed vigour tests - seed health test

15. TheSeeds Act and Rules - Composition and role of Central Seed Committee and its

Sub-Committee i.e. Central Sub - Committee on crop Standards, Release and

Notification of varieties of horticultural Crops - State Seed Sub - Committee

16. Central Seed Certification Board, State Seed Certification Agency - Central Seed

Testing Laboratory cum Referral Laboratory and Notified Seed Testing Laboratories

- Seed Inspector - duties and responsibilities - offences and penalties

17. Seeds (Control) Order, 1983 - Labelling standards - New Policy on seed

development, 1988 - salient features of Seed Bill 2004

Practical Schedule

1. Seed structure in horticultural crops

2. Seed production planning

3. Pre-sowing seed treatment techniques (dormancy breaking and priming)

4. Seed treatments for precision sowing (coating and pelleting)

5. Practicing field counting

6. Identification of contaminants and practicing roguing

7. Studies on physiological and harvestable maturity

8. Visit to seed processing unit

9. Visit to Directorate of Seed Certification

10. Visit to Grow Out Test plots

11. Seed sampling, mixing and dividing

12. Analysis of physical purity

13. Estimation of seed moisture

14. Conducting of germination tests

15. Practicing Quick viability test

16. Seedling evaluation and Seed health test

17. Practical examination

REFERENCES

Text Books

1. P.S.Arya. 1995. Vegetable seed production principles. Kalyani Publishers.

New Delhi.

2. P.Geetharani, V.Swaminathan and V.Ponnuswami. 2012. Seed Technology of

Horticultural Crops. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi - 6.

Journals

1. Asian seed and planting material

2. Seed Research

3. Journal of Asian Horticulture

4. Indian Horticulture

5. Agriculture and industry survey

6. Seed Science and Technology

7. Journal of Seed Science Research

Web resources

1. www.dare.gov.in

2. http:sfci.nic.in

3. www.iar.org.in/Directorate1.htm

4. www.apsa.org

5. www.seedassociationofindia.com

6. www.apaseed.com

7. www.apaseed.org

FSN 221 Principles of Processing and Value Addition of Horticultural Produce (2 + 1)

Aim

This course aims to providesound knowledge and practical skills on the principles

and methods used in the processing, preservation, and value addition of fruits and

vegetables.

Theory

Unit I Scope and importance

Scenario of fruit and vegetable production and processing at national and

international level.Importance of horticulturalproduces to human nutrition - nutritive value,

nutraceutical properties. Concept, principles and scope of processing and value addition of

horticultural produces. Tools, equipments, plant lay out and other requirements of a small

scale food processing unit.

Unit II Processing and value addition

Processing using sugar - principle – processing of jam, jelly, marmalade, squash,

Ready To Serve (RTS), nectar, fruit bar, preserves and candies. Processing using salt and (or)

vinegar -principle – brining preservation of horticultural produces - preparation of pickles

and sauces.Preservation by fermentation – principle - lactic acid fermentation. Wine making

– principle and wine making process.

Unit III Drying, dehydration and canning

Drying and dehydration - definition, principle and methods of dehydration –

suitability.Types of driers – solardrier, cabinetdrier, spray drier, drum drier, fluidized bed

drier, freeze drier..Processing of dehydrated fruits, vegetables and spice products. Fruit

pulps - methods of concentration - open kettle, flash evaporators and dehydro

freezing.Canning - principle, methods – preparation of canned products - spoilage of canned

foods and its prevention.

Unit IV Principles of preservation

Low temperature preservation – refrigeration, freezing - preparation of frozen

foods.Processing by irradiation – application of irradiation in food industry.

Unit V Quality control

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) – food safety and quality control – national

and International standards. Recent trends in processing of fruits and vegetables –

techniques involved - minimal processing of fruits and vegetables –- microwave processing -

high pressure processing and processing using pulse electric field. Utilization of fruit and

vegetable waste for value addition.

Practical

Survey on processed foods – shelf life studies of fruits and vegetables at different

temperatures and atmospheric conditions. Preparation of jam, jelly, squash, marmalade,

pickles, steeping preservation, Wine making, dehydrated products, canned and frozen

products.

Lecture schedule

1. Scenario of fruit and vegetable production and processing at the national and

international level.

2. Nutritive value and nutraceutical properties of horticulture produces.

3. Concept, principle and scope of value addition of fruits and vegetables.

4. Tools and equipments required for a food processing unit.

5. Plant lay out and requirements of a food processing unit.

6. Principle of processing using sugar for single and blended fruit products

7. Processing of jam, jelly, marmalade.

8. Processing of squash and nectar.

9. Processing of Ready To Serve (RTS) beverage.

10. Processing of fruit bars.

11. Processing of preserves and fruit candies.

12. Principle of processing using salt and vinegar

13. Preservation by brining and processing of pickles and sauces

14. Preservation by fermentation – vinegar and wine making.

15. Need, principle, method and suitability of processing by dehydration

16. Types of driers -solardrier, cabinetdrier, spray drier, drum drier, fluidized bed drier,

freeze drier.

17. Mid semester examination

18. Processing of dehydrated fruit products.

19. Processing of osmo dried fruit products

20. Processing of dehydrated vegetable products

21. Processing of dehydrated spice products.

22. Need, principle, method and suitability of processing by concentration

23. Methods of concentration and equipments used: open kettle, flash evaporators,

dehydro freezing.

24. Processing of concentrated fruit pulps.

25. Principle and preservation by using low temperature.

26. Canning of fruits and vegetables

27. Spoilage in canned foods and its prevention

28. Need, principle, method and suitability of processing by irradiation.

29. Application of irradiation in food industry.

30. Need, principle and methods of minimal processing of foods

31. Quality control in fruit and vegetable processing.

32. Food safety, national and international food standards.

33. Recent trends in processing of fruits and vegetables– minimal processing, microwave

processing, high pressure processing and pulseelectric field – need and principle.

34. Utilization of industrial fruit and vegetable wastes for value added products.

Practical schedule

1. Market survey of processed foods.

2. Packaging and evaluation of the shelf life of fruits at different temperatures.

3. Packaging and evaluation of the shelf life of vegetables at different temperatures.

4. Processing of jam and jelly.

5. Processing of squash and RTS.

6. Processing of fruit bar and candies.

7. Processing of pickles and sauces.

8. Steeping preservation of fruits and vegetables.

9. Preparation of Wine.

10. Processing of osmo dried fruit slices.

11. Processing of dehydrated vegetables.

12. Processing of dehydrated spices.

13. Canning of fruits.

14. Canning of vegetables.

15. Processing of frozen fruits and vegetables.

16. Visit to fruit and vegetable processing unit.

17. Practical examination.

REFERENCES

Text Books

1. Srivastava, R. P. and Sanjeev Kumar. 2014. Fruit and Vegetable Preservation:

Principles and Practices Paperback. CBS Publishers

2. Giridharilal, Sidappa.G.S and Tandon.G.L.1979. Preservation offruits and vegetables.

ICAR.NewDelhi

Journals

1. Journal of Food Science and Technology

2. Indian Food Industry

3. Indian Food Packer

4. Beverage and Food World.

Web resources

1. http://www.horticultureworld.net/hort-india

2. http://www.india.exports.com

3. http://www.sus-veg-thai.de/

4. http://www.iari.res.in