semantic interoperabilityof the electronic health record:ambitions and realities
DESCRIPTION
Semantic interoperability of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) has been identified as a key objective of current and future Health Information Systems. But there is often a misunderstanding on what does semantic interoperability really means and requires and, at the same time, a limited view on which advantages it can provide to improve healthcare. The adoption of appropriate standards for the representation and communication of the information contained at the EHR is only a first step. And a first mistake is to think that only one of them has the perfect solution or can cover all needs for every case of use. The harmonisation and combined use of many health standards is the correct path to success instead of the confrontation between them. A second requirement is the proper and intensive use of medical terminologies and ontologies. They provide the ideal interface between the daily health care language and a first level of formalisation that will be needed to achieve a complete semantic interoperability. Once again, the solution will not come from the use of a globally unique terminology, but from the correct combination of them all. Finally, the last and most important requirement is to agree on which the domain concepts that we will use at the health domain are. This agreement, in the form of clinical and technical specifications such as templates, archetypes and detailed clinical models, is a key aspect for semantically interoperable systems, but it has been traditionally left out of the development efforts. Semantic interoperability will not be achieved only by using common syntaxes (standards) and common words (terminologies). It necessarily requires the agreement on the different concepts from the reality that we are going to use in our communication process. And this agreement can only be done with the participation of health professionals and not by technical decisions. Semantic interoperability has a long-term roadmap that will require many efforts, but the benefits will clearly surpass any expectation. The ability of an information system to automatically share and understand information originated at any other different information system means not only the possibility of achieve a quality continuity of care for patients through the communication of their EHR. It also opens the door to new and exciting possibilities such as the interaction of the EHR with Personal Health Records and a seamless integration of telemedicine systems. Also, the convenient reuse of health information for public health and medicine research will improve the quality of life of people all over the world. Publication: David Moner. "Semantic Interoperabilityof the Electronic Health Record:Ambitions and realities". Keynote, Joint Conference on Medical Informatics in Taiwan, Taipei, 2010TRANSCRIPT
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Semantic Interoperability
of the Electronic Health Record:
Ambitions and realities
David Moner
Biomedical Informatics group - ITACA Institute
Technical University of Valencia, Spain
Joint Conference on Medical Informatics in Taiwan
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Semantic Interoperability
of the EHR
We talk about semantic
interoperability…
…but do we really know what we are
talking about?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 4© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability
of the EHR
Semantic Interoperability
What?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 5© David Moner
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What?
• Interoperability is the ability of two or more
heterogeneous systems to communicate
and share processes and data.
• Semantic Interoperability (SI) is the ability
of sharing, aggregate, analyse and use
external information automatically and in a
meaningful way.
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 6© David Moner
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What?
• Edwin Smith Papyrus, 16th century B.C.
• It is as incomprehensible as current EHR!!!
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 7
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What?
• SI of the Electronic Health Records (EHR)
– Share and semantically process EHR
information.
– Currently it is a key objective of Health
Information Systems.
– But is it really necessary at all places and
levels?
• Mistake: the SI for the sake of it.
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 8© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability
of the EHR
Semantic Interoperability
What?
Why?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 9© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
Why?
• Our objective is the semantic interoperability of
clinical information.
Alerts
Current history
Past history
Medications
And all the
information we
use and need
10© David Moner
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Why?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 11
• 10813 kilometres
• Different languages
• Different treatments
• Different healthcare systems
The same illness!
© David Moner
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Why?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 12
• Spain
• 17 autonomous regions
• 17 independent health systems
• 4 official languages
• 46 million inhabitants
• ~60 million tourists/year
© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
Why?
13© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
EHR server
14
Why?
© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 15
Why?
© David Moner
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Why?
Use case 1
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 16
EHR History
Country A Country B
EHR
ξβñç!
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Why?
Use case 2
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 17
Consultation
EHR
EHR
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Why?
Use case 3
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 18
EHR EHR EHR
Public health
EHR
EHR
EHR
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Why?
• Many more use cases and benefits: public-private health transitions, clinical research, interaction with Personal Health Records, seek of a reduction of costs…
• There is a need to share health information.
• There is a wish to improve healthcare.
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 19
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Semantic Interoperability
of the EHR
Semantic Interoperability
What?
How?Why?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 20© David Moner
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EHR systems now
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 21© David Moner
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The EHR systems we need
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 22
Rules Information Presentation Soft. Hardware EHR
Instructions Ingredients MouldsKitchen
machinesOven Pastry
TechnologyKnowledge
© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
© Gerard Freriks
23
How?
© David Moner
We are moving
towards a
plug-and-play
services world
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How?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 24© David Moner
• Not only infrastructure is important, but
also infostructure.
– An infrastructure refers to the physical
substrate which must be laid down in order to
provide a service.
– An infostructure isn’t anything physical. It is
the layout of information in a manner such
that it can be organised, navigated and used.
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Model of Knowledge
Codes/terms
Model of
Documentation
Real use
Model of Meaning
general Use
Model of Meaning
specific Use
Encyclopaedia
Dictionary
Syntaxis
Paper/Document
Generic Phrase
Specific Phrase
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 25
How?
The semantic stack
Data Model
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How?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 26
SYSTEM A SYSTEM B
Health
information
Structure A
Semantic A
Language A
Structure B
Semantic B
Language B
Context A Context B
?© David Moner
Reference Model
Clinical models
Terminology
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How?
Terminologies
• We must implement and use medical
terminologies and ontologies.
– They are the interface between the daily
health care language and a first level of
formalisation.
• Mistake: The solution will not come from
the use of a unique terminology, but from
the correct combination of many of them.
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 27© David Moner
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How?
Standards
• Adoption of standards for the
representation and communication of the
information contained at the EHR.
• Mistake: To think that only one standard
will exist covering all needs for every case
of use.
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 28© David Moner
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How?
Standards
Keith Boone, Standards Geek for GE Healthcare.
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 29
Red arrows are Joint work products.
Blue arrows are MOUs.
Green arrows are Memberships.
Purple arrows are Liaison Relationships.
Yellow connections are between SCO Summit Organizations
Orange connections are between JIC Organizations
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How?
Standards
• Mistake: To look for homogenisation,
instead of cooperation and harmonisation.
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 30© David Moner
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How?
Detailed Clinical Models
• A Detailed Clinical Model (DCM) is an information model of a
discrete set of precise clinical knowledge.
– In other words, a formal definition of the structure and meaning
of a clinical concept.
• We must agree on which DCMs we will use at our application
domain.
• This agreement, in the form of clinical and technical
specifications such as archetypes and templates, is a key
aspect for semantically interoperable systems
– Must be done with the participation of health professionals and
not by technical decisions.
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 31© David Moner
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How?
Detailed Clinical Models
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 32
Model of Knowledge
Codes/terms
Model of
Documentation
Real use
Model of Meaning
general Use
Model of Meaning
specific Use
Data Model
DCM
DCM
Model/Ontology
ISO 13606
Archetypes
HL7 v3
Templates
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33© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
How?
Detailed Clinical Models
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ISO 13606
• How can we bring DCMs to a working system?
• ISO 13606 – Communication of the EHR
– It has been designed specifically to achieve the semantic interoperability of the EHR.
– It is prepared to work with formal clinical concepts in the form of archetypes.
– Based on a dual model approach.
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 34
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ISO 13606
• Information: statements about specific entities.
– Represented by a Reference Model.
– For example, the statement “Gina Smith (2y) has an atrial
septal defect, 1 cm x 3.5 cm” is a statement about Gina
Smith, and does not apply to other people in general.
• Knowledge: statements which apply to all entities of a
class.
– Represented by an Archetype Model.
– For example, “the atrial septum divides the right and left
atrial chambers of the human heart”.
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 35
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• The archetype model is a formal framework to define high
level and semantically rich definitions of health concepts
(archetypes)
• Properties
– Defines constraints over data structures
– Defines semantic descriptions of concepts
– It is automatically computable
– It is multilingual
– It can evolve and change to new requirements
– It can be defined by clinicians and shared
– It can generate screen forms automatically
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 36
ISO 13606
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© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 37
25571000000103
(Discharge report)
SNOMED-CT
89100005
(Final diagnosis - discharge)
85097005
(Secondary diagnosis )
…
ISO 13606
http://www.linkehr.com/
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© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 38
English German Spanish
http://www.linkehr.com/
ISO 13606
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39© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realitieshttp://ehrflex.sourceforge.net/
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© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 40
ISO 13606
http://www.linkehr.com/
• We can create
archetypes for any
reference model.
– Ex. HL7 CDA
archetype
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ISO 13606
• We can automatically convert an archetype
from one reference model to another.
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 41http://miuras.inf.um.es:9080/PoseacleConverter/
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DCM
Coding systems
Rules
Software
Tools
Services
Archetypes
Templates
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 42
How?
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How?
• Some projects in Europe:
– Spain. Generation and communication of a common patient summary among all the regions.
– Sweden. Roadmap towards an ISO 13606 native system for all the country.
– United Kingdom. National implementation of a Logical Record Architecture (ISO 13606) and a spine for communications (HL7 v3)
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 43
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Large Scale Pilot: epSOS
• European Patient Smart Open Services (epSOS)
– The project is co-financed by the European Commission and
member states with EUR 22.000.000.
– epSOS was launched on July 1, 2008 and will finish on June 30,
2011
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 44© David Moner
– It is a Europe-wide project organized by 27
beneficiaries representing twelve EU-
member states, including ministries of
health, national competence centres and
numerous companies.
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Large Scale Pilot: epSOS
• The epSOS project cover three use cases:
– Communication of the Patient Summary, including alerts,
medical problems (past and current), list of medications…
– ePrescription, a medical professional decides
to prescribe medicine to a visiting patient from another
country.
– eDispensation, allowing a pharmacist to electronically
access the prescription from the same eHealth interface
used for prescriptions ordered in the local country.
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 45
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Large Scale Pilot: epSOS
• Methodology:
1. Clinical specifications were developed by a clinicians
2. A set of terminologies was selected, from international sources or as an own development.
3. Technical specifications in HL7 CDA and ISO 13606 were defined following the clinical specifications.
4. Pilot tests are being implemented.
© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 46
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
An epSOS pilot experience
• The semantic interoperability of the Patient
Summary is being tested between the Hospital
General Universitario in Valencia (HGUV) and
the Hospital de Fuenlabrada in Madrid.
– Based both on the Spanish and epSOS definition of
the contents of the Patient Summary.
– The information is communicated using the ISO
13606 norm.
47© David Moner
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© David Moner Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 48
An epSOS pilot experience
Hospital de Fuenlabrada
Madrid
Hospital General Universitario
Valencia
Communication of standardized
ISO 13606 informationEHR
Server
EHR
Server
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An epSOS pilot experience
• The LinkEHR Normalisation Platform is a multi-
standard system that helps to achieve the
Semantic Interoperability of existing EHR systems.
• The methodology is based on three steps:
1. Definition of clinical archetypes.
2. Normalisation of legacy EHR systems.
3. Communication of EHR extracts.
http://www.linkehr.com
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 49© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
An epSOS pilot experience
1. Agree a concept definition and define the archetype
• We used two different definitions
– Spanish National Patient Summary
– epSOS Patient Summary
• They can be easily edited or modified
with open source archetype editors
such as LinkEHR.
50© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 51
An epSOS pilot experience
2. Map the archetype to original/legacy data
• With these mappings we can
automatically generate transformation
programs for the EHR system.
XML
Existing
EHR systems
© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities
An epSOS pilot experience
3. Deploy the transformation program in the EHR server
• Set up a standard ISO 13606 extract server in both hospitals to
generate and communicate the standardized information
– Transformation is applied on demand
– Web-service based
– Includes a standard ISO 13606 web viewer
EHR
Server
XML
ISO 13606
Standard
Information
Mapped
Archetype
CHGUV
HISHF
HIS
EHR
Server
Mapped
Archetype
52© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 53© David Moner
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Semantic Interoperability
of the EHR
Semantic Interoperability
What?
How?
Who?
Why?
Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 54© David Moner
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Who?
• Clinicians
– Clinical users must be involved from the
beginning.
– They are responsible of defining their own
domain (DCMs, archetypes).
– They must share and reuse this knowledge.
• A global DCM/archetype governance is needed.
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http://www.openehr.org/knowledge/
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Who?
• Technicians
– Technical decisions must not modify the
clinical ones.
• Standardisation bodies
– They need more harmonisation and
coordination efforts.
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Semantic Interoperability
of the EHR
Semantic Interoperability
What?
How?
When?Who?
Why?
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When?
• To achieve SI is still a long way ahead.
• We have the tools, but we still need to use
them correctly.
• The big problem still to be solved: to
compute the EHR semantically.
– How can a machine correctly use the
semantic information to behave correctly?
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Conclusion
• Clinicians must lead the process
– They must be aware of the benefits of SI for their daily
work.
• They keys are agreements and harmonisation:
– Agree on using common and generic DCMs.
– There will always exist several standards and
terminologies, and each of them can be adequate for
a specific duty.
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Semantic Interoperability: ambitions and realities 62© David Moner
It always seems impossible
until its done Nelson Mandela
David Moner