sem vaibhav belkhude

8KResolution Camera System

AS e m i n a r R e p o r t

O n

“ 8 K R E S O L U T I O N C A M E R A S Y S T E M ”

S u b m i t t e d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e d e g r e e o f

B A C H E L O R O F E N G I N E E R I N GI n

E L E C T R O N I C S A N D T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N

Submitted by-

Mr.Vaibhav V.Belkhude

Under the guidance of

Prof. A.A.Pachghare. Prof. A.B.Rathod. Co-Guide Guide

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringJAWAHARLAL DARDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGYYAVATMAL, 445001(M.S.)

2016-17

Dept. of EXTC JDIET Yavatmal


JAWAHARLAL DARDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYYAVATMAL, 445001(M.S.)

2016-17

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringCERTIFICATE

This is to certi fy that the Seminar report entit led

“ 8 K R E S O L U T I O N C A M E R A S Y S T E M ”

Being Submitted By

Mr. / Ms. Vaibhav V.Belkhude.

of final year during the session 2016-2017

in recognition to the partial fulfil lment for the degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication under

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,

Amravati.

Prof. A.A.Pachghare Prof. A.B.Rathod(Project & Seminar Co-Guide) (Project & Seminar Guide)

Dr. S. M. Gulhane.

HOD



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to our guide

Prof. A.B.Rathod and co-guide Prof. A.A.Pachghare for their exemplary help for the topic

selection, valuable guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout course of

this seminar. The blessing, help and guidance given by them time to time will carry me a long

way in the journey of my life and carrier on which are about to embark. I am very glad to

work under their guidance.

I have taken this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our head of

department Dr. S. M. Gulhane for his cordial support, valuable information, guidance and

all facilities provided in department for my convenience and completing the seminar through

various stages.

I am highly indebted to Principal Dr. A. W. Kolhatkar for all facilities provided in

college and to help to innovate my thoughts and ideas under the conduction of seminar in

college. Lastly I thank almighty and my colleagues for constant encouragement without

which this assignment would not be possible.

Vaibhav V. Belkhude Section:- c Roll no: 46 Final year EXTC



ABSTRACT

Digital cinema is a promising application that utilizes high-speed optical networks to transfer super high definition (SHD) images. The networks are primarily used for distributing digital cinema contents in packet data form, and are also used to support new services such as the live streaming of musicals and sport games to movie theaters. While current transfer services offer high-definition (HD) quality video, live-streaming applications will soon shift to providing cinema quality 8K content to both business and movie theaters users.The extra- high-quality 8K format enables a realistic telepresence, and will be combined with special tools such as video editing systems to realize effective remote collaboration for business workspaces and its application, especially in digital cinema and associated application fields.Four years before the digital cinema industry standardized the DCI specification, in 2001, the worlds first video JPEG decoder system was developed that could display SHD images (38402048 pixel spatial resolution) with 24-frames/s time resolution. This decoder was designed to realize IP transmission of extra-high-quality videos, while fully utilizing the full bandwidth of emerging commercial communication networks based on 1-Gb Ethernet. In 2002, the second prototype SHD image decoder was developed that exploits a highly parallel processing unit of JPEG2000 de-compressors.



CONTENT

ABSTRACT

TOPIC PAGE NO.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF 8K RESOLUTION…………………………………………..….2 2. RESOLUTION…………………………………………………………………………....4

2. HISTORY…………………………………………………………………………………5

3. WORKING i)STRUCTURE OF COLOR SEPRATION……………………………………………….5

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM……………………………………………………………………....7

5. FEATURES……………………………………………………………………………….12

6. 8K RESOLUTION SPECIFICTION……………………………………………………..12

7. COMPARISON…………………………………………………………………………...13

8. ADVANTAGES…………………………………………………………………………..14

9. DISADVANTAGES………………………………………………………………………14

10. APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………...15

11. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..18

12. REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………….1



1. INTRODUCTIONThe deployment of digital cinema stimulates many advanced applications that will use super high definition (SHD) imaging systems and high-speed optical fiber networks. Theater systems for digital cinema, projector , and playback video servers have been commercialized based on the standards issued by the Digital Cinema Initiative (DCI). 8K is the SHD video format defined in DCI specification. It has a resolution of 4096*2160 pixels, so its image quality is equivalent to that of 35-mm film. The total bit rate of raw 8K videos with the frame rate of 24 frames per second is about 7 gigabit per second. This necessitates the use of the JPEG 2000 algorithm to compress the bit rate to 250 megabit per second. To deliver the movie data to movie theatres, hard disk drivers and courier services appeared to be the easiest approach , but a business trial demonstrated that network-based delivery was more cost effective and secure against content piracy.

Fig(1). 8K video camera movies in theatres.Furthermore, network transfer also supports a wider variety of contents, namely public viewing of live-streaming content. Four years before the digital cinema industry standardized the DCI specification, in 2001, the worlds first video JPEG decoder system was developed that could display SHD images (38402048 pixel spatial resolution) with 24-frames/s time resolution. This decoder was designed to realize IP transmission of extra-high-quality videos, while fully utilizing the full bandwidth of emerging commercial communication networks based on 1-Gb Ethernet. In 2002, the second prototype SHD image decoder was developed that exploits a highly parallel processing unit of JPEG2000 de-compressors. The decoder receives the IP streams of compressed video contents transmitted by a video server over GbE network, and decodes them using the standard JPEG2000 decoding algorithm in real time. [ref.1]



Fig(2). Ultra High Defination.

The decoder was combined with a special 3840*2048 pixel projector using a dedicated digital video interface for the decoder. This architecture allows the decoded videos to be transferred and shown in completely digital form. This system triggered detailed discussions on the digital cinema video format for DCI. The question was whether a higher image quality than HDTV was required to replace movie films. In order to solve the question, an experiment was conducted by the Entertainment Technology Center (ETC) of the University of Southern California (USC) involving 100 digital cinema engineers; it compared the image quality of conventional films, high definition resolution (HDTV), and SHD images with 8-million-pixel resolution. The results of this experiment yielded the consensus that the horizontal resolution of around 4000 pixels was required to replace films, and JPEG2000 was suitable for the compression of digital cinema data. Stimulated by the experiment, DCI accelerated the standardization of digital cinema, specified the movie format of 4096*2160 pixels, and simply called it 8K.[ref.1]



1.1 INTRODUCTION OF 8K

8K resolution (7680 x 4320, 4320p), the successor of 4K resolution, is now the highest UHDTV (ultra high definition resolution) resolution in digital resolution and film restoration/mastering and is 16 times detailed than current 1080p resolution. 4K is speculated to become a mainstream standard in resolutions by 2017 and NHK plans to apply 8K to Japan TV broadcasting in 2020, especially in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Fig(3). Delivering 8K VFX Shots for The Dark Knight.

8K resolution is the highest ultra high definition resolution (UHDTV) resolution to exist in digital resolution and digital cinematography. 8K refers to the horizontal resolution of these formats, which all are on the order of 8,000 pixels, forming the total image dimensions (7680×4320).8K is a display resolution that may eventually be the successor to 4K resolution. 1080p is the current mainstream HD standard, with TV manufacturers pushing for 4K to become a new standard by 2017,although the feasibility of such a fast transition as well as the practical necessity of a new standard is questionable.[ref.1]



2. Resolution

Resolution is expressed in the number of horizontal & vertical pixels more resolution means quality of image is good.

Resolution=total number of horizontal pixels*total number of vertical pixels.

Pixels

Pixels is small dot present on the any display screen to produce light and from RGB combination to produce different color.

Aspect ratio

The ratio of the width to the height for example (4:3, 16:9, 21:9) .

Frame rate

A frame is and a single one of image and frame rate is measure of frequency: how often the video is updated with new frame.

Standard of resolution

HDResolution 1920*1080(1000P).Generally any video image with considerably more than 480 horizontal line.High definition video it video higher resolution than standard definition.

4K4K is the new big thing in display technology and it denote a very specific display resolution 4096*2160(4000p).It is also known as ultra high definition.8K8K resolution or 8K UHD is the current highest ultra high definition television (UHDTV) resolution in digital television and digital cinematography. 8K refers to the horizontal resolution in the order of 8,000 pixels, forming the total image dimensions of (7680×4320) [ref.2]



3. HISTORYAstro Design 8K camera being displayed at the 2013 NAB ShowNHK and Hitachi demonstrating their 8K camera at the 2013 NAB ShowOn January 6, 2015, the MHL Consortium announced the release of the superMHL specification which will support 8K resolution at 120 fps, 48-bit video, the Rec. 2020 color space, high dynamic range support, a 32-pin reversible superMHL connector, and power charging of up to 40 watts. [ref.3]

4. WORKING

Structure of Colour Sepration.

1. Incident light is separated into four colour and divided in to2. Two green, one red, and one blue (GGRB).3. Three-sensor imaging system (RGB) used in commercial and broadcast video

cameras.4. Prism for the four-sensor system can be made as small as the conventional RGB

prism.

Fig(4). Shows Colour separation prism

To derive color in these devices, Red, Green and Blue color filters are placed over the individual photo-sites, allowing only the desired color wavelength of light to pass to the photo-site. The intensity of the received wavelength determines the voltage output (or signal) of the photo-site, creating a “component element” that will ultimately be combined with other component values to produce “finished picture pixels” in the camera’s internal video processor. The most common filtering scheme for CMOS imagers is known as Bayer filtering Because the majority of image detail and luminance information is contained within the Green color sample, the Bayer filter typically provides twice as many Green (or luminance) samples as Red or Blue color samples. Using straight de-Bayering algorithms, two Green samples share one Red, and one Blue, to create two finished picture pixels. This method provides a 2:1 sampling ratio of luminance (Green) to color (Red and Blue), or what is commonly referred to as 4:2:2 color sampling. Since Green photo-sites typically represent half the number of total photo-sites in a CMOS imager, finished picture pixel resolution is



typically limited to one-half the number of horizontal photo-sites in a single imager line (see fi g.1). So using straight de-Bayering,a sensor containing four thousand horizontal photo-sites (4K) would yield the resolution equivalent of two thousand finished picture pixels per rendered output line, regardless of the size of the output fi le (e.g. 4K).Today more advanced photo-site configurations, filtering schemes, and de-mosaicing algorithms are used to improve on that performance. These advanced approaches apply sophisticated mathematical averaging of existing photo-site values to create additional samples. These derived samples are then used in conjunction with actual photo-site samples to produce desired output resolution as [ref.8]

Fig(5). Shows Colour separation prism



5. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig(6) show the working camera system

A) LENS.b) SENSOR.c) IMAGE PROCESSING.d) ENCODING.e) STORAGE.

a) LENSThere are mainly four types of lenses used for a digital camera. They differ according to the cost of the camera, and also focal length adjustment. They are Fixed-focus, fixed-zoom lens – They are very common and are used in inexpensive

cameras. Optical-zoom lenses with automatic focus – These are lenses with focal length

adjustments. They also have the “wide” and “telephoto” options. Digital zoom – Full-sized images are produced by taking pixels from the centre of the

image sensor. This method also depends on the resolution as well as the sensor used in the camera.

Replaceable lens systems – Some digital cameras replace their lenses with 35mm camera lenses so as to obtain better images. [ref.3]



b) SENSOR CMOS sensor can be used in the camera system.

Fig(7) show the working of CMOS sensor

CCD was developed in the year 1969 by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith at AT & T Bell Labs. It is a shift register device which can be used for the movement of electrical charge within the device. This movement can be from one area of the device to another and the digital value of the moved charge can be easily found out. When the signals are moved, one at a time from one place to another within the device, the value of the charge can be easily manipulated. There are capacitive bins in the device that allow the movement of charge.

During the invention of CCD there was no means to produce the charge than injecting it. But through repeated experiments, it was later found out that when a sensor like a photoelectric device was connected to it, a charge could be easily produced. This charge could then be given to the CCD for its transfer in the device. This discovery was huge enough as it became the stepping stone to the conversion of ordinary signals into digital signals. The device that is used to capture the images with ordinary cameras and replacing them as a digital storage is called a CCD imager.

To know the difference in working between Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) and a CMOS Active Pixel



fig(8) show charge coupled device

1. Photoactive RegionAs told earlier, a CCD is used to convert a electrical signal into a digital signal. The photoactive region mainly consists of a capacitor array. These arrays can be one-dimensional or two-dimensional depending on the type of device that uses the CCD. If a line scan camera is used, it introduces a one-dimensional capacitor array. It is called 1D because it captures the image in 1D form, that is, a single slice of the image. 2D is used mostly in video applications. This device captures the image in 2D form. The photoactive region is made out of an epitaxial layer of silicon. It is made by doping a boron ion on a substrate such as p++. Sometimes CCD’s are also implanted with a phosphorus ion so as to give them an n-doping . This is often carried out in devices consisting of n-channels This is done in some areas of the silicon ion causing the movement of photo generated packets across them.

As soon as the silicon layer and substrates are made, a dielectric in the form of a gas oxide (mostly capacitor) is made to grow on top of them. Thus the separately lying gates will lie in a perpendicular angle to the channels. This is because the poly-silicon gates are undergoing chemical vapour deposition and then photolithography. Then the channel stop region and the charge carrying channel is made, and that too parallel to each other.

2. Transmission Region



After the image is projected onto the capacitor array, the control circuit comes into action. This circuit makes the capacitors send the appropriate signal to a shift register. The shift register converts each signal into a voltage sequence. This is later sampled, digitized and then stored in the memory.

With different modes of operation for the CCD, the type of the device will also differ. There are versions of CCD called frame transfer CCD and also peristaltic CCD. In the case of a frame transfer CCD, the gate clocks are used to bias the diode in the reverse as well as forward direction. This is mainly done by the n-doped and p-doped layers. Thus the CCD across or near the p-n junction will get depleted. Thus the charges situated under he gates and also across the channels will be collected and moved.A peristaltic CCD generates a huge electric field from one gate to the next by providing an additional implant. This implant helps in blocking the charge from the Si/SiO2 interface. Thus the additional driving force created die to this action helps in faster transfer of charge particles.[ref.5]

Fig(9) show the working of CCD



c)IMAGE PROCESSING

1. Image colour reproduction and frame rate:The image quantization depth is 12 b for each XYZ colours. The frame rate is the same 60 frames/s as is conventionally used for film. For the 2K format, however, a 48-frames/s mode is specified to allow for other display styles, such as the 3-D display.

2.Image compression method:JEGP2000 produces a high-quality image without the block distortion that occurs with JPEG or MPEG compression. An additional feature is that 2K resolution data can easily be extracted from 8K-resolution data. The maximum bit rate is specified as 250 Mb/s, which corresponds to about 200300 GB for a 2-h movie.

3.Audio signal:

48 r 96 kHz, 24 b, max. 16ch, no audio compression.4.Subtitles: The XML format is specified for subtitle data. Both image data for overlay and text data are supported.5.Data encryption: The image and audio data are wrapped in a Material Exchange Format (MXF) and then encrypted with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptosystem (128 b, CBC mode). The content is sent to theaters as a digital cinema package (DCP) that contains image, audio, and subtitle data.

6.Decryption key distribution: The encryption key, which is also used for decrypting the data, is encrypted by the RSA cryptosystem of the theatre exhibition equipment with license period information. It is called Key Delivery Message (KDM).

7. Digital watermarking: To prevent content theft, the exhibition equipment must embed information that specifies the exhibition time and place into the projected images as a digital watermark.[ref.8]

d) ENCODING

Encoding is a process of converting data into format required for a number of information processing need[ref.7]

e) STORAGE

Most digital cameras have an LCD screen, so you can view your right away. This is one of the great advantages of digital camera, early generation of digital cameras had fixed storage inside the camera[ref.6]

6. FEATURES



1)8K SHV camera head developed with a 33 megapixel image sensor

2) Due to the drive circuit being integrated within the camera head,it achieves an extremely

3)light weight of 2kg.

4) variety of visual expression possible.

5)An additional feature : 2k resolution data can easily be extracted from 8k resolution data.

7. 8K RESOLUTION SPECIFICATION

Resolution 7680 x 4320 pixels (33.2 megapixels)Aspect Ratio 16:9Colour Bit Depth 12-bit colourColour Space Rec.2020Frame Rate 120 fps Scanning progressive scanning only Audio 22.2 multi-channel surround sound Audio Sampling Rate 96 KHz Broadband UHF - 8 MHz, 35~45Mbit/s

9.Comparison



PARAMETER HD 4K UHD 8K UHDRESOLUTION 1920*1080 4096*2160 7680*4320PIXEL 1000 4000 8000ASPECT RATO 16:9 16:9 16:9FRAME RATE 24 fps 60fps 120 fps

Comparison table of HD,4K&8K resolution

8K resolution is the highest ultra high definition resolution (UHDTV) resolution to exist in digital resolution and digital cinematography. 8K refers to the horizontal resolution of these formats, which all are on the order of 8,000 pixels, forming the total image dimensions (7680×4320).8K is a display resolution that may eventually be the successor to 4K resolution. 1080p is the current mainstream HD standard, with TV manufacturers pushing for 4K to become a new standard by 2017, although the feasibility of such a fast transition as well as the practical necessity of a new standard is questionable One advantage of high-resolution displays such as 8K is to have each pixel be indistinguishable from another to the human eye from a much closer distance. On an 8K screen sized 52 inches, this effect would be achieved in a distance of 50.8 cm (20 inches) from the screen, and on a 92 in screen at 91.44 cm (3 feet) away. Another practical purpose of this resolution is in combination with a cropping technique used in film editing. This allows filmmakers to film in a high resolution such as 8K, with a wide lens, or at a farther distance from a potentially dangerous subject, intending to zoom and crop digitally in post-production, a portion of the original image to match a smaller resolution such as the current industry standard for High-definition resolutions (1080p, 720p & 480p).Few video cameras have the capability to film in 8K, with NHK being one of the only companies to have created a small broadcasting camera with an 8K image sensor. Sony and Red Digital Cinema Camera Company are both working to bring larger 8K sensors in more of their cameras in the coming years. Although 8K will not be a mainstream resolution anytime soon, a major reason filmmakers are pushing for 8K cameras is to get better 4K footage. Through a process called down sampling, using a higher resolution 8K image down sampled to 4K could create a sharper picture with richer colours than a 4K camera would be able to achieve on its own with a lower resolution sensor.[ref.8]

10.ADVANTAGES



8K is a new resolution standard designed for digital cinema and computer graphics.

It has following advantages:

1. Higher image definition quality.

2. More detailed picture. Digital cinema is a promising application that utilizes high-speed optical networks to transfer super high definition (SHD) images. The networks are primarily used for distributing digital cinema contents in packet data form, and are also used to support new services such as the live streaming of musicals and sport games to movie theaters.

3. Better fast-action.

4. Larger projection surface visibility.

11.DISADVANTAGES

Increases the power consumption. Increases the size of the camera by the use of more than one sensor.



12.APPLICATION

8K APPLICATIONS:TELEMEDICINE

Fig.(10) show the medical diagnostic processes.

Recording of surgeries and medical diagnostic processes for educational purposes-Transmissions during symposiums and conferences-High quality materials for medicine students



8K APPLICATIONS: SECURITY AND MONITORING

Fig(11.1)

Fig(11.2) Fig(8.1)&fig(8.2) show security monitoring applicationissue: face recognition in a crowd at airports, train stations and during mass events (e.g. stadiums)

Many details on single 8K frame – the powerful source for image processing

Useful for police, border services and others security units



4K LIVE TECHNOLOGY, VIDEOCONFERENCING AND BROADCASTING

Fig(12.1) fig(12.2) Following fig(9.1)&fig(9.2) shows video conferencing and broadcasting Public screening

8K APPLICATIONS: CAD/CAM PROJECTS

Fig(13) shows CAD application

Automotive designDesign and digital visualisation of 3D car modelsTests of safety, aerodynamics and ergonomic solutions


4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening4K/8K Public Screening


13.CONCLUSION Development of the SHD imaging system: replacement of film cinema with digital

camera. Digital cinema:

Will utilize movie content delivery via optical networks soon. needs only bulk file transfer.

ODS: utilizes the networks for real time data transfer. One way streaming.A need to reduce the transmission latency while preserving 8k/2k flexibility and stability



14.REFFERENCE

[1]Vikram Singh. "What is Ultra High Definition 8K 4K UHD? In Simple Words". completegate.com. Retrieved June 28, 2016.

[2] Robert Silva. "8K Resolution - Definition and Explanation of 8K Video Resolution". About.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.

[3]Marine, Joe. "NHK Has Finally Shrunk Their 8K Resolution Camera, but How Close Are We to Shooting in 8K?". No Film School. Retrieved April 3, 2014.

[4]Bloom, Phillip. "From Chicago to the Moon: The power of 4K resolution and how to make it work for you creatively". Retrieved April 3, 2014.

[5]Johnson, Luke. "Toshiba suggests 4K TVs will be mainstream by 2017". Trusted Reviews. Retrieved April 3, 2014.

[6]Roy Furchgott. "Why You Don't Need a 4K TV". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

[7]"'To Space & Back' latest Planetarium feature". Philadelphia Tribune (Google Cache). Retrieved May 14, 2013.

[8]K. Mitani, M. Sugawara, H. Shimamoto, T. Yamashita, and F. Okano, ‘‘Ultrahigh-definition color video camera system with 8 K 4 K,’’ J. Electr. Imaging, vol. 17, no. 2, Apr.–Jun. 2008, 023014.
