seeking the suitable and sustainable skyscraper€¦ · seeking the suitable and sustainable...
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Antony WoodCTBUH Executive DirectorGACCoM Green Building SeminarUIC, Urbana-Champaign, 13 Nov. 09
Seeking the suitable and sustainable skyscraper
1930, Chrysler Building, New York,
William van Alen
Tall Buildings and Place: The shortfall of Tall?
1896, Fisher Building, Chicago, Burnham & Co
1958, Seagram Building, New York,Mies van der Rohe & Philip Johnson
Shortfall 1: The Commercial Design Approach
2003; Swiss Re Tower, City of LondonFoster Associates
Shortfall 2: The Iconic-Sculptural Design Approach
1969, Commercial Union Building, LondonGollins, Melvin Ward & Partners
Canary Wharf / Docklands Development; early 1980’s – to date
Typical Towers at Canary Wharf
1991; No.1 Canada Square, LondonCesar Pelli Associates
1985; World Financial Centre, New YorkCesar Pelli Associates
Tall building-scape, Jakarta Tall building-scape, Seoul
1990; Thaniya Plaza, BangkokPlan Associates Co Ltd
1990; Grand Hyatt Erawan Hotel, BangkokRangsan Torsuwan Architects
Literal Cultural Symbolism
1997; Menara Batavia, IndonesiaArchitects Pacific Group
Literal Cultural Symbolism
2004. Taipei 101, TaiwanCY Lee & Partners
Literal Cultural Symbolism1998. Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai. SOM
Abstract Cultural Symbolism2007. World Financial Centre, Shanghai. KPF
Abstract Cultural Symbolism
1997. Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur.Cesar Pelli Associates
Abstract Cultural Symbolism ?
1984. Menara Dayabumi, Kuala Lumpur. BEP Architects
1932. Broadacre City, Frank Lloyd Wright
The Rise of an Environmental Consciousness in High Rise design…
1956. Price Tower, Frank Lloyd Wright
1984. National Commercial Bank, Jeddah. SOM Architects
Dubai World Trade CenterDubai, U.A.E., 1978JR Harris & Partners,
1993. Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah Nikken Sekkei Architects
Harry Seidler in Australia …………
1986. Riverside Centre, Brisbane. Harry Seidler 1989. Capita Centre, Sydney. Harry Seidler
1983. Kanchanjunga Apartments, Bombay. Charles Correa.
Charles Correa in India …………
1992. Menara Mesiniaga, Kuala Lumpur Hamzah & Yeang.
Bioclimatic Skyscrapers – the work of Ken Yeang……..
Design features:
- Skycourts / Skygardens- Vertical Landscaping- External louvres for solar shading on ‘hot’ facades (i.e. east / west)- No shading on north / south facades for daylighting- Lift core used to reduce solar gain to internal space (positioned on east side)- Naturally ventilated ‘low energy’ Lift Lobbies, with view- Naturally ventilated / lit toilets / ancillary areas.- Structures for positioning of solar arrays etc.
1993. Mbf Tower, Penang. Hamzah & Yeang.
1995. Tokyo-Nara Tower Hamzah & Yeang.
1983. Trump Tower, Swanke Hayden Connell
The rise of ‘green’ as a material…………
1994. ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall, Japan. Emilio Ambasz and Associates
2007. Newton Suites, Singapore. WOHA
1999. Frankfurt Max Tower. Hamzah & Yeang.1997. Commerzbank, Frankfurt. Foster Assoc.
Green or Grey?: The Aesthetics of Tall Building Design
The work of Norman Foster ………………….
1997. Commerzbank, Frankfurt. Foster Associates
2003; Swiss Re Tower, City of LondonFoster Associates
1999. Conde Nast Building. New York. Fox & Fowle Architects
2008. Bahrain World Trade Centre. Atkins
Sustainable Technologies ………………….
2009. Pearl River Tower. SOM 2008. The New York Times Building, New York. Renzo Piano
Sustainable Technologies ………………….
Challenges: Tall Buildings & Sustainability – the Case ‘Against’
“The age of skyscrapers is at an end. It must now be considered an experimental building typology that has failed”
Kunstler & Salingaros, in Roaf et al (2005)
Factors:
• Construction & Operation
• Internal Environment / People
• Urban
Challenges: Tall Buildings & Sustainability – the Case ‘Against’
Construction & Operation
Higher embodied energy in constructing at height – structure, materials etc.Greater wind loading at height (impact on size of primary structure, façade design
etc).High energy consumption in operation – elevators (up to 15% of bldg energy
use), services etc.
Higher energy consumption for cleaning and maintenance (e.g. replacement of façade silicon joints).
Energy consumption is a small percentage of total costs (salaries etc) – little incentive for owners / operators / developers.
Implications of Power failure (impact on vertical circulation, safety etc).Recycling potential / urban impact of demolition / disposal of materials after
demolition.
Challenges: Tall Buildings & Sustainability – the Case ‘Against’
Internal Environment / People
Less net usable area to gross area and restrictions on internal planning; vertical circulation core etc.
Anti-social internal environment – lack of open, recreational, communal space (esp. in residential).
‘Sealed’ environments at height – thus requirement for air conditioning, artificial lighting etc.
Safety and Security fears (especially post 9/11) – including safety during construction.
Increased travel time (wasted time?).People suffering from vertigo – building occupation / human rights legislation?
Challenges: Tall Buildings & Sustainability – the Case ‘Against’
Urban Factors
Impact on urban scale; cities that ‘don’t want’ to be tall?The poor ground floor interfaceWind downdraftsOvershadowing (solar rights / right to light)Wind rights (ventilation?)Overpopulation in certain localities / greater demand on existing urban services
and infrastructure.
Climate Change will increase all these pressures on high rise – wind, storm, solar, power failure etc …….
Challenges: Tall Buildings & Sustainability – the Case ‘For’
Efficient land use in population concentration – reduced suburban spread / loss of countryside.
Denser cities = reduced transportation (and consequential impact on environment). Reduced size of infrastructure networks (urban / suburban, power, services, waste
disposal etc).Proximity of residence and workplace; therefore less travel time (less wasted time?).More of the ground floor / urban level can be dedicated to ‘public’ use e.g. retail.Standardisation of floor plates and use of materials – prefabrication efficiencies? Higher wind velocities at height = greater potential for harnessing wind energy.Potential for natural ventilation through increased ‘stack effect’ etc.High ‘thermal mass’ potential for use in natural ventilation / heating / cooling strategies.Potential for good internal daylighting (and thus reduced energy).Increased quality of life at height – view etc?The potential for ‘secure’ communal / recreational spaces at height, away from traffic,
pollution etc.Increased ‘legibility’ of the city – urban signposting etc.Life-cycle costing; re-use of building structure, services etc in refurbishments.
The U.K.
Factors:
- longer life expectancy- smaller household size(single person households, divorce rate, children outside marriage, etc)
Results:- a government demand of
2.6million new homes by 2020
- An annual requirement of 189,000 new homes
“the high energy, gas-guzzling fully glazed office block is … at the end of an era … façade design is on the frontline of a change”
Ken Shuttleworth
Models for the Future?
2005. The Spiracle, Leeds
2004. Bank of Kuwait, KuwaitSOM Architects
2007 Project. COR tower, Miami..Oppenheim Architects
2010. O14 Tower, Dubai, Reiser + Umemoto Architects
2009. Torres de Hércules, Cádiz, Spain. Rafael de La Hoz Castanys
2009. Torres Porta Fira, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. Toyo Ito / b720 Arquitectos
2009. The Met, Bangkok, Thailand. WOHA
London, 2002-06
Design Research; CTBUH + Illinois Institute of Technology + University of Nottingham + others............
Chicago, 2007-08
Mumbai, 2009
1981; Natwest Tower (Tower 42)City of LondonRichard Seifert Architect
2008. Minerva Tower.Nicholas Grimshaw Architects
Physical Responses to Site2004. “Building As Frame”
2004. ‘Building As Frame’ Design response. Typical Floor Plan
Office Environmental Section
Residential Facade Section
View Looking Down
2007. “Wind Farm”
Environmental Responses to Site
Physical & Environmental Responses to Site2002. “SkyBox version 1”
Conceptual Layer 1: Relationship between core, function & climate
North
Residential?
Office?
Conceptual Layer 2: Relationship between floor plate & context
Differing City View at higher levelCity View
Conceptual Layer 2: Relationship between floor plate & context
Conceptual Layer 3: Structural ‘blocks’
2007. “SkyBox version 2”
2007. “SkyBox version 2”
Environmental Responses to Site2007. “Solar Thermal Tower”
Solar Power Station, Seville, Spain
2007. “Solar Thermal Tower”
2007. “Solar Thermal Tower”
Environmental Responses to Site2007. “The Chicago Aquifer”
2007. “The Chicago Aquifer”
2007. “The Chicago Aquifer”
2006. “Sports Tower”
Challenging traditional functions……………
Responses to Programme“Vertical Farm”
2006. “Vertical Farm”
2007. “SkyFarm”
2007. “SkyFarm”
2007. “SkyFarm”
Responses to All...........“Pavements in the Sky / Skybridges”
1998 - Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur.Cesar Pelli.
1908 - The Cosmopolis of the Future. Harry Petit. From King’s Views of New York
1927 - Metropolis. Erich Kettelhut. Still from Fritz Lang’s film.
1997 - The Fifth Element. Luc Besson. Still from film.
2009. Linked Hybrid, Beijing, China. Steven Holl Architects
Urban Enrichment – Hong Kong
Cultural Responses to Site2009. “Yatra Towers”, Mumbai
2009. “Annapurna Tower”
2009. “Gyana Tower”
2009. “Bhangar Tower”
2009. “Swadeshi Tower”
2009. “Swadeshi Tower”
Cultural Responses to Site2009. “Yatra Towers”, Mumbai
A new Vernacular for the Skyscraper?
Seven Design Principles for future Tall Buildings ……….
1. Should vary with height – not be just vertical extrusions of an efficient floor plan.
2. Varying Texture and Scale essential – should be designed as many small buildings harmoniously together, rather than one piece of iconic sculpture to be viewed from afar?
3. New functions to be introduced4. Communal, open, recreation space vital5. More facade opacity (and variation / texture) in skin / cladding6. Organic matter (vegetation) to become an essential part of the
material palette.7. More physical, circulatory, social and programmatic
connections (skybridges!).
Tall Buildings have an opportunity to lead the way for the benefit of the entire construction industry, due to the financial and professional expenditure involved and thus the opportunity for incorporation of experimental technologies etc......
