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Model Engineering College Surface Conduction Electron Emitter Display

Department of Electronics Engineering 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The Surface conduction Electron Emitter Display (SED) technology has been

developing since 1987. The flat panel display technology that employs surface conduction

electron emitters for every individual display pixel can be referred to as the Surface-

conduction Electron-emitter Display (SED). Though the technology differs, the basic

theory that the emitted electrons can excite a phosphor coating on the display panel seems

to be the bottom line for both the SED display technology and the traditional cathode ray

tube (CRT) televisions.

When bombarded by moderate voltages (tens of volts)[3]

, the electrons tunnel

across a thin slit in the surface conduction electron emitter apparatus. Some of these

electrons are then scattered at the receiving pole and are accelerated towards the display

surface, between the display panel and the surface conduction electron emitter apparatus,

by a large voltage gradient (tens ofkV) as these electrons pass the electric poles across the

thin slit. These emitted electrons can then excite the phosphor coating on the display panel

and the image follows.

The main advantage of SEDs compared with LCDs and CRTs is that it can

provide with a best mix of both the technologies. The SED can combine the slim formfactor of LCDs with the superior contrast ratios, exceptional response time and can give

the better picture quality of the CRTs[2]. The SEDs also provides with more brightness,

colour performance, viewing angles and also consumes very less power.

The SEDs do not require a deflection system for the electron beam, which has in

turn helped the manufacturer to create a display design, that is only few inches thick but

still light enough to be hung from the wall. All the above properties have consequently

helped the manufacturer to enlarge the size of the display panel just by increasing the


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number of electron emitters relative to the necessary number of pixels required. Canon

and Toshiba are the two major companies working on SEDs. The technology is still

developing and we can expect further breakthrough on the research.


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Chapter 2

DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES

There are different technologies which makes the complex visual presentation in

true. CRT Display, LCD, Plasma display, LED display, etc. are the currently using

technologies.

2.1. Cathode Ray Tube Display (CRT)

Fig.2.1 Conventional CRT structure[3]

A conventional cathode ray tube (CRT) is powered by an electron gun, essentially

an open-ended vacuum tube. At one end of the gun electrons are produced by boiling

them off a metal filament, which requires relatively high currents and consumes a large

proportion of the CRT's power[2]

. The electrons are then accelerated and focused into a

fast-moving beam, flowing forward towards the screen. Electromagnets surrounding the

gun end of the tube are used to steer the beam as it travels forward, allowing the beam to

be scanned across the screen to produce a 2D display.

When the fast-moving electrons strike phosphor on the back of the screen, light isproduced. Colour images are produced by painting the screen with spots or stripes of three

Control grid

Anode

Deflecting coil

Heater

Cathode Electron

beam Focusing coil


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colored phosphors, one each for red, green and blue (RGB). When viewed from a

distance, the spots, known as "sub-pixels", blend together in the eye to produce a single

colored spot known as a pixel.

2.2. LCD Display

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display,

video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does

not emit light directly.

They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors,

television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in

consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators,

and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most

applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more

reliable, and easier on the eyes.

Fig.2.2 Layers of LCD[4]


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1. Vertical filter film to polarize the light as it enters.

2. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine

the dark shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned on. Vertical ridges are etched on

the surface so the liquid crystals are in line with the polarized light.

3. Twisted nematic liquid crystals.

4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line

up with the horizontal filter.

5. Horizontal filter film to block/allow through light.

6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer.

LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical

power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an

electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid

crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in

colour or monochrome[4]

.

2.3. Plasma Display Panel

A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV

displays 30 inches (76 cm) or larger. They are called "plasma" displays because the

technology utilizes small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, or what are

in essence chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps.

Plasma displays are bright (1,000 lux or higher for the module), have a wide

colour gamut, and can be produced in fairly large sizesup to 150 inches (3.8 m)

diagonally. They have a very low-luminance "dark-room" black level compared to the

lighter grey of the unilluminated parts of an LCD screen (i.e. the blacks are blacker on

plasmas and greyer on LCDs)[5]

.

Power consumption varies greatly with picture content, with bright scenes drawing

significantly more power than darker ones this is also true of CRTs. Typical power

consumption is 400 watts for a 50-inch (127 cm) screen. 200 to 310 watts for a 50-inch

(127 cm) display when set to cinema mode. Most screens are set to 'shop' mode by


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default, which draws at least twice the power (around 500700 watts) of a 'home' setting

of less extreme brightness.

A panel typically has millions of tiny cells in compartmentalized space between

two panels of glass. These compartments, or "bulbs" or "cells", hold a mixture of noble

gases and a minuscule amount of mercury. Just as in the fluorescent lamps over an office

desk, when the mercury is vaporized and a voltage is applied across the cell, the gas in the

cells forms plasma. With flow of electricity (electrons), some of the electrons strike

mercury particles as the electrons move through the plasma, momentarily increasing the

energy level of the molecule until the excess energy is shed[5]

.

Fig.2.3 Structure of plasma display[5]

Mercury sheds the energy as ultraviolet (UV) photons. The UV photons then strikephosphor that is painted on the inside of the cell. When the UV photon strikes a phosphor

molecule, it momentarily raises the energy level of an outer orbit electron in the phosphor

molecule, moving the electron from a stable to an unstable state; the electron then sheds

the excess energy as a photon at a lower energy level than UV light; the lower energy

photons are mostly in the infrared range but about 40% are in the visible light range. Thus

the input energy is shed as mostly heat (infrared) but also as visible light. Depending on

the phosphors used, different colours of visible light can be achieved. Each pixel in a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasma-display-composition.svg


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plasma display is made up of three cells comprising the primary colours of visible light.

Varying the voltage of the signals to the cells thus allows different perceived colours.

2.4. LED TVs

Possibly the first true all LED flat panel television TV screen was developed,

demonstrated and documented by J. P. Mitchell in 1977.An LED display is a flat panel

display, which uses light-emitting diodes as a video display. A LED panel is a small

display, or a component of a larger display. They are typically used outdoors in store

signs and billboards, and in recent years have also become commonly used in destination

signs on public transport vehicles or even as part of transparent glass area. LED panels are

sometimes used as form of lighting, for the purpose of general illumination, task lighting,or even stage lighting rather than display

[6].

There are two types of LED panels: conventional (using discrete LEDs) and

surface-mounted device (SMD) panels. Most outdoor screens and some indoor screens are

built around discrete LEDs, also known as individually mounted LEDs. A cluster of red,

green, and blue diodes is driven together to form a full-colour pixel, usually square in

shape.. These pixels are spaced evenly apart and are measured from centre to centre for

absolute pixel resolution.

Most indoor screens on the market are built using SMD technology a trend that is

now extending to the outdoor market. An SMD pixel consists of red, green, and blue

diodes mounted in a single package, which is then mounted on the driver PC board. The

individual diodes are smaller than a pinhead and are set very close together. The

difference is that the maximum viewing distance is reduced by 25% from the discrete

diode screen with the same resolution.

2.5. OLED TV

An organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which

the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compounds which emit light in

response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor material is situated

between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent[4]

.

OLEDs are used in television set screens, computer monitors, small, portable

system screens such as mobile phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information, and


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indication. OLEDs are also used in large-area light-emitting elements for general

illumination. Due to their low thermal conductivity, they typically emit less light per area

than inorganic LEDs.

An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black

levels and can be thinner and lighter than liquid crystal displays. In low ambient light

conditions such as dark rooms, an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than

an LCD whether the LCD uses either cold cathode fluorescent lamps or the more recently

developed LED backlight.

There are two main families of OLEDs: those based on small molecules and those

employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a Light-emitting

Electrochemical Cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED

displays can use either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes.

Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each

individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes[2]

.


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2.6. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The only constant that we can count on is change. Nowhere is this more accurate

than with display technologies. All manufactures are trying to reduce their manufacturing

cost profiles by introducing new techniques. SED technology, or surface conduction

electron-emitter displays, that has been shown at selected shows for the last few years by

the recently disbanded joint venture between Canon and Toshiba.

CRTs are typically as wide as they are deep. CRTs can have image challenges around the

far edges of the picture tube. But their thickness is much more.

Plasma TV shows close to black colour, grey levels actually showing up. This means

they are actually dark greynot black. Plasma has been getting better in this regard but

still has a way to go to match as CRT. The pixels in a Plasma panel are inherently digital

devices that have only two states, on and off. A Plasma produces gradations of light

intensity by changing the rate at which each pixel produces its own series of very-short,

equal-intensity flashes.

LCD latency has been a problem with television pictures with an actual 16ms speed

needed in order to keep up with a 60Hz screen update. Also, due to LCD's highly

directional light, it has a limited angle of view and tends to become too dim to view off

axis, which can limit seating arrangements. LCD generally suffers from the same black

level issues and solarisation, otherwise known as false contouring, that Plasma does.


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Chapter 3

HISTORY

Canonbegan SED research in 1986 and, in 2004, Toshibaand Canonannounced a

joint development agreement originally targeting commercial productionof SEDs by the

end of 2005. The 2005 target was not met, and several new targets since then have also

slipped by. This failure to meet mass-production deadlines goesas far back as 1999, when

Canon first told investors of its intentions to immediately begin mass-producing the

technology. The lack of tangible progress has worried manyinvestors and has prompted

many critics.

During the 2006 Consumer electronics show in Las Vegas, Nevada. Toshiba

showed working prototypes ofSEDs to attendees and indicated expected availability in

mid-to-late 2006. Toshibaand Canon again delayed their plan to sell the television sets to

the fourth quarter of 2007. At the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show, no SED displays

were to be found on the show floor. This led many analysts to speculate that the

technology would neverreach the consumer market[7]

.

Fig 3.1 Display model

[6]


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In October 2006, Toshiba's president announced the company plans to begin full

production of55-inch SED TVs in July 2007 at its recently built SED volume production

facility in Himeji. In December 2006, Toshiba President and Chief Executive Atsutoshi

Nishida said Toshiba is on track to mass-produce SED TV sets in cooperation with Canonby 2008. He said the company plans to start small-output production in the fall of 2007,

but they do not expect SED displays to become a commodity and will not release the

technology to the consumer market because of its expected high price, reserving it solely

for professional broadcasting applications[7]

.

The formation of SED Inc. in 2004 was certainly an acknowledgement by Canon

that, no matter how good their engineering and technical prowess, they would have a

difficult time manufacturing and mass-marketing this technology on their own. While

CES 2005 was the moment for SED to prove its technology was alive and kicking,

CEATAC 2005 and CES 2006 showed that SED Inc. could make multiple versions of that

same 36-inch display with repeatable image quality and consistency. Hopefully we will

see a Canon SED TV display at both CEATEC in Japan starting September 30th and

CES2009 in Las Vegas next January. Canon has a reissue patent covering SED TV

technology. United States Patent RE40, 062 was reissued February 12, 2008. It apparently

has some modifications from previous SED TV patents. This may be the beginning of

Canons attempt to produce SED panels without using the Nano-Proprietary patented

technology[8]

.


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Chapter 4

PRINCIPLE OF SED

The SED replaces the single gun of a conventional CRT with a grid of nanoscopic

emitters, one for each sub-pixel of the display. The surface conduction electron emitter

apparatus consists of a thin slit across which electrons jump when powered with high-

voltage gradients. Due to the nanoscopic size of the slits, the required field cancorrespond to a potential on the order of tens of volts. A few of the electrons, on the order

of3%, impact with slit material on the far side and are scattered out of the emitter surface.

A second field, applied externally, accelerates these scattered electrons towards the

screen. Production of this field requires kilovolt potentials, but is a constant field

requiring no switching, so the electronics that produce it are quite simple[1]

.

Fig.4.1 Structure of SED[7]

Each emitter is aligned behind a colored phosphor dot, and the accelerated

electrons strike the dot and cause it to give off light in a fashion identical to a

conventional CRT. Since each dot on the screen is lit by a single emitter, there is no needto steer or direct the beam as there is in a CRT.


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Fig. 4.2 Quantum Tunnelling[8]

The quantum tunnelling effect that emits electrons across the slits is highly non-

linear, and the process tends to be fully on or off for any given voltage. Quantum

tunnelling through a barrier. The energy of the tunnelled particle is the same but the

amplitude is decreased. This allows the selection of particular emitters by powering a

single horizontal row on the screen and then powering all of the needed vertical columns

at the same time, thereby powering the selected emitters. Any power leaked from one

column to surrounding emitters will cause too small a field to produce a visible output; if

that emitter was not turned on the leaked power will be too low to switch it, if it was

already on the additional power will have no visible effect. This allows SED displays to

work without an active matrix of thin-film transistors that LCDs and similar displays

require, and further reduces the complexity of the emitter array. However, this also meansthat changes in voltage cannot be used to control the brightness of the resulting pixels.

Instead, the emitters are rapidly turned on and off using pulse width modulation, so that

the total brightness of a spot in any given time can be controlled.

To tie it all together, when the SED-TV receives a signal, it:

A. Decodes the signal

B. Decides what to do with the red, green and blue aspect of each pixel

C. Activates the necessary SCEs, which generate electrons that fly through the

vacuum to the screen

When the electrons hit the phosphors, those pixels glow, and your brain combines

them to form a cohesive picture. The pictures change at a rate that allows you to perceive

them as moving.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TunnelEffektKling1.png


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This process happens almost instantaneously, and the set can create a picture sixty

times per second. Unlike a CRT, it doesn't have to interlace the picture by painting only

every other line. It creates the entire picture every time.


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Chapter 5

SED FABRICATION

SED screens consist of two glass sheets separated by a few millimetres, the rear

layer supporting the emitters and the front the phosphors. The front is easily prepared

using methods similar to existing CRT systems; the phosphors are painted onto the screen

using a variety of silkscreen or similar technologies, and then covered with a thin layer ofaluminum to make the screen visibly opaque and provide an electrical return path for the

electrons once they strike the screen. In the SED, this layer also serves as the front

electrode that accelerates the electrons toward the screen, held at a constant high voltage

relative to the switching grid. As is the case with modern CRT's, a dark mask is applied to

the glass before the phosphor is painted on, to give the screen a dark charcoal grey color

and improve contrast ratio[1]

.

Fig.5.1 Internal structure[9]


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Creating the rear layer with the emitters is a multi-step process. First, a matrix of silver

wires is printed on the screen to form the rows or columns, an insulator is added, and then

the columns or rows are deposited on top of that. Electrodes are added into this array,

typically using platinum, leaving a gap of about 60 micrometres between the columns.Next, square pads of palladium oxide (PdO) only 20 nm

[7] thick are deposited into the

gaps between the electrodes, connecting to them to supply power. A small slit is cut into

the pad in the middle by repeatedly pulsing high currents though them, the resulting

erosion causing a gap to form. The gap in the pad forms the emitter. The width of the gap

has to be tightly controlled in order to work properly, and this proved difficult to control

in practice.

Modern SEDs add another step that greatly eases production. The pads are

deposited with a much larger gap between them, as much as 50 nm, which allows them to

be added directly using technology adapted from inkjet printers. The entire screen is then

placed in an organic gas and pulses of electricity are sent through the pads. Carbon in the

gas is pulled onto the edges of the slit in the PdO squares, forming thin films that extend

vertically off the tops of the gaps and grow toward each other at a slight angle. This

process is self-limiting; if the gap gets too small the pulses erode the carbon, so the gap

width can be controlled to produce a fairly constant 5 nm slit between them.

Since the screen needs to be held in a vacuum in order to work, there is a large

inward force on the glass surfaces due to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Because

the emitters are laid out in vertical columns, there is a space between each column where

there is no phosphor, normally above the column power lines. SEDs use this space by

placing thin sheets or rods on top of the conductors that keep the two glass surfaces apart.

A series of these is used to reinforce the screen over its entire surface, which greatly

reduces the needed strength of the glass itself. A CRT has no place for similar

reinforcements, so the glass at the front screen has to be thick enough to support all the

pressure. SEDs are thus much thinner and lighter than CRTs.


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Chapter 6

CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARISON

6.1 SED CHARACTERISTICS

Contrast ratio: The contrast ratio is a property of a display system, defined as the ratio of

the luminance of the brightest colour (white) to that of the darkest colour (black) that the

system is capable of producing. A high contrast ratio is a desired aspect of any display. Toshiba's final versions of SEDs will have a contrast ratio of100,000:1.

Refresh rate: The refresh rate (most commonly the "vertical refresh rate", "vertical scan

rate") is the number of times in a secondthat a display hardware draws the data. This is

distinct from the measure offrame rate in that the refresh rate includes the repeated

drawing of identical frames, while frame rate measures how often a video source can feed

an entire frame of new data to a display.

Viewing angle: In display technology parlance, viewing angle is the maximum angle at

which a display can be viewed with acceptable visual performance. In a technical context,

this angular range is called viewing cone defined by a multitude of viewing directions.

SED provides 180viewing angle.Life expectancy: It does look like SED TVs will last a good while as it has been reported

that the electron emitters have been shown to only drop 10% after 60,000 hours,simulated by an "accelerated" test. This means that it is likely the unit will keep working

as long as the phosphors continue to emit light.

Response time: In technology, response time is the time a system or functional unit takes

to react to a given input.Response time of SED is 0.2 milliseconds[8].Luminosity: Luminosity is a measure of particle interaction, specifically the chance that a

proton will collide with an antiproton. The higher the luminosity, the greater the chance of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate


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quark production. To achieve high luminosity you place as many particles as possible into

as small a space as possible.

Brightness: Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to be

radiating or reflecting light. In other words, brightness is the perception elicited by

the luminance of a visual target. This is a subjective attribute/property of an object being

observed. Brightness of450 cd/m2. Low power consumption[7]

.

6.2 COMPARISON

This is a comparison of various properties of different display technologies

DISPLAY

TECHNOLOGY

Screen shape 180 Viewing

angle

Typical use Usable in

bright room

CRT Spherical curve

or flat

YES COMPUTER

TV

YES

LCD FLAT NO COMPUTER

TV

NO

PDP FLAT NO TV YES

LED FLAT NO TV YES

OLED Curved or Flat NO COMPUTER

SMALL

DISPLAYS

YES

SED FLAT YES COMPUTER

TV

YES

Table 6.1 comparison of different displays


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SED TV Compared to CRT

A traditional CRT has one electron gun that scans side to side and from top to

bottom by being deflected by an electromagnet or "yoke". This has meant that the gun has

had to be set back far enough to target the complete screen area and, well, it starts to get

ridiculously large and heavy around 36". CRTs are typically a wide as they are deep.

They need to be built like this or else the screen would need to be curved too severely for

viewing. Not so with SED, where you supposedly get all the advantages of a CRT display

but need only a few inches of thickness to do it in. Screen size can be made as large as the

manufacturer dares. Also, CRTs can have image challenges around the far edges of the

picture tube, which is a non-issue for SED.

SED TV Compared to Plasma TV

Compared to Plasma the future looks black indeed. As in someone wearing a

black suit and you actually being able to tell it's a black suit with all those tricky, close to

black, gray levels actually showing up. This has been a major source of distraction for this

writer for most display technologies other than CRT. Watching the all-pervasive low-key

(dark) lighting in movies, it can be hard to tell what you're actually looking at without the

shadow detail being viewable. Think Blade Runner or Alien.

SED's black detail should be better, as Plasma cells must be left partially on in

order to reduce latency. This means they are actually dark gray not black. Plasma has

been getting better in this regard but still has a way to go to match a CRT.

Hopefully, SED will solve this and it's likely to. Also, SED is expected to use only

half the power that a Plasma does at a given screen size although this will vary depending

on screen content.

SED TV Compared to LCD

LCDs have had a couple of challenges in creating great pictures but they are

getting better. Firstly, latency has been a problem with television pictures with an actual

16ms speed needed in order to keep up with a 60Hz screen update. There is no motion

blur in SED. LCDs still suffer from motion blur of fast-moving scenes such as most

sports.


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Also, due to LCD's highly directional light, it has a limited angle of view and

tends to become too dim to view off axis, which can limit seating arrangements. This will

not be an issue for SED's self illuminated phosphors. Full dynamic contrast range. LCDs

only show about 6-bitsof contrastshades of gray at the same time. Thus outdoor scenes

in bright light always block up the blacks and bleach out the whites. SED shows the Peak

brightness. The fixed backlight brightness is as bright as any part of a scene can get. Yet

CRTs (and SEDs) can produce peak brightness much brighter (over a small area and for a

short time). However, LCD does have the advantage of not being susceptible to burn-in

which any device using phosphors will, including SED[2]

.

SED is likely to use about two-thirds the power of a similarly sized LCD. Finally,

LCD generally suffers from the same black level issues and solarisation, otherwise known

as false contouring, that plasma does. SED does not.


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6.3 ADVANTAGES

The surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) is a flat-panel, high-

resolution display currently under development by Canon and Toshiba. It is expected to

gain wide acceptance for use in television receivers. Some SEDs have a diagonal

measurement exceeding one meter (approximately 40 inches), yet they consume only

about 50 percentof the power of cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays, and 33 percent of the

power of plasma displays having a comparable diagonal measurement.

The SED consists of an array of electron emitters and a layer of phosphor,

separated by a small space from which all the air has been evacuated. Each electron

emitter represents one pixel (picture element). The SED requires no electron-beamfocusing, and operates at a much lower voltage than a CRT. The brightness and contrast

compare favourably with high-end CRTs. Prototype electron emitters have been

developed with diameters of a few nanometres[7]

.

6.4 DISADVANTAGES

As with any phosphor-based technology, SED may also be susceptible to screen

burn-in. This was a constant problem for people using CRT television monitors for

security camera systems. Early plasmas also had this problem, but with phosphor

development, the problem has largely been reduced.


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Chapter 7

APPLICATIONS

Surface conduction electron emitter display is applicable in developing wide

displays with high quality. It can be used indoors and outdoors. The Canon and Toshiba

are jointly developing the SED technology. The first product release will be a 55 version

at full HD resolution (1920x1080

)priced comparably to todays plasma display panel of

similar size.


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D f El i E i i 23

Chapter 8

CONCLUSION

SED will be the next generation display technology in the nearby future. The

strong points of SED are CRT-matching black levels excellent colour and contrast

potential, relatively inexpensive production cost and wide viewing angle. The draw backs

unknown life expectancy and potential for screen burn-in, currently only prototype

available. But the manufactures are confident that the SED will be seen as one of the most

vivid display in future.

Toshiba and Canon consider the launch of SED TVs to be a major industry

milestone a once-in-50-years historical turning point for the TV industry, comparable to

initial introduction of CRT television. The companies will maximise the technologys

characteristics in order to resist commoditization and to establish SED TV as the

technology of choice for high definition, high-image quality television viewing. The

market for flat panel TVs are expected to see continued high growth within the overall

television market.

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