(sector status report 2016) ssr 2016...sector status report 2016 page 1 foreword water and...

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

(WASH)

(Sector Status Report 2016)

Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation

Sector Efficiency Improvement Unit

December 2016

Sector Status Report 2016 Page 1

Foreword

Water and sanitation facilities have been recognized as fundamental rights of the people in the

Constitution of Nepal. Water supply and sanitation related functions were seen as a shared responsibility

of the central and local levels as per the provisions of Local Self Governance Act 1999. Raising the quality

of water supply and sanitation services is the priority program of the government of Nepal. The Ministry

of Water Supply and Sanitation supports the efforts by now striving towards achieving the National

Target of "Basic water supply and sanitation facilities for all by 2017".

The Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) under this Ministry is the main government

instrument for planning, implementation, operation, repair and maintenance of water supply and

sanitation systems throughout the country. It is the lead agency of the WASH sector, and is working in

consultation and coordination with the sector as a whole.

The Ministry is also engaged in finalizing a "15 year Development Plan of Nepal WASH Sector" aligning it

with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as declared by the United Nations General Assembly. A

key resolution of the Joint Sector Review carried out in 2014 urged for a WASH plan and sector

harmonization in the country. The Nepal WASH Sector Development Plan will carry this commitment

forward until its achievement by 2030.

The Sector Status Report 2016 has been prepared based on a sector review process, analysing and

combining results from all relevant stakeholders. This report will help to forge a common

understanding of the sector and its status, and providing important inputs into the annual and medium-

term sector planning process.

The Ministry expects and encourages all agencies involved in the sector to make a sustained effort

forward so as to enable the effective achievement of sector goals for the benefit of the people of Nepal.

The Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation would like to thank to all of the sector partners for their

contributions in the process of compiling the sector status reports. The Ministry would like to express

special thanks to the Embassy of Finland for providing technical support for preparing the report and

facilitating its publication.


Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal


vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] cj:yf ljj/0f, @)&#

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

g]kfnsf] ;lDjwfg cg';f/ ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL tyf ;'wfl/Psf] ;/;kmfOdf kx'r hgtfsf] cfwf/e't clwsf/ xf] .;g @)!& ;Dddf ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL tyf ;'wfl/Psf] ;/;kmfOåf/f ;j}nfO{ ;d]6\g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fli6o nIf/x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] ljsf; g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstf /x]sf]] sfo{qmd xf] . vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf tyf k|fyldstfnfO{ dxz'; u/L kf}if @)&@df vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd cGt/fli6o vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ bzs -;g !(*! — !(()_ cjlwe/ ;a}eGbf k|fyldstf kfPsf] sfo{qmd aGof] / bf];|f] ;x;|fAbL jif{sf] z'? b]lv g} o;df clws nufgL x'g ;'? eof] . lj=;+= @)^& ;Dddf ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd vfg]kfgL sfo{qmd sf] c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . tTkZrft of] ;/;kmfO{ u?of]hgf @)^*åf/f lgb]{lzt /fli6«o;/;kmfOsfo{qmd eof] / cleofgsf] ?kdfcuf8L a9\of] .

lj;+ @)&! df ePsf] bf]>f] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] ;+o'Qm ;ldIff a}7sdf vfg]kfgL tyf;/;kmfOIf]qsf] Pp6f If]qut of]hgf x'g' kg]{ ;fy}If]qut ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] sfo{ut ldnfg x'g' kg]{ lg0f{o ;lxt k|ltj]bgdf cg'df]bg ul/Psf] lyof] . h; cg'?k vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfnon] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] nflu If]qut ljsf; of]hgf t}of/ ul//x]sf] 5 . o; If]qut ljsf; of]hgfn] If]qut ;ldIffsf] cjwf/0ff tyf o;sf] 9f+rf+ Nofpg] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df xfnsf] If]qut cj:yf k|ltj]bg cfBfjlws ul/g' kg{] dxz'; ul/of] . vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] jt{dfn cj:yf hgfpg] ;f] k|ltj]bg cfzGg ;dLIff k|lqmof sf nflu cfwf/ x'g] 5 . o;n] If]qut l:yltsf] Aff/]df ;dfg cjwf/0ff agfpg d¢t k'–ofpg] 5 / If]qut lqmofsnfk vf;u/L of]hgf th{'dfsfnflu pkof]uL xg] 5 .

Vffg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefusf] cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] cfs8f cg';f/ Vffg]kfgLsf] se/]h *&=) Ü ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;dWo] kfO{k k|0ffnLsf] se/]h %@=# Ü /x]sf] 5 . ;a} lhNnf x?sf] se/]h &) Ü eGbf dfly /x]sf] 5 . pGgfO{; lhNnfx?sf] se/]h () Ü/x]sf] $! lhNnfx?sf] se/]h *)–() Ü sf] lardf /x]sf] / !$ lhNnfx?sf] *) Ü eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . ?kGb]xL, dgfË / s}nfnLn] !)) Üse/]h pGd'v /xsf]] 5 .

To;}u/L, ljefusf] cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] cf+s8f cg';f/ cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf] se/]h *&=# Ü /x]sf] cg'dfg ulPsf] 5 . ;/;kmfOsf] se/]hdf dWoklZrdf~rn If]q pRrtd /x]sf] / To; kl536\bf] s|ddf ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn, klZrdf~rn If]q, k'jf{~rn If]q, dWodf~rn If]q /x]sf 5g\ . v'Nnf lb;f d'Qm If]q sf] cjwf/0ff @)^$ b]lv klZrdf~rnIf]q af6 z'? ePsf] / @)^^ af6 /fli6«o sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] xf] . lj;+ @)^* df ;/;kmfO{ tyf :jR5tf u'?of]hgf kfl/t ePkZrftv'Nnf lb;f d'Qm If]q sf] cjwf/0ffn] d'nsel/ cleofgsf] ?k lnof] . of] klZrdfGrn If]q af6 cleofgsf] ?kdf z?e} dWoklZrdfGrnIf]q / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qdf @)&)–@)&! lt/ Aofks ?kdf km}lnof] . u?of]hgf cufj} df]8n lhNnfsf] ?kdf lrtjg af6 z? ePtf klg dWodf~rn If]qdf cleofgn] tLa| ult lng ;s]g . k"jf{GrnIf]qsf] k|ult @)&) b]lv ePsf] / cf};t eGbf dfly uof] . lj;+ @)&$ d+;L/ dlxgf ;Dddf s'n #* lhNnf, @#@& uf=la=;= / !@# g=kf= x? v'Nnf lb;f d'Qm If]q3f]lift ePsf 5g . a}t8Lsf] ;/;kmfO se/]h !)) Ü k'u]sf] ePtf klg v'Nnf lb;f d'Qm If]q 3f]lift xg afFls /x]sf] 5 .

lj;+ @)^* b]lv otf vfg]kfgL sf] se/]h &Ü n] / ;/;kmfOsf] se/]h $&=# Ü n] al¢ ePsf] 5 . vfg]kfgLdf kx'r gk'u]sf hgtfx?sf] :ki6 klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] o; If]qsf] ah]6 ;]jf:t/sf] ;'wf/df / ;fgf tyf 7'nf ;x/x?sf] kfO{k k|0ffnL la:tf/ sfo{df vr{e} vfg]kfgLsf] k|ult dGb ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df u'? of]hgf åf/f lgb]{lzt eO{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] g]t[Tjdf /fi6«Joflk cleofgsf] ?kdf cufl8 j9]sf]n] ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmdsf] se/]hdf rfF8f] a [l¢ ePsf] xf] .

Vffg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefusf] ;a}&% lhNnf x?df l8lehg÷;j l8lehg sfof{nox? tyf kfFr j6} lasf; If}qx?df If]lqo cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f sfof{nox? /x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo ljsf; tyf ;+3Lo dfldnf dGqfnosf] k|flalws laefu -8f]ln8f/_ sf] lh=lj=;= dftxtdf /x]sf ;a} k|flalws O{sfO{x?n] klg vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub{5g . s]Gb|, If]q,lhNnf tyf uf=la=;=÷gu/kflnsfx?df vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ tyf :jR5tf -jf;_ ;dGj ;ldltx? /x]sf 5g . ;DalGwt If]qx?df jf; sfo{qmdx? Vff;u/L ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdsf nfuL] ;dGjo ;ldltx? k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ . /fi6«AofkL ;+rfngdf /x]sf v'Nnf lb;f d'Qm cleofg tyf w]/} lhNnfx?df ljsf; u/L cf/De ul/Psf jf; cfof]hgfx?sf] nfuL jf; k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 . lasf; ;fem]bf/x?, /fi6«Lo tyf cGt{/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;:yfx? ljleGg :t/ tyf lhNnfx?df s'g} Ps ;/sf/L lgsfo l;tsf] ;dembf/L cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmdsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g . s]lx u}/;/sf/L ;:yfx?n] ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb ;+u ;Demf}tf ul/ l;w} lhNnfx?df sfd ul//x]sf 5g .


cf=j= @)&#÷&$sf nfuL ;/sf/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] ah]6 sl/a @% ca{ /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf & jif{x?df cf};tlab]zL ah]6sf] lx:;f 36\bf]s|dsf] ;fy $* Ü /x]sf] 5 . lab]zL ah]6sf >f]tx? *) Ü C0f /x]sf] 5 . lab]zL cg'bfg kl5Nnf] cf7 jif{df sl/j !=$ c/a ?k}of sf ;fy :yL/ /x]sf] 5 . jflif{s ah]6 !=@ c/a ?k}ofFn] al9/x]sf] t/ of] jif{ nueu !) c/a ?k}ofFn] a9|]sf] 5 . /ftf] lstfadf ;dfj]; gePsf ah]6 /fi6«Lo tyf cGt{/fi6«Lo u}/;/sf/L ;:yfx?n] ck]lR5t sfo{qmdsf ?kdf kl/rflnt tyf :yfgLo lgsfox? åf/f kl/rflnt sfo{qmd sf jh]6 kb{5g h'g k"0f{jf;If]qsf] Psnof]hgfsf] cefjdf k|ltlalDjt gePsf] cj:yf 5. sl/j ()Ü ah]6 vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ dGqfnosf] cwLgdf /x]sf] 5. ;/sf/sf] ah]6 rfn' tyf k'Flhut ah]6df laeflht 5g . s'n ah]6sf] sl/j ^ Ü rfn' ah]6 /x]sf] 5, h;n] ;+rfng ah]6 hgfpb 5.

hn>f]t P]g @)$(n] kfgLsf] >f]tx? nfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] lgldQ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|bfg ub{5 . o;} P]gsf] cfwf/df vfg]kfgL lgodfjnL @)%% ljsf; ul/Psf] xf], h:n] vfg]kfgLsf] >f]t k|of]u ug{ / pkef]Qmfx? nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf nfuL cg'dltkq k|fKt ug]{ k|lq[mofx? kl/eflift ub{5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldlt åf/f u|fdL0f tyf cw{zx/L If]qx?df vfg]kfgL ljsf; tyf Aoj:yfkg ug{sf nfuL u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO gLlt tyf /0fgLlt @))$n] cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL gLltn] ;Daf]wg gu/]sf] ljifox? nfO{ zx/L vfg]kfgL lgtL @)^& n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsf @)^@ n] vfg]kfgLsf nfuL /fli6«Lo dfkb08 tyf o:nfO{ nfu' ug]{ tl/sf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsf jt{dfg cj:yfdf cWcfjlws x'g] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ dGqfnosf] If]qut If]dtf clej[lb PsfO{sf] ;dGjodf Ps lgtL, Ps of]hgf Ps cg'udg k¢lt sf] cjwf/0f cg'?k vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO P]g / o:sf lgodx?, lgtL tyf If]qut lasf; of]hgf th{'df eO/x]sf] 5 . ;/;kmfO tyf ZjR5tf u?of]hgf u '?of]hgf @)^* n] /fi6«AofkL v'Nnf lb;f d'Qm If]q cleofg tyf k"0f{ ;/;kmfOsf nfuL:ki6 lbzff lgb]{z k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . at{dfg gLlt cg'?k vfg] kfgL cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ pkef]Qmfx?n] u|fdL0f If]qdf @) Ü / zx/L If]qdfGo'gtd #) Üof]ubfg ug{' kg{]5 ;fy} z'Ns ;+sngaf6 k"0f{?kdf ;+rfng tyf ;Def/ ug'{kb{5 .

ljleGg lgsfox?af6 lhNnfx?df ;+rfng ul/Psf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd o; If]qdf ;+rfng ul/Psf d'Vo sfo{qmd x'g . vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ tyf la:tf/sf / k'g:yf{kgsf nflu;dfj]z ePsflaleGg cfof]hgfx? vf=kf=la=åf/flaleGg sfo{qmdx?df;+rfngdf 5g . ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd lhNnfx?df nfu' ul/Psf 5g . rfn ' ah]6sf] sl/j $@ Ü cfwf/e "t vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf nfuL, ;]jf txsf] ;'wf/tyf la:tf/df @% Ü, d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf nuL @% Ü / afFls ;/;kmfO tyf Ifdtf lasf; sfo{qmddf /flvPsf] 5 .

u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx?hgtfsf] ;xefuLtfsf ;fy vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldltx? åf/fAoa:yfkg ul/Psf5g, ;fgf zx/x?df ePsf vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx? z'Ns ;+sng ul/ ck/]6/x? nfO{ tna lbP/ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldlt åf/f Aoa:yfkg ul/Psf 5g . 7"nf / k'/fgf zx/x?df ePsf vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx? g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;:+yfgåf/f o:sf zfvfx?df k|ljlws k|Tofof]hg u/L Aoa:yfkg ul/Psf 5g . s]xL o:tf ;x/x?sf] vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL :yfgLo txdf u7g ePsf vfg]kfgL Aoa:yfkg af]8n]{ ;+rfng u/]sf 5g . sf7df08f} sf] vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLvfg]kfgL Aoa:yfkg af]8{ åf/f Aoa:yfkgul/Psf] / vfg]kfgL lnld6]8 sDkgLåf/f ;+rfng ePsf] 5 . u|fdL0f I]fqx?dfvfg] kfgL ;+rfng tyf dd{t ;Def/sfsfo{stf{ sf]] vr{ ;+sng u/L dd{t vr{ cfkm} Aoxf]5{g . ;fgf zx/ vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+rfng vr{sf] cg'kft Ps jf Ps eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 eg], g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf k|0ffnLx?sf] ;+rfng vr{ cg 'kft !=# /x]sf] / vfg]kfgL lnld6]8 sf] !=) /x]sf] 5 . d'n 'se/Lsf] zx/L vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx?sf] lx;fj gePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf @% Ü xf/fxf/L /x]sf] 5 .

lj;+ @)&@ sf]e 'sDkaf6clt k|efljt !$ lhNNffx?df sl/a $()$ j6f vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx? / @@))))rkL{x?k|efljt eP . o:sf nfuL % jif]{ k'g:yf{kg cfof]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] cfof]hgf vfg] kfgL ljefu ;+u ;dGjo u/L ljleGg ;xof]uL ;+:yfx?n] sfof{Gjog ug]{5g . vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx?sf] k'g:yf{kg ug]{ sfo{sf nfuL * c/a ?k}of nfUg] cg'dfg 5 h;df kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ; 'wf/ / ;/;kmfO{sfo{ ;dfj]; ul/Psf 5g . vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx? nfO{ pQd sfo{ cj:yfdf k'g:yf{kg ug]{] cjwf/0ffsf ;fy !$ clt k|efljt lhNNffx?sf nfuL ;/;kmfO sfo{ ;dfj]; u/L @! c/a ?k}of+sf] cg'dfgLt nfut tof/ ul/Psf] 5 Hf:df vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{sf nfuL *$ Ü /sd rflxg] 5. Afh]6sf] @% Ü rfn ' sf]if / &% Ü ck]lIft sf]if ;lxt % jif]{ of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] jf; If]q lbuf] ljsf; nIf-SDG_sfnfuL ;xefuL xg] cj:yfdf /x]]sf] 5 . vfg] kfgL ljefusf] ;'rgf k|0ffnL tyf k'0f{ ;/;kmfO{ ; 'rsx? lbuf] ljsf; nIf sf] k|ult cg 'udgsf nfuL pko'Qm /xg] 5 . vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfnon] lbuf] lasf; nIo;u+} cfa¢ eP/ æg]kfn jf; If]qsf] !% jif]{ ljsf; of]hgf nfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] t}of/Ldf 5 . ;xof]uL ;+:yfx? lbuf] ljsf; nIotyf o;sf ;'rsx? lasf; tkm{ Vffsf agfpgsf nfuL cu|;/eO{ 5nkmn ul//x]sf 5g . Plss[t vfg] kfgL >f]t Joj:yfkg sf] cawf/0ff, d'n'ssf] ;+/If0f tyf kfgL ;'/Iff of]hgfdf ePsf sfdx?n] ;DalGwt ;"rsx? lasf; ug{ d¢t k'–ofpg] 5 .

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] cfj:ostf cg'?k of]hgf th{"df tyf cg'udgsf nfuL Pp6f k|efjsf/L ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .


Executive Summary

Access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation is a basic right of people as per the constitution of

Nepal. Government of Nepal has a national target to meet universal coverage by basic water supply and

improved sanitation by 2017. Development of water supply and sanitation is a priority for the

Government of Nepal. The Ministry of Water Supply and sanitation has been established in December

2015 realizing priority and sustained development need in the water and sanitation sector.

Water supply and sanitation became the most priority programs in Nepal during the international water

supply and sanitation decade (1981-90) and continued receiving more investment from the start of the

second millennium. Sanitation program was a component/part of water supply program till 2010. Later

it became a program of the national movement guided by National Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan

2011.

The Second Joint Sector Review Meeting was organized in April 2014 with the theme of developing

sector plan sector harmonization. The Sector Status Report 2014 was developed as an outcome

containing its position on various themes. The Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation is preparing

Sector Development Plan, which will come out with appropriate model of sector review. In this context,

updating Sector Status Report was felt-need in the sector. This sector status report will be the basis for

the review process. This sector status report will help for common understanding of the sector and its

status. The report will be useful for the sector activities mainly in the planning process. The report also

provides key sector information in one place for the researchers.

Coverage of the water supply has been estimated to be 87.0% (DWSS 2072/73). This includes 52.3 %

coverage by piped water supply systems. All of the districts have coverage above 70%. Nineteen districts

have coverage of more than 90%, 41 districts between 80-90% and 14 districts below 80%. Rupandehi,

Manang and Kailali reported nearly 100 % coverage.

Coverage of basic sanitation has been estimated to be 87.3% (DWSS 2072/73. Coverage is highest in

MWR, FWR, WR, ER and CR in decreasing order. ODF concept started from 2064 (2007) from the WR

and became national program from 2066 (2009) and became a nationwide movement since 2068 (2011)

when Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan was approved. The movement started from the Western

region and then expanded intensively in the MWR and FWR toward 2070 and 2071. Although CR had

started the sanitation movement prior to the endorsement of the master plan from Chitwan as model

district, it expanded movement very slowly. ER has progressed since 2070 and went up even above

average. As of December 2016 total 38 Districts, 2243 VDCs and 121 Municipalities have been declared

as ODF. In addition Baitadi has reported 100 % coverage of toilets, but not yet declared as ODF district.

Since 2010 water supply coverage increased by 7% and sanitation by 47.3 %. Slow progress in the water

supply is mainly because most of sector budget is consumed by service level improvement and extension

of pipe system in the small and large towns and unreached people is not clearly identified. Fast coverage

in sanitation is mainly due to the local body led total sanitation program guided by Nationa Sanitation

and Hygiene Master Plan, which became a national movement with as a joint effort of sector including

government and non government.

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) has its divisions/subdivisions in all 75 districts and

regional monitoring and supervision offices in the five development regions. The Ministry of the Federal

Affairs and Local Development (MOFALD) which has a technical department (DoLIDAR) also looks after

water supply (with less than 1000 population) and sanitation in the districts as a technical unit of the


DDC. There is a WASH coordination committee at center, region, districts and VDC/Municipality. WASH-

CC is being effective for coordination and planning of WASH programs, mainly sanitation program in the

respective areas. D-WASH-CC is very effective for ongoing ODF movement nationwide and initiated

developing WASH plan in many districts. The development partners, INGOs and NGOs are working at

various levels and districts as per MOU with the government, and as part of the government program

either with MOWSS or MOFALD. Some NGOs are also working directly in the districts based on the

agreement with Social Welfare Council.

The government budget for FY 2073/75 (2016-17) is about NRs 25 Billion (USD 250M). In the last seven

year average composition of foreign budget is 48% with decreasing trend. Foreign budget sources are

mostly loan which is about 80%. Foreign grant remained constant around NRs 1.4 Billion(14MUSD)

Rupees in last eight years. Annually budget is increasing by NRs 1.2 Billion (USD12M) but in this fiscal

year it increased by almost NRs 10 Billion (USD 100M). This budget is based on Reed Book of government

there are other budget mobilized by INGOs and NGOs as off budget program and budget mobilized by

the local bodies which are not reflected in the absence of one complete WASH plan. About 90% of

current budget belongs to MOWSS. Government budget divided in to recurrent and capital. The

recurrent budget represents mainly operation budget, which is about 6 % of the total budget.

Water Resource Act 1992 gives priority to use of water resources for drinking water. Drinking Water

Supply Regulations 1998 has been developed based on this Act, which defines processes for getting a

license for using water source and organizing users. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Policy and

strategy, 2004 provided the basis for development and management of water supply in the rural and

semi-urban areas by users committee. Urban Water Supply Policy, 2009 addressed the issues which are

not addressed by the rural water supply policy. National Drinking Water Quality Standard and Directives,

2005 established national standard for drinking water and ways to achieve it. Standard and directives are

in the process of updating. WASH sector is being coordinated by SEIU/MOWSS, formulating WSS Act and

its Rules, Policy and Sector Development Plan (SDP) in line with one policy, one plan and one monitoring

system. Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan 2011 provided clear guidelines for nationwide ODF

movement and total sanitation. Current policies require water supply system is developed with 20 %

contribution of users and in rural and minimum 30% in the urban and system operated and maintained

fully by tariff collections.

Main program in the sector are water supply and sanitation program in the districts implemented by

various agencies. There are various programs for water supply improvement and extension including

functionality implemented mostly by DWSS. Sanitation program is implemented in districts. About 42

%of current budget belongs to basic water supply and sanitation, 25% in service level improvement and

extension, 25% for Melamchi water and rest in sanitation and capacity building.

Rural water supply systems are managed by Water Users and Sanitation Committees with a Village

Maintenance Workers and involvement of people, systems in the small towns are managed by WUSC

with an operators team paid from tariff collections. Systems in the large and old towns are managed by

NWSC and its branches under technical delegations. Some of such towns have been taken over by the

WSMB formed at the local level. System in the Kathmandu is managed by KVWSMB and operated by

KUKL. WUSCs in rural area contribute as required for paying VMW and for maintenance. Systems in the

small town are operating with an operation ratio of one or less. Systems in the NWSC are operating with

an operating with an average ratio of 1.3 and KUKL around 1.0. National wide average Non-revenue

Water (NRW) in the town water supply is 25%.


EQ2015 affected about 4904 (NMIP survey) water supply schemes and 2,20,0 toilets in the 14 most

affected districts. Recovery plan has been prepared for five years, which will be implemented various

partners with coordination of DWSS. DWSS prepared a recovery plan for all 4904 schemes, including

water quality improvement and sanitation with NRs 8 billion. The Post Disaster Recovery Framework

with Build Back Better concept was prepared for most affected 14 districts with NRs 21 billion budget

estimate including water supply and sanitation, capacity building of which 84% is required for water

supply systems. Five year plan has been prepared with 25% on budget and 75% off budget funding. In

the FY 72/73 (2015-16) 297 schemes have been recovered and there is a target to recover 554 systems

in this fiscal year 73/74.

Nepal is in a position to participate SDG in the WASH sector. Its WASH MIS with the baseline survey at

the VDC level and indicator of total sanitation will be in line with indicators of SDG for regular

monitoring. Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation is finalizing a "15 year Development Plan of Nepal

WASH Sector " aligning it with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Partners are taking initiatives

and discussing to frame the sector towards SDG goals and developing indicators. The concept of IWRM

and Water Safety Plan practiced in the part of the country will help to develop indicators for the goal

related to IWRM and ecosystems.

There is a need for establishing a more effective sector Management Information System linking sector

needs and useful for the planning and monitoring together.


Table of Contents

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... 1

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 4

Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... 9

Background ................................................................................................................................. 11

Chapter 1: Coverage and Trends ................................................................................................... 12

1. Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage and Trend............................................................. 12

2. Functionality and Sustainability of Water Supply System .................................................. 17

3. Financial management and Budget Trend .......................................................................... 19

4. Sustainable Development Goal-6 and initiatives of Nepal. ................................................ 22

Chapter 2: Institution and Policy Environment ............................................................................. 24

5. Institutional Framework and Coordination ........................................................................ 24

6. Policy Environment ............................................................................................................. 26

7. WASH Partners .................................................................................................................... 28

Chapter 3: Water Supply and Sanitation Program ....................................................................... 30

8. Water supply and Sanitation System .................................................................................. 30

9. Implementation of Water Supply Program ........................................................................ 31

10. Sanitation program ......................................................................................................... 33

11. Operation and Management of Water Supply and Sanitation Services ......................... 34

12. Water Quality Management ........................................................................................... 35

13. Recovery Plan for Damaged Caused by EQ 2015 ........................................................... 37

Chapter 4: Case Studies ................................................................................................................. 39

14. Case Studies: ................................................................................................................... 39

15. Strategies for Informative and Efficient Sector ............................................................... 48


List of Figures and Tables

Table 1-1:Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage by Sources .................................................................... 12

Table 7-1: Key Development partners and INGOs in the sector ................................................................. 29

Figure 1-1: Water supply and sanitation coverage trend since 2010 ......................................................... 12

Figure 1-2: District wise water supply and sanitation coverage together .................................................. 13

Figure 1-3: District wise water supply coverage range ............................................................................... 14

Figure 1-4: District wise sanitation coverage range and ODF rank ............................................................. 15

Figure 1-5: Region wise ODF coverage in various years ............................................................................. 16

Figure 1-6: Region wise cumulative ODF coverage in various years .......................................................... 16

Figure 2-1: Functionality status of piped water supply system in terms of maintenance level ................. 17

Figure 2-2: Cost of functionality problem ................................................................................................... 18

Figure 3-1: Budget and expenditure trend since 2003 ............................................................................... 19

Figure 3-2: Annual budget allocation since 2003 and Sources ................................................................... 20

Figure 3-3: Composition of budget type (left) and Budget type (right) ...................................................... 20

Figure 3-4: Budget division for various program in the FY 2073/74 (2016-17) .......................................... 21

Figure 5-1: Present Institution Framework of WASH Sector ...................................................................... 24

Figure 8-1: Water supply coverage by type of system ............................................................................... 30

Figure 12-1: Water quality changes from sources to taps in the large towns ............................................ 35

Figure 13-1: Distribution of damage value in the various components of the water supply system ......... 37

Figure 13-2: Ranking of most affected 14 districts in terms of value (in $) of systems affected ............... 38


Acronyms

$XB X Billion US Dolor

$XM X Million US Dolor

ADB Asian Development Bank

B/M/NRs Billion/Million Nepali Rupees

CR Central Region DDC District Development Committee

DfID Department for International development DoLIDAR Department of Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Road DPs Development Partners DUDBC Department Urban development and Building Construction DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage EQ Earthquakes

ER Eastern Region FEDWASUN Federation of Water and Sanitation Users Nepal

FWR Far Western Region IDA International Development Association

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JSR Joint Sector review KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited KVWSMB Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board LAPA Local Adaptation Plan of Action LPCD Liter Per Capita Per Person

M$ Million US Dolor MoE Ministry of Education MoEST Ministry of Environment Science and Technology MOF Ministry of Finance MoFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development MoH Ministry of Health MoUD Ministry of Urban Development

MoWSS Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation

MWR Mid Western Region MWSP Melamchi Water Supply Project N/R/D/M/V-WASH-CC National/Regional/District/Municipal/Village WASH Coordination Committee NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standards NHSP National Health Sector Plan NMIP National Management Information Project (DWSS)

NPC National Planning Commission


NRsx B Nepalese Rupees X Billion NRW Non-revenue Water NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation NWSSTC National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Center ODF Open Defecation Free PDRF Post Disaster Reconstruction Framework PPB Parts Per Billion RMSO Regional Monitoring and Supervision Office (Off DWSS)

RVWRMP Rural Village Water Resource management Project RWH Rain Water Harvesting RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

RWSSPFDB Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund development Board

RWSSP-WN Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project- Western Nepal SDG Sustainable Development Goal SDP Sector Development Plan SEIU Sector Efficiency and Improvement Unit SHMP Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan SSTWSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TWG Thematic Working Group UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund VDC Village Development Committee WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WinS WASH in School WOP Water Operator's Partnership WR Western Region WSMB Water Supply Management Board WSP Water Safety Plan WSP Water Safety Plan WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WSSDO water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC Water Users and Sanitation Committee


Background

Access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation is a basic right of the people guaranteed by the

constitution of Nepal. Government of Nepal has a national target to meet universal coverage of safe

water and improved sanitation by 2017. Development of water supply and sanitation system is a priority

program of the Government of Nepal. The government agencies have been implementing regular water

supply and sanitation program in the districts. The ministry of water supply and sanitation has been

established in December 2015 realizing priority and sustained development need in the water and

sanitation sector.

Water supply and sanitation program got top priority in Nepal during the international water supply and

sanitation decade (1981-90) and continued to receive more investment from the start of the second

millennium. Sanitation program was a component program of water supply till 2010. Later it became a

program of the national movement guided by sanitation master plan 2011.

The joint sector review conducted in 2011 produced sector status report on various themes. The second

joint sector review meeting was organized in 2014 with the theme of one sector plan and sector

harmonization, produced sector status report with its position on various themes. The ministry of water

supply and sanitation is preparing sector development plan which will come up with appropriate model

of sector review. In this context, updating sector status report was a felt need in the sector. This sector

status report will be the basis for the review process. This report will help for forging a common

understanding of the sector and its status. The report will be useful for the sector activities mainly in the

planning process. The report also provides key sector information in one place for the researchers

This sector status report has been presented in four chapters.

Chapter 1: Coverage and trends : This section describes the current status and trend of water supply and

sanitation coverage, sustainability status existing water supply systems and sector budget and its trend.

This also presents initiatives of Nepal towards SDG goals for the sector.

Chapter 2: Institution and Policy Environment: This section describes the present institutional

framework, key policy directions and WASH partners and their roles.

Chapter 3: Water Supply and Sanitation Program: This section describes Key water supply and sanitation

program, water supply and sanitation system practices in the country, operation management of

services and water quality situation. This also describes current status and plan for the reconstruction for

the water supply and sanitation system damaged by EQ2015

Chapter 4: Case Studies : This section presents few case studies covering water supply system at rural,

small town and large town, climate resilient systems and sanitation as an examples and best practices.

Latest status data used in the report mostly belongs to end of fiscal year 2072/73 (July 2016) except ODF

data which belongs to end of the 2016. Program related data are mostly from the current fiscal year

2073/74.

Chapter 1: Coverage and

1. Water Supply and

Table 1-1:Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage by Sources

Data are not fitting the best in

the linear curve, but there is a

general trend. Data since 2010 is

fitting best. Data indicate that

there is a general increase in

water supply coverage by 0.33

since 1996 by 1.1 since 2010.

Similarly, there is an increase in

sanitation coverage by 2.6% since

1996 and 7.4 % since 2010.

Slow incremental coverage in

water supply indicates that the

sector budget is being invested in

the same area for the

improvement of systems, service level extension in the same area or service level improvement in the

area covered with acceptable water supply system like protected springs or hand pumps. Sanitation

progress since 2010 is understandable because nation

Source Year Water

DHS96 1996 69.8

BCHIMES00 2000 82.6

CEN01 2001 84.5

DHS01 2001 77.1

DHS06 2006 81.8

NMIP08 2008 80.5

CEN11 2011 86.5

DHS11 2011 91.7

NMIP10 2010 80.4

NMIP12 2012 79.6

NMIP14 2014 84.0

DWSS 15 2015 86.4

DWSS 16 2016 87.0

Average addition since 2010 1.1

Average addition since 1996 0.33

Chapter 1: Coverage and Trends

Supply and Sanitation Coverage and Trend

Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage by Sources

Water supply and sanitation program became

priority program in Nepal during

international water supply and sanitation

decade (1981-90) and continued to receive

more investment from the start of the year

2000. Sanitation was component of water

supply related work till 2010 and then after it

became a program of the national movement

guided by Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan

2011.

The main sources of water supply and

sanitation coverage data are Demographic

Health Survey (DHS), Census and National

Management Information Project of DWSS

(NMIP). NMIP survey was first conducted in

2008 based on the ward-wise visit

group discussions with people and water

users’ committees. Data was updated

2012 and 2014. Data for the 2015 and 2016

has been updated based on

division offices in the DWSS.

the same area for the

, service level extension in the same area or service level improvement in the


understandable because nationwide sanitation movement started guided by

Water Sanitation

69.8 22

82.6 32

84.5 43

77.1 30

81.8 41

80.5 46

86.5 59

91.7 67

80.4 43.0

79.6 53.7

84.0 70.3

86.4 82.0

87.0 87.3

7.4

0.33 2.6

Figure 1-1: Water supply and sanitation coverage trend since 2010

rend

Water supply and sanitation program became

priority program in Nepal during the

international water supply and sanitation

90) and continued to receive

the start of the year

2000. Sanitation was component of water

supply related work till 2010 and then after it

the national movement

guided by Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan

The main sources of water supply and

verage data are Demographic

Health Survey (DHS), Census and National

Management Information Project of DWSS

NMIP survey was first conducted in

wise visits and focus

with people and water

ata was updated in 2010,

. Data for the 2015 and 2016

based on reporting of

division offices in the DWSS.

, service level extension in the same area or service level improvement in the


itation movement started guided by

Water supply and sanitation coverage trend since 2010

national National Sanitation and Hygiene Master

with an initial target to ODF. The sector

VDC/Municipalities and DDC.

National water supply target to achieve universal coverage of basic

sanitation by 2017 is unlikely to meet

target will be achieved within phase

Plan (Base paper 2016) has indicated to shift the target of universal

coverage for the year 2019. This is possible if

developed identifying unreached areas

for the purpose.

Similarly, sanitation target to achieve universal coverage of improved sanitation by 2017

meet. This target seems realistic because target, strategy and monitoring syste

Figure 1-2: District wise water supply and sanitation coverage together

Looking both water supply and sanitation cover

in the western region. There are 33 districts with both water supply and sanita

and below 90%. There are 13 districts where water supply or sanitat

sanitation coverage and located in the eastern

Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan, which requires total sanitation led by local bodies

The sector is largely in this movement with a leadership

National water supply target to achieve universal coverage of basic

is unlikely to meet. SDP indicated that universal

target will be achieved within phase-I (2016-2020 and NPC, in the 14th.

Plan (Base paper 2016) has indicated to shift the target of universal

the year 2019. This is possible if the reliable database is

unreached areas and sufficient budget ensured

Similarly, sanitation target to achieve universal coverage of improved sanitation by 2017

This target seems realistic because target, strategy and monitoring system are very clear.

wise water supply and sanitation coverage together

Looking both water supply and sanitation coverage 15 districts are above 90% coverage

There are 33 districts with both water supply and sanitation coverage above 80%

and below 90%. There are 13 districts where water supply or sanitation below 70%, which is due to low

the eastern Terai.

Region

ER

CR

WR

MWR

FWR

Nepal

requires total sanitation led by local bodies

of local bodies like

Similarly, sanitation target to achieve universal coverage of improved sanitation by 2017 seems likely to

m are very clear.

ge 15 districts are above 90% coverage, mostly located

coverage above 80%

which is due to low

Water Sanitation

84.1 84.9

87.9 77.5

90.0 96.6

84.5 98.2

87.7 97.2

87.0 87.3

Coverage of water supply: Coverage

based on the compilation of the progress report of division offices of DWSS at the end of Fiscal year

2072/73 (July 2016). This includes 52.3 % coverage by pipe water supply systems.

have coverage below 70%. Nineteen districts have coverage of more than 90%, 41 dis

90% and 14 districts below 80%.

coverage. The sector is in need of calculating/ estimating actual coverage in view of functionality and

quality of supplied water. This is necessary for measuring SDG target related to water.

Figure 1-3: District wise water supply coverage range

Sanitation coverage: Coverage of basic sanitation

the compilation of the progress report of division offices of DWSS at the end of Fiscal year 2072/73 (July

2016). Coverage is highest in MWR, FWR, WR, ER and CR in decreasing order.

Earthquake 2015 impacted in sanitation movement because support

response activities and then to recovery. ODF declared VDCs had lost this status of ODF, but are

recovering now. The ODF figure above assumes that VDCs once declared ODF are still r

status , in the view that impact of disaster is temporary.

overage of the water supply has been estimated to be 8

progress report of division offices of DWSS at the end of Fiscal year

2072/73 (July 2016). This includes 52.3 % coverage by pipe water supply systems. None of the di

have coverage below 70%. Nineteen districts have coverage of more than 90%, 41 dis

90% and 14 districts below 80%. Districts like Rupandehi, Manang and Kailali reported nearly 100 %

ector is in need of calculating/ estimating actual coverage in view of functionality and

necessary for measuring SDG target related to water.

: District wise water supply coverage range

of basic sanitation has been estimated to be 87.3 percentages

progress report of division offices of DWSS at the end of Fiscal year 2072/73 (July

2016). Coverage is highest in MWR, FWR, WR, ER and CR in decreasing order.

Earthquake 2015 impacted in sanitation movement because supporting partners concentrated in the


recovering now. The ODF figure above assumes that VDCs once declared ODF are still r

impact of disaster is temporary.

the water supply has been estimated to be 87.0 percentages

progress report of division offices of DWSS at the end of Fiscal year

None of the districts

have coverage below 70%. Nineteen districts have coverage of more than 90%, 41 districts between 80-

Rupandehi, Manang and Kailali reported nearly 100 %

ector is in need of calculating/ estimating actual coverage in view of functionality and

necessary for measuring SDG target related to water.

percentages based on

progress report of division offices of DWSS at the end of Fiscal year 2072/73 (July

ing partners concentrated in the


recovering now. The ODF figure above assumes that VDCs once declared ODF are still retaining such

Figure 1-4: District wise sanitation coverage range and ODF rank

Measuring coverage in terms of % of ODF declared VDCs , the coverage

trend becomes MWR, WR,FWR, ER and

concept started from 2064 BS (2007 AD) from WR and became national

program from 2066 (2009) and became a nationwide movement since

2068 BS (2011 AD) when Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan was

approved. A movement started from t

expanded intensively in the MWR and FWR toward 2070 BS and 2071 BS .

CR has begun such movement prior to approval of the master plan from Chitwan as model district,

however, later the pace slowed down. ER has progressed since 207

average. As of December 2016, total 38 Districts, 2

ODF. In addition Baitadi has reported 100 % coverage, but not yet declared as ODF.

wise sanitation coverage range and ODF rank


trend becomes MWR, WR,FWR, ER and CR in decreasing order. ODF




approved. A movement started from the Western region and then



however, later the pace slowed down. ER has progressed since 2070 BS and went up even above

average. As of December 2016, total 38 Districts, 2327 VDCs and 123 Municipalities have been declared

ODF. In addition Baitadi has reported 100 % coverage, but not yet declared as ODF.


CR in decreasing order. ODF




he Western region and then



0 BS and went up even above

Municipalities have been declared

Figure 1-5: Region wise ODF coverage in various years

Figure 1-6: Region wise cumulative ODF coverage in various years

Note: Year indicated ending year of the

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2065 2066 2067

ODF in various years (%of VDCs)

ER CR

wise ODF coverage in various years

ODF coverage in various years

the fiscal year. Example 2064 means 2063-64

2067 2068 2069 2070 2071

ODF in various years (%of VDCs)

CR WR MWR FWR Average

2072 2073


2. Functionality and Sustainability of Water Supply System

A sustainable water and sanitation system must be economically viable, socially acceptable and

technically and institutionally appropriate. Water supply systems in Nepal are managed by the water

users and sanitation committees both in the rural and semi-urban areas. Systems in the large town are

managed either by the NWSC or management board in line with Water Supply Management Board Act

2006. Water supply system in the Kathmandu valley is managed by the Kathmandu Valley Management

Board and operated by KUKL.

Small towns are managed by WUSC with autonomy are operating with better operating ratio in

comparison to the systems in large towns and rural communities. The tariff collected is sufficient to

operate and maintain the systems. The progressive tariff system is helping to give value to water and

addressing the needs of the urban poor.

There are about 41,205 plus piped water supply systems operated by WUSC in the rural areas, covering

52.3 % of the population as of July 2016. According to NMIP 2014 update, only 68.2% are capable of

providing water in the whole year to all taps. 25.4% are well-functioning, 36.1% in need of minor repair

within the capacity of users committee, 9.2 % in need of major repair beyond capacity of users

committees, 19.8% in need of rehabilitation to meet present demand, 19.8 need reconstructions and

0.9% cannot be recovered. About 31.5% systems have maintenance tools on the site, 37.9% have been

formally registered and only 4.5 % have maintenance funds. NMIP data require that functionality status

is updated at VDC level annually, but that not been instrumental.

Figure 2-1: Functionality status of piped water supply system in terms of maintenance level

Assuming that system which is functioning needs Rs. 500 per person for sustainability, including water

safety plan., system in need of minor repair, major repair, rehabilitation and reconstruction needs Rs

700, 1000, 5000 and 6000 respectively for the corrections cost of functionality can be derived.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

ER

CR

WR

MWR

FWR

Nepal

Functionality Status of Piped Water Supply System

Functioning Minor Repain Major Repair Rehab Reconstruction

Assuming financial factor for the system which are well

functioning as 1.0, then the factor representing burden

per person for the bringing back to safe and functional

system is 3.9, 4.0, 4.4 4.1 times, respectively, from the

Eastern region to Far-Western region respectively and

the average is 4.0. The total financial liability or fund

required to make systems functional is NRs 25.2 B

(M$252)

A World Bank study (2013) on different modality options

based on a survey of 201 randomly selected schemes of

DWSS, DoLIDAR/DDC, RWSSFDB, NGO indicated that 71%

of system aged 5-15 years are functional in terms of tap

functioning, and 65 % schemes are in good condition or

in need of minor repairs. In terms of service level (QARQ) 30 to 40 % of the schemes provided good

service. The study indicated that the DDC-VDC schemes that received minimal technical support and

capacity development and are not performing worse than fully-supported schemes implemented under

other modalities. Ownership, local management and technical capacity, learning-by-doing and post-

construction access to funding and repair services are crucial success factors.

There are about 1.2 million tube wells with hand pumps in the Terai. Blanket testing carried out during

2005-2008 has indicated that 1.7 % of the tube wells are contaminated with Arsenic, i.e. concentration

is higher than those specified by national drinking water quality standard. As a short term solution bio

sand filters were distributed to more than 40,000 households. A study(DWSS-JICA-ENPHO) carried out

by DWSS for the effectiveness of Kanchan filters in Nawalparasi in 2016 indicated that only 30% filters

are in use, of which 85% filters are functioning well to reduce arsenic levels within the standard and

people feeling well with treated water in terms of cleanliness and safety. As a medium term solution

1753 hand pumps from arsenic safe layer has been installed in 12 districts. For long term solution pipe

systems with deep boring from arsenic safe layers has been implemented. DWSS preparing a strategy for

a permanent solution. The draft SDP has prescribed some strategic actions. About 18, 000 tube well

affected above standard of which 80% lies in the 100 VDCs of 17 districts.

Fifteen year small town water supply plan (2015-30) of DWSS has indicated that there is a need for

improving 176 small towns serving 3.6 million people, including 2.1million unnerved which requires NRs

40 B. (M$400). Benchmarking data of SEIU based on an assessment carried out in 2016 for 25 towns

managed by NWSC and WSMB has indicated that there is a need of Improvement in every town for

better functioning and coverage in the current service area. Total cost of Improvement is NRs 7.7 B (M$

77) and current service population is 1.0 Millions.

Benchmarking data of SEIU conducted in the 2014 in 63 small towns had indicated that operation ratio

of these towns is 1.0 indicating that tariff collection is sufficient for operation and maintenance in

average. Average NRW is 21% and staff ratio (per 1000 taps) is 7.3. Similarly, Benchmarking conducted in

2016 based on 2014-15 in the town managed by NWSC, WSMB and KUKL indicated that the average

operation ratio of 1.3 indicating the government is subsiding 30 % of the operation cost. Average NRW is

25% and staff ratio is 8.3. KUKL is able to maintain an operation ratio of 1.0, after paying the license fee

and a tariff fixation fee.

4.9

9.45.2

4.5

2.4

Functionality Cost(NRs 25.2 B)

ER CR WR MWR FWR

Figure 2-2: Cost of functionality problem


3. Financial management and Budget Trend

Financial and budget trend

Development of water supply and sanitation is a priority program of the Government of Nepal. The

government has a regular program for the water supply and sanitation in the districts. The government

is funding water and sanitation sector through MOWSS, MOFALD and MOUD. The main government

agency dedicated to water supply and sanitation program is DWSS. Department of Local Infrastructural

Development and Agricultural Road (DoLIDAR), which is under MOFALD and has its units in all 75

districts to work as a technical unit of DDC also involve in water and sanitation program as part (25%) of

its rural development program. Development partners, INGOs and NGOs are working with one of the

ministries to channelize their financial and technical supports. Some NGOs also work directly with

communities based on an agreement with the Social Welfare Council. Local bodies like District

Development Committees (DDCs), Village Development Committees (VDCs) and Municipalities also

utilize part of their resources (local and development fund received from central government) for water

and sanitation programs.

The budget trend of the government has been summarized in table 2-1 and demonstrated by the graphs.

The average expenditure of the allocated budget is 73% with improvement in the last three years that is

75%.

Figure 3-1: Budget and expenditure trend since 2003

Note: MoF publishes budget and expenditure in two ways ministry wise and sector wise. This budget

represents sector wise budget of the water sector in the Red Book or statement of expenditure. This

does not include budget allocated under other headings (Environment, Sewerage, Waste management),

financial arrangement for the improvement town, off budget of development partners and budget

allocated by the local bodies.

03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17

Unspent 0.88 1.61 2.43 2.13 0.64 0.86 2.63 3.20 2.87 2.20 2.53 2.87 2.23

Expenditure 2.58 1.98 2.72 4.06 4.69 7.1 6.42 6.15 6.16 7.05 10.53 12.39 14.37 25.1

Budget 3.5 3.6 5.2 6.2 5.3 8.0 9.0 9.3 9.0 9.3 13.1 15.3 16.6 25.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

Bill

ion

NR

s

Budget and Expenditure Trend

Figure 3-2: Annual budget allocation since 2003 and Sources

The government budget for FY 2073/74 (2016-17) is about NRs25 B ($250M). In last seven year average

composition of foreign budget is 48% with decreasing trend. Foreign budget sources are mostly loan

which is about 80%. In fact amount of foreign grant has remained constant around 1.4 Billion Rupees in

last eight years. Annually budget is increasing by NRs1.2 Billion ($12M) but in this fiscal year it increased

by almost NRs10 Billion ($ 100M).

Program budget for FY 2016-17: Of the total budget of fiscal year 90% belongs to MOWSS and 10% to

MOUD and MOFALD. In addition to the regular budget, there are about NRs 10 Billion ($100M) allocated

for the operation and improvement of water supply systems managed by the KUKL and NWSC through

financial arrangement. The government budget is divided into recurrent and capital. The recurrent

budget represents mainly operation budget, which is about 6 % of the total budget. Government fund is

53%, foreign loan 42% and foreign grant 5%.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Foreign 2.3 2.4 3.4 4.1 2.4 4.3 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.0 6.3 7.4 6.4 11.9

GoN 1.14 1.22 1.73 2.12 2.94 3.63 4.26 4.85 4.84 5.23 6.71 7.88 10.1 13.2

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00B

illio

n N

Rs

Annual Budget Composition

GON53%

Grant5%

Loan42%

Budget Source 2073/74Reccurent

6%

Capital94%

Budget Type 2073/74

Figure 3-3: Composition of budget type (left) and Budget type (right)

District: About 42% budget allocated for

water supply and sanitation program is

implemented in the districts by DWSS,

DoLIDAR and Fund Board.

Improvement: About 25 % budget allocated

to program intended to service improvement,

service extension and functionality.

Capacity: About 1% allocated for capacity

improvement and information system (NMIP,

NWSSTC, Climate change etc.)

Sanitation: About sanitation + Sewerage

The government has a policy to fund part of the water supply and sanitation cost through community

contribution. For water supply there is no contribution for Kathmandu valley and large towns, but there

is 30% in small-towns and 20% in the rural water supply. Similarly, for sanitation infrastructure, there is

no contribution sought in the Kathmandu valley and large towns with an exception of15% in small towns

and 20 % in the rural sanitation. Construction of household toilets is the responsibility of the people, but

some subsidies are provided for the poor and people in difficulties through local bodies as a promotion

budget.

Based on the trend of last three years, the budget of the water and sanitation sector is 2.4% of the total

national budget. Similarly, the budget of health is 4.6% and of education is 11% of the national budget,

respectively.

42.2

25.6

24.8

0.6

2.82.3 1.7

Budget Division 73/74

District

Improvement

Melamchi

Capacity

MoWSS+DWSS

Sanitation

WQ

Figure 3-4: Budget division for various program in the FY 2073/74 (2016-17)


4. Sustainable Development Goal-6 and initiatives of Nepal.

Sustainable Development Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all

Sustainable Development Goal No-6 is dedicated to clean water and sanitation. Goals have been agreed

in global team and work continues focusing on defining the indicators and monitoring framework.

Development of indicators related to IWRM and ecosystem management is still going on. The SDG

emphasis on universal coverage, which necessitates the WASH sector to work for the sustainable water

supply and sanitation system.

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open

defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable

situations

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release

of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and

substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable

withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the

number of people suffering from water scarcity

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through the

transboundary cooperation as appropriate

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands,

rivers, aquifers and lakes

For the support of six goals SDG frameworks for WASH requires expanding international cooperation and

capacity-building support to developing countries in the Water sanitation related activities. Similarly,

support is needed to strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and

sanitation management.

Position of Nepal:

Various activities have been conducted in Nepal to understand SDG concept and its position. The

Ministry has drafted a "15 year Development Plan of Nepal WASH Sector" aligning it with the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) as declared by the United Nations General Assembly for coming next 15 year


period. SDP has been linked to all six goals under various development themes. Partners taking

initiatives and discussing framing the sector towards SDG goals and indicators are developing.

Key indicators developed so far and position of Nepal

1. Percentage of population using safely managed water services, by urban/rural

2. Water resource management

3. Water related ecosystem

4. Percentage of wastewater flows treated to national standards (and reused)

5. Percentage of population with basic hand washing facilities with soap and water at home

6. Percentage of population using safely managed sanitation services, by urban/rural

7. Percentage of population practicing open defecation

8. Percentage of pupils enrolled in primary schools and secondary schools providing basic

drinking water, adequate sanitation, and adequate hygiene services.

9. Percentage of beneficiaries using hospitals, health centers and clinics providing basic

drinking water, adequate sanitation, and adequate hygiene

Water related Indicators: In Nepal there is already a system in place to report population using water

supply system, which is updated in VDC level (NMIP) if safely managed system is defined it can be used

systematically for the measurement of national target as well as SDG. Indicators related to IWRM and

Ecosystem have not been defined globally. In the context of Nepal it can be linked to the conservation of

water sources with some standard as practiced in WUMP in MWR and FWR combine with the long term

plan with respect to availability of defined water sources. The area can be defined in terms of the water

scarcity, indicting need for water conservation.

Sanitation related Indicators: All four indicators are basic indicators of sanitation. If VDC/Municipalities

maintain a database profile, these indicators can be compiled at the national level.

Institutional water supply and sanitation related Indicators: Ministry of Health and Ministry of

Education has a strategic plan to take care of WASH facilities at the school and health facilities

respectively. If incorporated in their respective MIS system can be compiled at national level and shared

through existing coordination mechanism. Sub indicators may be needed for uniform reporting in the

country.


Chapter 2: Institution and Policy Environment

5. Institutional Framework and Coordination

National NSHSC (chaired by Secretary)

National SH-CC(chaired by JS/MoWSS)

Regional WASH-CC

District WASH-CC

WSS System management: WSMB, KUKL, NWSC, WUSC

V/Municipal WASH-CC


WaSH Sector Institutional Framework

MoH,MoEMoESTMoUD

DWSS

MoFALD

DPsINGOsNGOs

FEDWASUN

RMSO

DoLIDAR

WSSDODDC/DTO

VDC/Municipality

NPC MoFDPs

NM

IP

-N

WSS

TC

RegionalAdministration

Office

WTFC

SEIUSecretariat

to NSHSC

SSG/TWGs

Figure 5-1: Present Institution Framework of WASH Sector

Present Institution of WASH Sector :

The Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation (MoWSS), Instituted in December 2015 is the lead ministry

for the WASH sector with the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS). DWSS has its

divisions/subdivisions in all 75 districts and regional monitoring and supervision offices in the five

development regions. The Ministry of the Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) which has a

technical department (DoLIDAR) also does works related to water supply and sanitation in the districts

as a technical unit of the DDC. There is a National Sanitation and Hygiene Steering Committee (NSHSC)

chaired by the secretary of MoWSS. Similarly, there is a coordination committee at the center level

(NSHCC), regional level (R-WASH-CC), district level (D-WASH-CC) and municipalities and village level

(M/V-WASH-CC). These coordination committees are chaired by the Joint Secretary (MoWSS) in the

center, Regional Administrator in the development regions, DDC chair in the districts, the Mayor or VDC

chair at the Municipality and Village. The coordination structure was mainly formed for sanitation

activities in line with SHMP (which has been converted as a WASH coordination committee (JSRs had

recommended, but none of the documents or decisions has emprovisioned for name change). WASH- CC


is being effective for coordination and planning of WASH programs, mainly sanitation program in the

respective area. D-WASH-CC is very effective for ongoing ODF movement nationwide.

RMSOs/Divisions/Subdivisions of DWSS are member secretaries of the respective CCs.

The development partners, INGOs and NGOs are working at various levels and districts as per MOU with

the government, and as part of the government program either with MOWSS or MOFALD. Some NGOs

are also working directly in the districts based on the agreement with Social Welfare Council. In the

sector, partners are categorized as development partners (DPs), INGOs, NGOs and Civil Societies.

FEDWASUN is especially recognized as a federation of WUSC’s nationwide. MOUD, MOE and MOHP also

have WASH components. The present institutional set up is in the process of review in the context of

the federal system according to the newly promulgated constitution of Nepal.

The culture of Joint Sector Review of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene sector was initiated in 2011 and the

second joint sector meeting was organized in 2014 with the theme of one sector plan and sector

harmonization. A Joint Sector Review process started from joint planning meeting participated by

government agencies, development partners, and civil societies active in the sector and agreed on a

process. Thematic groups did situation analysis and prepared recommendations on respective themes.

The process went for six weeks and culminated in a JSR conference where the resolution was made to

move forward with Sector Development Plan (SDP) and continue thematic meetings for the sector

harmonization. The Meeting also decided to conduct such joint sector meetings in biennial basis.

A review of JSRII was conducted by the MoWSS through with consultative meeting with partners. The

review indicated that JSR is very good forum for bringing sector in one place. Views of all partners of the

sector and even from grassroots level have been incorporated in the sector views and fixed priority

actions.JSR is not for regular progress review, but for reviewing lesson learned and incorporating best

practices in the sector activities. JSR has linkage with making efficient sector. JSR decisions helped

partners to shape their program with common understanding. As decided in the JSRII Ministry developed

SDP which is in the process of approval. SDP indicated WASH sector review to be carried by the sector

actors annually to jointly access the sector performance based on SDP and annual sector performance

report, which will be prepared in the start of the fiscal year. SDP will be updated periodically based on

the demand and views of SSG

The ministry has initiated to draft new sector legislations as well as revisions of existing sector policies

and legislations in line with the recently promulgated the Federal Constitution of Nepal. The Ministry is

finalizing a "15 year Sector Development Plan of Nepal: WASH Sector" aligning it with the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) as declared by the United Nations General Assembly for coming next 15 year

period.


6. Policy Environment

The main Act related to water supply development and water use in Nepal is Water Resource Act 1992,

which gives first priority to drinking water among various uses of water resources. Drinking Water

Supply Regulations 1998 has been developed based on this Act, which defines processes for getting a

license for using water source and organizing users. Water Resource Strategy 2002 provides directions

towards environment- friendly water resource development. Design guidelines (12 volumes) for water

supply system revised in 2002 provides guidelines for design, development and operation of water

system involving user community. The Nepal Water Plan 2005 provides targets for both basic and

improved service levels of water and sanitation. The target is to provide all population access to basic

water supply and sanitation by the year 2017. Rural Water Supply and sanitation Policy and strategy,

2004 provided the basis for development and management of water supply in the rural and semi-urban

areas by users committee. Urban Water Supply Policy, 2009 addressed the issues which were not

addressed by the rural water supply policy. National Drinking Water Quality Standard and its

implementation Directives 2005 established national standard for drinking water and ways to achieve it.

This is being updated in view of latest guideline and sector situation. The periodic plans also provide

strategy and plan incorporating the latest issues in the sectors. WASH sector is being coordinated by

SEIU/MOWSS, formulating WSS Act and its Rules, Policy and sector Development Plan (SDP) in line with

one policy, one plan and one monitoring system. Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan 2011 provided

clear guidelines for nationwide ODF movement and total sanitation. The master plan is also in need of

revision to highlight total sanitation and issues of the urban sanitation. DWSS has developed 5+1

indicators for total sanitation further to this a guideline is under finalization.

Environmental Polices:

National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) was developed in 2010 and National Environmental Policy in

2011. Similarly, Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) was developed in 2011, which provided

systematic proofs for developing adaptation plans at the local level. The environmental policy requires

that development sectors integrate climate resilient adaptation plans into sector policies and practices.

WASH documents currently under formulation and to be formulated in the future are expected to

address climate change issues.

Health Policies:

The new policy (2014) has been developed as an improvement to health policy of 1991 for ensuring

quality health services to all people of Nepal without any discrimination. The policy also includes one

component to ensure right to people to live in a clean environment through effective control of

environmental pollutions. The policy has formulated a strategy to take leadership in regulation of

pollution, including that through WASH pathways and adverse effect of climate change for health

protection and promotion. As an agency responsible for Water Quality Surveillance (WQS) the Ministry

of Health (MoH) has formulated WQS guidelines.

Education policy:

An Environmental Management Framework for School Sector Reform Plan (SSRP) 2009 is related to

school site selection and planning, including climatic factors, ensuring supply of safe drinking water,

proper sanitation (hygiene, latrine and waste management at school), and appropriate classroom

conditions (e.g. light, ventilation, temperature, noise). The DOE and School Management Committee

(SMC) are responsible for implementation. The plan requires at least three (minimum one for girls)


toilets for primary school, five (minimum 2 for girls) for upper primary schools with provision for water

and cleaning facilities. SSRP is transforming as education sector development plan.

Financial Policy of WASH sector: Rural water supply and sanitation policy requires that People and local

bodies involve in every stage or planning process, project implemented by the leadership of DDC.

Peoples' contribution in the project development need to be minimum of 20% of project cost excluding

transportation of remote places. For the disadvantaged group contribution can be reduced up to 10%.

WUSC need to establish maintenance fund for regular maintenance and Local bodies need to establish a

rehabilitation fund, for large size maintenance government needs to support. WUSCs are responsible to

cover operation and maintenance of the system. In the urban system WUSC or Utility need to invest a

minimum of 30% of the capital cost and cover full operation cost in view of the life cycle. Government

can arrange a loan on part of an investment of WUSC which they can cover during the stated operation

period. Disadvantaged people in the urban areas need to be supported for connection and use of water.

WASH Sector development Plan, 2016:

The Joint Sector Review carried in 2014 through a systematic process recommended that there should

be one WASH plan. MoWSS has prepared Sector Development Plan (SDP) which is in the process of

finalization. SDP intends to improve public health and living standard of the people of Nepal through

safe, sufficient, accessible, acceptable, and affordable water, sanitation and hygiene services for all. .The

SDP will cover the period 2016-2030, in three phases, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.

Phase I: Short Term (2016-2020) Universal access to basic WASH services; improved service levels

(medium 25%, high 15% population, Reconstruction)

Phase II: Medium Term (2021-2025) Improved service levels (medium 40%, high 30% population),

Functionality & Sustainability improvement

Phase III: Long Term (2026-2030) Improved service levels (medium 50%, high 50% population), Impact

assessment

It will be a rolling plan, which will be updated every five years (i.e. at the end of each phase). SDP has

identified eleven areas of development (themes) including access and utilization (availability) of WASH

services as main one and functionality and sustainability as second one. These two themes require 601

Billion NRs which is 66% of the total budget of all themes. SDP intends to review, refine and adapt its

programming, approaches and technologies to make sure that the work is sustainable, innovative,

relevant and effective and without discrimination between urban and rural and continuous quality

improvement. SDP emphasizes on establishment of sector MIS and national sector review to be carried

annually. SDP assumes that 25% of the SDP cost is contributed by the users, 27% by development

partners and rest by government budget along with private water entrepreneurs.

SDP also defines water supply service level as standard, basic, medium and high based on quantity,

quality, accessibility, reliability (duration and continuity) and service satisfaction. Similarly, service level

of sanitation has been defined as no service, limited, basic and improved based on accessibility, facilities,

use, reliability and environmental protection.

The development of WASH SDP presents a unique opportunity for the sector in a coherent and strategic

programming and management for sector development by providing a shared vision and coherent

strategy around national priorities, the Plan provides a clear programming framework and direction for

action to all stakeholders in the realization of universal access to safe water and sanitation services


7. WASH Partners

DWSS and DoLIDAR are the main government departments working in 75 districts. RWSSFDB

established under MoWSS is another government agency working with NGO partnership in 55 districts.

Development partners, including UN agencies, INGOs are supporting WASH sector in various ways. key

partners and their major program area summarized in the table below.

Partner Agencies

Major program Association/Partners

ADB Melamchi, Kathmandu water supply, small towns water supply and sanitation , UEIP

MoWSS/DWSS

Care Nepal Recovery of EQ affected WASH system NGOs

DFID Funding WHO, UNICEF and other INGOs and NGOs MoU with partners

Finland Funding UNICEF and two bilateral projects in the Western, Mid-Western and Far-Western regions (RWSSP-WN and RVWRMP) with DoLIDAR/DDC

MoFALD/DoliDar

GWS Development and improvement of water supply system in western Nepal, focusing family of Ex British Gorkha Army.

NGO

HELVETAS Community water supply with IWRM concept DWSS

JICA Water Treatment Plant of Melamchi water, WASMIP, improvement of NWSC-Pokhara water supply system and capacity building with MoWSS

MoWSS/DWSS

Oxfam Emergency WASH and reconstruction NGO

PLAN ODF, WASH in School and Community Water Supply NGO

Save the Children

ODF and community water supply MoU with DWSS, NGO

SNV Functionality, ODF MOWSS/DWSS

UNHABITAT ODF focusing in Terai. MoU with DWSS, NGOs

UNICEF Emergency response and recovery, ODF, WASH in school and water safety plan

MoU with MOWSS, MoFALD, NGO

USAid ODF, WASH in HCF, community water supply MoHP, MOU with DWSS, IGOs

WaterAid Recovery, water supply, ODF NGO

WB Funding RWSSFDB MoWSS

WHO Water qualities and Water Safety plan MoWSS/MoHP

The key NGOs and CBOs working at national or central levels are: CODEF, ENPHO, GUTHI, KIRDARC,

Lumanti, Maitree, NEWAH, NRCS, NWA, RCNN, SEBAC, UEMS, The SEWA Nepal, etc.. Most of these

NGOs are working with the fund provided by one or more development partners and INGOs working in

Nepal. Some NGOs are also funded by INGOs not working in Nepal. FeDWASUN is a federation of WUSCs

managing the water supply systems over Nepal.


Table 7-1: Key Development partners and INGOs in the sector

SN Partners Funding

Size

(Digit-NRS)

Fund

type

Program Regions

Districts

Budget

Type

Association/p

artners

Network

L G W S C R D ON OFF W L S C R D

1 ADB 11 * * * * * 5R * * *

2 CARE 9 * * * * 2R 3 * * * *

3 Finland 9 * * * * * 3R 24 * * * * * *

4 HELVETAS 8 * * * * 2R 6 * * * * * *

5 JICA 10 * * * * 2R 2 * * * *

6 NEWAH 9 * * * * 3R 8 * * * * *

7 SCI 9 * * * * 2R 6 * * * * * *

8 SNV 9 * * * * 3R 16 * * * * *

9 UN-HABITAT 9 * * * 5R 19 * * * * *

10 UNICEF 10 * * * * 5R 43 * * * * * * * *

11 USAID 9 * * 5 42 * * * * *

12 WAN 8 * * * 5R 23 * * * * *

13 WB 10 * * * * * 5R 55 * * *

14 WHO 8 * * * * * * * *

Acronyms in Heading: Funding Size: Annual program fund in NRs expressed in digits. L/G: Loan/Grant),

Program(W/S/C): Water Sanitation, Capacity building, Association(W/L/S): Program reflected in the

MoWSS/MoFALD/SWC, Network(C/R/D): Existence of working station at Center/Region/District

Note: Funding figure represents fund mobilized by the agencies. There is some cross funding flow and finally funds

are directed to the program through one of the government agencies, or NGOs affiliated to SWC.

Agencies taking part in the ODF movement in one or more VDCs or Municipalities are: Abiyan Nepal, AGSK,

ARRC, AYC, Bank UNESCO Club, BCDO, BCDO, Bikash Nepal, Bishwilo, Asha, BIWACHA, BNA, BWSN, BWSN, BYC,

CDS, CFWA, CIUD, CNRD, CSDC, DAS, DECON, Deuraly Society, DSDC, DYC, Ecards-Srijana, ECDC, Eco-Himal,

ENPHO,Everest Club, FECOFUN, FEDWASUN, GNI, GSF, IDE, IDS-N, JAN, Jansewa Nepal, JGSS, JWAS, KIRDARC, KSV,

KVS, LACCOS, LOCAL, Lumanti, MCDC, MCDC, Monokamana Youth Group, MSY, MSYN, NEST, NEWAH, NGOCC,

NMT, NRCS , NWSC, Pass Nepal, PEC, PLAN, PPC, PRDC, RDF, Red Cross, RSDDC, RSN, Ruddesh, RuDES, RVWRMP,

RWSSP, RWSSP-WN, Sabal, SABIK, SUSS, Save the Saptati, SCDC, SDRC, SEBAC Nepal, SIDC, SNV, SODEF. SODEP,

SODES, SS, SSC, SSYS, Stand Nepal, STANDS SUHARA, SUYUK, Swadesh, Triveni, UEMS, UNICEF, UN-HABITAT, VWCC,

Well, World Vision, Water Aid Nepal

Chapter 3: Water Supply and Sanitation Program

8. Water supply and Sanitation System

Common water supply system in the Hills is a gravity flow piped system. Water collected from a spring or

stream sources and distributed from a reservoir tank located in one or more places. Generally break

pressure tanks are designed to maintain pressure within the capacity of the pipes. Water is generally

supplied from public taps. Recently, one house, one connection concepts has emerged.

In Terai, common water source is ground waters. Common boring depth is 100m and 25 HP pumps are

installed to draw 20 lps flow. But boring depth needs more in the inner Terai. The water supply system

is generally an overhead system. Common tank is 25 m high and 450 m3 capacity. In many cases, extra

deep wells are installed to inject flow directly online in the distribution system to meet flow and

pressure. Water is supplied from private taps-house connections with a meter. Public or community taps

are provided for the people unable to connect private taps. Public taps are discouraged in new system

and old taps are gradually being removed.

In Terai, option for water supply system is hand pumps and dug wells mostly at household’s level. In

many cases deep set hand pumps are installed at community level to avoid Iron, Manganese and

Arsenic. In the past few years, mainly overhead systems with deep boring has been developed for small

community as an alternate option for arsenic contaminated hand pumps.

In the hills, alternate systems are protected springs. Piped water supply system is being difficult to

manage due to scattered settlement pattern and absence of sources. In some cases, where there is no

reliable sources, mainly in top hills rainwater harvesting has been practiced.

NMIP data updated in 2014 and projected for 2016

indicated that there are 52.3% pipe system, 30 %

tube well system, 3.5 % protected springs, 1% dug

wells, 0.2% RWH ad 13% unimproved system.

Number of pipes system was 41205 in 2014. Some

1000 may have been added. In hills water

treatment process is required in view of turbid

water during rainy seasons. Common treatment

units are sedimentation, roughing filter and slow

sand filter. In some cases tube settler, flocculation

(mostly hydro flocculation) and rapid sand filter are

practiced. In Terai in view of turbidity and iron

pressure filters are practiced. Chlorination is

common practice in the town water supply system. About 100 water supply systems have a water

treatment system and about 65 under construction, including 20 under small town project and 45 under

the water quality improvement program. Hence, all together there will be about 150 water supply

systems with water treatment systems. Protection and conservation of source area are felt need in

recent areas. The common sanitation system is household toilets with or with septic tanks. There is a

sanitary sewer system in the towns, some of them are connected to a wastewater treatment system.

Operation and management of such system are challenging. Small town water supply system is piloting

fecal sludge management system for the treatment of sludge from the septic tanks.

Figure 8-1: Water supply coverage by type of system


9. Implementation of Water Supply Program

Programs related to water and sanitation is mostly implemented by Ministry of Water Supply and

Sanitation and Department of Water Supply and Sewerage. Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local

Development and Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Road implements

rural water supply and sanitation. These Ministries have root level networks in seventy-five districts.

Ministry of Urban Development also implements some of the town water supply system. The main

objective of these departments is to provide easy access to basic drinking water, adequate sanitation

reducing water related diseases. Water supply and sanitation program are subdivided into various

programs.

District water supply and sanitation program: This is the regular program of DWSS implemented in 75

districts through division office and focused on access to basic water supply and improved sanitation.

About 5187 rural water supply projects are ongoing in this fiscal year. HELVETAS also works with DWSS

in the six districts of MWR and FWR with IWRM theme and capacity building. Similarly, DoLIDAR is

implementing rural water supply system of small size (serving less than 1000 population) implemented

through its district level networks the DTO. About 240 water supply projects are ongoing. RWSSP-WN

supported by Finish government is working with DoLIDAR in 14 districts of WR and MWR with focus on

sustainable operation and of water supply system considering water safety plan and spring shade

approach. Similarly, RVWRMP, also supported by Finnish government is working with DoLIDAR in 10

districts of MWR and FWR based on WUMP and safe water management concept. RWSSPFDB (Known as

Fund Board) under MoWSS is also working in 55 districts with the aim of completing 1874 projects in its

third phase (2014-20) of which 323 projects are in implementing phase in the current fiscal year with

the support of IDA/WB. There are other INGO and NGO partners working in community water supply in

coordination with districts through NGOs affiliated with SWC.

Small town water supply and sanitation program: This program focuses on improvement of the service

levels and extension of the system in the 266 small towns identified by 15 year plan (2015-30). ADB

funded small town project has completed 21 systems in phase-I. Currently phase II and III is ongoing

completing 21 and 29 system. These are implemented under an urban water supply policy. These

projects are formulated by small town project office in DWSS and implemented in coordination with

Division/subdivision offices.

Improvement of large water supply system: DWSS formulated various programs for improving service

level and extension of the system for the large size water supply system. The joint investment program

supports existing large scale water supply system managed by the WUSC or board with 70% financial

support and completed in three years. Currently, 30 WUSCs are participating in this program meeting

the criteria. Dry area water supply project supports development of large size system in the dry area

where water sources are not available easily. Currently 9 water supply systems are under

implementation. Water supply system monitoring and rehabilitation program focus on capacity

development and functionality improvement of the system which are in need of rehabilitation. Currently

31 WUSCs are participating in this program. Medium and high level service improvement project

initiated from since two years for the large size project focus on service improvement and extension and

currently there are 110 projects ongoing in the 40 districts. Deep tubewell program focus on monitoring

of deep tubewells and support for replacement and repair from the center. These projects are

formulated by various sections of the DWSS and implemented through the divisions.


Water quality improvement program. This program is focused on monitoring of water quality,

supporting water safety plan and development of water treatment system where necessary. About 50

WTP has been completed and 45 ongoing in the 45 districts. About 500 systems are ongoing for

application of WSP in 75 districts and water quality monitoring advancing through regional labs. Terai

Madesh water supply improvement program focused on permanent solution for arsenic affected area is

implementing 100 projects. Programs are formulated by the water quality section of DWSS and

implemented through the divisions.

Sanitation program: Sanitation program is formulated at districts by a joint partnership of line agencies,

local bodies and partners working in the districts using DWASHCC forum. The program is targeted to the

declaration of ODG VDCs/Municipalities at the lowest level and finally district as a whole with a

continued strategy towards total sanitation based on five plus one approach. Main resources come from

the people and local bodies and one of the agencies take focus role for the promotion among DDC,

Divisions, FEDWAUN, INGOs/NGOs. DWSS has a regular program for sanitation, for supporting local

capacity. A separate strategy has been developed for eastern Terai districts which are moving slowly in

the ODF movement. The sewerage project of DWSS focuses on the establishment of the sewerage

system in emerging towns. About 21 projects are ongoing. In the most of the municipalities, sewerage

system is established by the municipalities. Small town project supported by ADB also includes sewerage

system, with treatments and sludge management. Solid waste management is mostly managed by the

respective municipalities.

Large town water supply system: Water Supply system in the Kathmandu valley is developing in two

ways. The Melamchi water supply system implemented by MoWSS is focused on production, including

diversion from Melamchi and treatment, which is completing in 2017. Melamchi will bring 170 MLD of

water. At present production is bout 126mld (average) with seasonal variation ranging from 91-147mld.

About 25% of production is assumed to be loses or unaccounted in the distribution networks.

KVWSMB/KUKL is a reconstruction distribution system for which projects are financed by the GON

including ADB loan. Water supply system in larger towns established historically are managed by NWSC.

NWSC is continuously investing for the improvement of the systems with finance resources of GON.

DUDBC also implementing projects for improvement and extension of large towns under ADB supported

EUIP program including sewerage system.

Capacity development program: DWSS has other regular programs like human resource development,

management information system, climate change implemented by its sections. WHO and UNICEFs are

supporting through direct findings.


10. Sanitation program

Nepal's ongoing sanitation sector program is guided by the Sanitation

and Hygiene Master Plan 2011 based on the principle of a local body

led total sanitation movement with ODF as the basic norm and

benchmark of all sanitation interventions.

Sanitation strategies have been developed at regional, districts and

VDC/Municipalities level by the respective WASH-CCs. The strategic

plan includes the sanitation target, strategy, local resources required,

program activities, technology options, pro-poor financing mechanism,

monitoring arrangement and plan of action to meet the set target. The

V-WASH-CC and M-WASH-CCs are the key entities leading sanitation

activities at VDCs and Municipalities. The local bodies lead and are

supported by the agencies active in the districts and at the local level.

Further, the grass-root level actors and institutions like schools, women groups, micro-finance

institutions, WUSCs, child clubs and youths are engaged to conduct door to door visits, organize

discussions and cluster meetings, share learning and disseminate success stories. An important aspect is

also to identify physically and otherwise challenged people and lend them a hand in developing a

suitable sanitation solution. The school is instrumental to promote hygiene behaviour through

educational campaigns and school and community partnership. These days, local bodies and V/M-WASH-

CCs enforce locally sanctioned social norms and codes of conduct in sanitation to actively discourage the

habit of open defecation.

People without toilet are encouraged to construct toilets (pour flush or eco-san) with a permanent

structure up to the ground level and a superstructure that can be made using local or non-local materials

as per their need and capacity. For this, V/M-WASH-CC will play a facilitating and supporting role to

ensure the availability of toilet construction materials in collaboration with local level private

entrepreneurs and other support agencies. The costs of their toilets is also higher because of transport

costs. Once every household owns a toilet and people have stopped open defecation, the community is

declared as ODF zone. The ODF situation in the VDC/Municipality is verified by the DWASHCC and in

District by the RWSHCC. The declaration is celebrated as a socio-cultural festival. MoFALD has circulated

an advisory to limit the expenditures of ODF ceremony to a justifiable range. The ODF declaration

ceremony indeed strongly empowers the communities and makes them feel proud, ready for the future

sanitation mission.

Total sanitation included five plus one aspects. The five indicators focus on the household: use of the

toilet, hand washing practices, use of safe water, use of safe foods and cleanliness of the house and its

surroundings. The ‘plus one’ indicator is related to the status of community sanitation which needs

contribution of all for creating total sanitation through ODF, community cleanliness with management of

solid and liquid waste, a water safety plan for the water supply system and plantation depending upon

the community situation. Total sanitation is promoted in five steps: team formation, situation analysis,

promotion, verification and declaration. This unified planning arrangement has promoted inter-sector

collaboration, avoided duplication of efforts, fulfilled resource gaps and strengthened synergy. However,

a similar approach has not yet been effective for the urban sanitation as this requires more sophisticated

wastewater and solid waste management.


11. Operation and Management of Water Supply and Sanitation Services

According to NMIP 2014 there are about 41’205 water supply systems. In principle the schemes are

managed by WUSC and operated and maintained by a dedicated VMW. Depending on size and age of

schemes, these systems require intensive involvement of members of the WUSC. WUSCs are supported

by local bodies and sector agencies on program or case-by-case basis when there is a problem beyond

their capacity. There is no clear arrangement as yet for local associations to support each other

technically, although the Federation of Water Supply …(FEDWASUN), is gradually playing a stronger

facilitating role in this regard. There is no institutional home for regular monitoring and support.

The ‘Fifteen Year Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Development Plan (2015-30)’ has identified

266 small towns including the 29 towns of the ADB supported Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation

Sector Programme phase one and 21 of phase two and the 3 towns that receive JICA support. These

town WSS are managed by a WUSC that employs water company staff paid from the revenue collected.

There is no direct institutional home for these small town WSS for regulation and support, but the

government is supporting for improvement and extension of the system under various programs. One

such effort has been the benchmarking programme that has initially been set up by the SEIU in 2013.It

has now reached its 3d year of technical assessments and monitoring with support from JICA and DWSS.

These assessments will allow for forward corporate planning and development proposal for

performance improvement.

The Operational Directives issued by GON, through DWSS, require that a district monitoring and

regulation unit is established in every district for performance monitoring and supporting water supply

and sanitation systems managed by the WUSC for the sustainability and service delivery.

Water supply systems in older towns which are relatively of larger size are managed by the NWSC.

There are 23 such towns. The water supply systems of these towns are managed by the branches of

NWSC on technical delegation basis. The tariffs are is same in all the towns. NWSC provides operation

and maintenance budget annually and provides some capital fund for extension based on plan of towns

and budget availability. As per Management Board act a local body can form its own water supply

management board and take over a system that is managed by the NWSC for self management. Water

systems in town like Hetauda and Bharatpur have been taken over by such a WSMB. Management by

the Board is felt easy for taking quick decisions at the local level, making use of revenue and support at

local level. It is a risk that the Boards are operating with limited technical capacity and oversight. The

Board should have professional linkages to competent advisors for technical and institutional capacity,

including information management. This matter is insufficiently secured . The Water supply system in

the Kathmandu valley is owned by the KVWSMB and operated by KUKL under lease license

The benchmarking referred to above, was conducted in the 2014 in 63 towns, mostly small towns. It

has indicated that the average value of operating ratio is 1.0 (0.47-1.4), NRW is 21.6% (4-51) and staff

ratio (per 1000 taps) is 7.3 (2.4-11). The tariff system varies from town to town. Water consumption/tap

is 20 (6-35) m3per month and average tariff is Rs 280 (90-640) per month.

The benchmarking exercise, conducted in 2016 in the towns managed by NWSC, the WSMB and KUKL

indicated that the average operating ratio of 1.3 (0.24-2.8). Average NRW is 25% (12-65) and staff ratio is

8.3 (2.8-15). KUKL is able to maintain an operating ratio of 1.0, after paying license fees and a tariff

fixation fee. The tariff system is similar in all towns. Water consumption/tap is 13 (11-22) m3per month

and average tariff is Rs 258 (140-443) per month.

It appears that the small towns are currently more efficiently operated. This may be because of the close

contact between management and consumers, raising governance, but will certainly also be caused by

rapid repair response, more realistic water tariffs and revenue management.

12. Water Quality Management

In order to ensure that the water is safe to drink the Government of Nepal has issued national drinking

water quality standards. All water supplied needs to be of a water quality that meets national standards.

In the initial year of water supply provision, the focus was on the availability of water. Water quality

concerns are gradually increasing since 2005 after introduction of national NDWQS and directives.

A study (SEIU/JICA 2016) carried out in 26 large

towns managed by NWSC, the WSMB and KUKL

indicated that samples meeting physical, chemical

and E-coli standard of water sources are 95, 97

and 53 % respectively. Similarly, the samples

taken from the tap point meet physical, chemical

and E-coli standard 94, 97 and 46 % of samples

respectively. Free residual chlorine has been

detected in 25 % samples only. Water quality

analysis has indicated that there is some

degradation of WQ from source to taps indicating insufficient treatment and absence of FRC. Water

quality needs to be improved urgently through effective treatment, by regular monitoring, protecting of

sources, proper use of chlorination, leakage control and flushing of pipe networks. Parameters

exceeding standard at sources are Color, Turbidity, Iron, Manganese, Nitrate, Ammonia and low pH in

some cases. Similar parameters are exceeding standards in the taps. Nitrate, Nitrite and E-coli counts can

increase in the network through ingress of contaminated wastewater when zero or negative pressures

occur in poor quality distribution pipes.

Geographically, when viewed from North to South, in the mountain and hills, turbidity and low pH are

the main problems. In the Churia range occurrence of Calcium is the main problem, causing calcification

of water pipes. . In the Terai range Iron, Manganese and Arsenic are the key water quality problems.

When viewed from East to West, in the eastern part, Iron is more prevalent and in the western part

Arsenic and calcium are the problem. Around Kathmandu valley ammonia in the ground water is the

problem caused by many years of poor sanitation affecting the aquifer. Calcium is found in streams,

springs and ground water near the Churia range. Arsenic and Iron are mostly detected in the shallow

wells. Other parameters in the existing standard have not been noticed beyond standard in the existing

sources where water quality parameters have been tested. Blanket testing carried for Arsenic after 2001

indicated that about 1.7 % hand pumps are contaminated (>50ppb) with exposed population of 0.22

million. Maximum contamination is in Nawalparasi where 11.7 % Hand pumps were found

contaminated with arsenic. The current situation is not known, although over the decade and a half

many arsenic affected communities have been served with piped water schemes providing safe water,

or with various filters that reduce the arsenic load in the drinking water. A inventory supported by a

Figure 12-1: Water quality changes from sources to taps in the large towns


sample survey in the affected areas, and triangulated with epidemiological data from dermatology

specialist would be in order.

NDWQS and directives 2005 fixed the standards for 27 parameters. The standard has been updated in

line with the current guidelines of WHO (4th edition) and is in the process of approval. Updated directives

require MOH to carry out independent surveillance of water quality and assess its impact on health.

Water service providers are responsible for maintaining standards by applying appropriate water safety

plans. Sector agencies are responsible for supporting the development of a water safety plan and carry

out institutional monitoring of the water quality nationwide.

The concept of WSP has been practiced in Nepal since 2008 with a systematic process which is updated

based on experiences. More than 4000 rural and 150 urban systems have practiced WSP process. DWSS

has included WSP as a regular program in all districts. RWSSP-WN has also included WSP as a key

process for O&M of systems and RVWRMP has incorporated WSP in the project cycle and has

developed working manual to operate the system as a safe water system following key points of the

WSP. UNICEF and FEDWASUN have applied WSP with focus of source protection in their program

supporting capacity development or system improvement.

There is some kind of water quality monitoring system in towns, but

it is not regular and water quality is not controlled. Emergency

response plans are in place in KUKL to deal with any release of

contaminants or accidental occurrence. DWSS has established

regional laboratories and provided test kits in all districts for the

purpose of water quality monitoring which is gradually being

implemented. Clearly, the main water quality problem in the rural

area remains the bacteriological contamination of sources, and of water that, when collected from

public taps, is contaminated in transport or storage. The implementation of the ‘one tap, one house’

policy would thus gradually also improve the water quality available at the home.

The main challenges in water quality management is pollution of water sources during rainy season. .

Additionally contamination takes places in an urban system due to old pipes, cross contamination with

sewers and absence of regular practices for cleaning tanks and pipelines.

13. Recovery Plan for Damaged Caused by EQ 2015

Following the earthquake on 25 April 2015 a secretariat

was established in DWSS for immediate response.

Response work was coordinated jointly by UNICEF and

DWSS. More than 500 individuals participated one or

more WASH Cluster meetings in DWSS and more than

160 agencies participated in the response activities at

various levels.

The Post-disaster National Assessment (PDNA) was

prepared based on a rapid assessment in June 2015.

Later DWSS made a detailed assessment through its

division offices and came out with status of damage in 62

districts. About 95 % of the affected water supply

systems belonged to 14 most affected districts. Out of a

total 11,318 water supply system in the 14 most affected districts, 4904 (43%) schemes were affected of

which 937 schemes were in operation, 3123 schemes were partially damaged and 844 schemes were

extensively damaged resulting in interruption of operation. In many water supply systems changes in

source flow were noticed. About 23 % of the source was increased, 10% was decreased and 6%

disappeared (no flow), and the rest remained the same. About 8% of sources yielded turbid water. In

the most affected 14 districts 46% toilets were partially damaged and 26% fully damaged totalling

220,000 toilets. In the whole country about 330,000 toilets were affected. DWSS has prepared a

recovery plan for all 4904 schemes, including water quality improvement and sanitation with NRs8B

($80M) budget. Three percent of which belongs to other less affected 17 districts. The Post Disaster

Recovery Frame Work (PDRF) with Build Back Better concept was prepared for most affected 14 districts

with NRs21 B ($210M) budget estimate including water supply and sanitation, WASH in institutions and

capacity building of which 84% is required for water supply systems. Five year plan has been prepared

with 25% on budget and 75% off budget funding based on commitment of various donors.

There is a separate program for rehab and reconstruction unit under DWSS focusing recovery of

damaged water supply and sanitation system. In the FY 72/73 (2015-16) 297 schemes have been

restored to services and there is a target to recover 554 systems in this fiscal year 73/74.

The source of funds have channelized through the National Reconstruction Authority for the highly

affected 14 districts and Lamjung has been added as medium affected districts where all INGOs and

NGOs will be mobilized as per MoU. They will report to DWSS.

The disaster risk management section of DWSS is supporting the process with emergency supplies of

materials through its own stock piling hubs located in 14 different locations in the country.

14

8

3126

17

4

1

1Distribution of Damage value(%)

Intake

WTP

RT

Pipe

Structure

Building

Wall

Electricity

Figure 13-1: Distribution of damage value in the various components of the water supply system

Source increased Source dried up

0 20 40

Bhaktapur

Lalitpur

Okhaldunga

Kathmandu

Nuwakot

Dhading

Makawanp…

Average

Sindhulisu…

Dolakha

Gorkha

Ramechhap

Dindhupalc…

Kavreplanc…

Sindhuli

% of Schemes Affected by EQ 2015

Figure 13-2: Ranking of most affected 14 districts in

Graduation of % of scheme affected by EQ in

the 14Districts

Source dried up Store collapsed Tank collapsed, Tap not

giving water anymore

16

43

70

60 80

% of Schemes Affected by EQ 2015

: Ranking of most affected 14 districts in terms of value (in $) of systems affected

Graduation of % of scheme affected by EQ in

Tank collapsed, Tap not

giving water anymore


Chapter 4: Case Studies

14. Case Studies:

Amarapuri Water Supply System: Example of climate resilient safe water supply management

The source of Amarapuri WSS is Jharahe Khola which is a stream.

The catchment area of this stream extends up to 6 km upstream

from the intake site. It covers an area of about 20km2that lies in

another community/ VDC. The catchment area includes about 90%

forest which has been conserved by the people of Amarapuri in

the name of 'Sundari Community Forest Users Group'. Pollution in

the intake site, stream and in catchment area has been prevented

by issuing a code of conduct and making people aware of it.

About 30% of the minimum dry flow( 70lps) and 1% of the

rainfall in the catchment area is utilized by the water supply

system. The water becomes frequently very turbid during

rainy season mainly due to landslides. WUSC has planned

to protect landslide prone areas and construct a new intake

to avoid high turbid flow.

The water treatment plant consists of Roughing Filter (RF), low Sand Filter (SSSF) and Chlorination units. The water is distributed from two RVTs of 200 m3 each into two different service areas. After each flash flood RF is back washed. The whole media is taken out from the filter for washing once a year. The top layer of sand media of the slow sand filter is scraped at an interval of three months during winter and once a month during summer. Turbidity in the effluent of SSF is almost zero and bacteria nil irrespective of incoming pollution in the RF. Water quality is tested every day and chlorine is applied according to the test result.. There is a plan to monitor changes in functioning of treatment units over the seasons.

WUSC has already realigned old distribution pipes to the safe route avoiding drain, roads and wetlands so as to prevent further deterioration of pipeline. Currently, water leakage has been estimated about 25%, which will be reduced further to an acceptable level after reconstruction works. FRC has been maintained at a level of 0.5 ppm at the outlet of the clear water tank and 0.1-0.3 in the community tap. People collect drinking water directly from the household tap. There are 1516 tap connections and all are metered. About 10 taps are either shared or community-type, but users pay water tariff. Training has been regularly organized to include new users and most of the houses have received training on WSP and have also participated in observation visits.

With the risks of climate variation in mind, the WSP team has considered the hazards associated with

climate change in the WSP approach. This has helped them ensure continued safety and security of the

water supply system considering the broader perspective of climate change and its potential effects.

WUSC has its own laboratory and they are supporting other WUS

monitoring and water safety planning.

This community has already attained the status of ODF VDC and the first total sanitation VDC. Each household of the community hagreen sticker indicating use of washing practice, safe use of water, safe food and cleanliness. There are facilitatormonitoring and promoting the environmental cleanliness of for each clusters. Amaripuri has now been merged in Gaidakot municipality. community is striving to convert municipality area to be recognized as the place with

WUSC is developing Amarapuri as a resource center for safe water system and total sanitation. Many groups of people from the country and abroapractices. WUSC is extending its system with new intakesunder the co-financing scheme of DWSS for which they equivalent to 30 % the estimated cost of the project.

Lekhnath Small Town Water Supply System: Developing towards resource center for small

town water supply system

The main source of the system is Guinje Khola (42lps Avg) which is treated through

sedimentation and pressure filters after 12.3 km of transmission. Water is distributed f

locations and through 260 km of pipe networks. Pressure filter

Lay out plan of the system

own laboratory and they are supporting other WUSCs in the districts for water quality

monitoring and water safety planning.

has already attained the status first total sanitation VDC.

Each household of the community has received a green sticker indicating use of latrine, hand washing practice, safe use of water, safe use of food and cleanliness. There are facilitators for monitoring and promoting the environmental cleanliness of for each clusters. Amaripuri has now been merged in Gaidakot municipality. This

striving to convert the whole area to be recognized as the place with total sanitation.

WUSC is developing Amarapuri as a resource center for safe water system and total sanitation. Many country and abroad have visited for Amarapuri for

practices. WUSC is extending its system with new intakes, additional water treatment system, pipelines financing scheme of DWSS for which they have managed to gather financial resources

the estimated cost of the project.


ain source of the system is Guinje Khola (42lps Avg) which is treated through

sedimentation and pressure filters after 12.3 km of transmission. Water is distributed f

locations and through 260 km of pipe networks. Pressure filter are cleaned every day in general, but

Lay out plan of the system

RVT

in the districts for water quality

WUSC is developing Amarapuri as a resource center for safe water system and total sanitation. Many learning from the

additional water treatment system, pipelines have managed to gather financial resources


ain source of the system is Guinje Khola (42lps Avg) which is treated through a process of

sedimentation and pressure filters after 12.3 km of transmission. Water is distributed from four

cleaned every day in general, but

Intake

PF


during rainy season river water becomes very turbid and needs more frequent cleaning. Committee is

constructing a roughing filter to handle high turbidity.

Lekhnath WUSC was established in 2001 and water supply system expanded and operated since 2008.

Current population served by the system is 46,242 through 8989 private and 96 public connections (as of

Asad 2073). The system is managed by the WUSC chaired by Bodhraj Lamichane and operated by 28

staff under Shiva Prasad Amatya as manager. Expansion work was supported as part of ADB supported

small town-I project. When completed the cost of project was 252 MNRs. Community contributed 20%

during construction, 30% was provided as a loan through TDF and the remaining 50% was covered by

the GON. Committee has already paid 62% of the loan. (Note: Current policy of GON need only 30%

sharing by the WUSC)

WUSC has a plan to add wells in hilly area and extend pipes in new area, maintain NDWQS continuously,

control pumps remotely and establish District meter Area (DMA) for NRW analysis. There is a functional

Water Safety Plan and WSP document updated. Users satisfaction survey conducted by WSP team in

various 7 clusters indicated that more than 82% users think that system is safer. About 20% user boil

water for drinking and 40% use filter. People did not report any kind of water borne diseases. Chlorine is

applied from four tanks but so far unable to maintain FRC in all points. WUSC has maintained

benchmarking data since the year 2072/73. Analysis indicated that staff ratio is only 3.1 (per 1000 taps)

because they have used computerized billing system and outsourced to E-sewa for collection. Operation

ratio is 0.54, collection ration 0.99. Water use is about 107 lpcd and NRW 25%. Supply hour is 12-24

hours with average 18 hours. Overall score considering ten Key Performance Indicators (KPI) is 89%

which can be improved further by reducing NRW and water quality control. Users in average pay

Rs325/month and use 16 m3.

Lekhnath WUSC is developing as the resource center for small towns WS systems. They are in process of

establishing a center and planning to establish common technical and managerial support for all.

NWSSTC is supporting for the same. It is also involved as a partner of the Water Operator Partnership

(WOP) program with Maynylad , a Manila city water operator, Philippines, facilitated by the NWSSTC.

Mahendranagar: NWSC management system and Benchmarking

Mahendranager is located in the Far Western

region of Nepal. Benchmarking studies carried in

2016 indicated that this is the average town

among 23 towns managed by the NWSC in terms

of Operation ratio. There are mainly two numbers

of production units. One is called steel tank unit

in which water from two tube wells is treated by

a rapid sand filter process, collected in a ground

tank (100 m3) and distributed from overhead tank

(180 m3). The other is an office unit which collects

water from one tube well and distributed from a overhead tank (200m3). One tube well provides online

supply of water at Nayakatan. the network is interconnected. About 2 MLD water is produced by

running three wells for about 9 hours and supplied through 2000 taps for about an average of 9 hours

every day in three shifts.


Water from the wells is normally clean and free from

contamination. Chlorine is mostly applied @ 1.5 kg (BLP)

two times per day. There are test kits to test pH, Turbidity,

FRC and E-coli. Field test indicated that chlorine applied, but

not detected in the taps. E-coli present in some taps. Water

pressure is medium and discharge is 0.1-0.15 lps. System

needs of regularizing chlorine use and taking care of higher

level of hardness which deposit in the vessels and noticed

by the people.

The system is in need of changing sand media in RSF filter. About 3 km pipes (3-4") needs to be replaced

in main line and 5 km pipes (6-8") needs to be replaced in the distribution line and about 5 number

washouts. There is calcium deposition in the water vessels at HH which need to be examined. Similarly,

there is need for extending the system for Bangau, Airport and Nayakatan with wells, overhead tanks

and pipe networks. NWSC is providing regular funds for system improvement and extension.

The system is operating with a staff ratio of 8.5 (staff/1000 taps)

operation ratio (Operating cost/water billing) of 1.3 which is the

average value of NWSC. Average production is 165LPCD but water

actually used or accounted is 68 LPCD indicating 59% of NRW.

Average tariff of NWSC is Rs 110 /Month with an incremental tariff of

Rs 25/unit beyond 10 m3. People in average pay Rs 289/month and

use about 13 m3/month. Total length of pipe network is 31km and

annual leakage rate is 4.3 (No/km). The total asset of water supply

system is about 65 thousand/taps. Water quality monitoring carried

by the office indicated that water in taps meets bacteriological

standard in 100% times and FRC is present in the 50% times only.

People observed that water supply is 6 hours/day. About 66% people think that supply time is certain,

62% people observe that water is always clean, 20% people filter the water and 16% boil for the

drinking. About 64% people observed that water pressure is just sufficient to reach the first floor of a

building. Days without water is only one day in average per month? and number of diarrhea cases

observed in less than one time in one year in the family. About 80% people pay tariffs on time and

collection ratio is 92%. About 22% of waste water is reused in the kitchen garden.

The system can be more efficiently operated by controlling water loss, controlling FRC and increasing

number of taps up to 4000.

63%18%

0%12%

7%

Expenditure Type %

Personnel PowerChemicals Maintenance


Devitar Water and Sanitation Users Committee, Jugedi Chitawan: NGO, local body

partnership.

Community is located in Kabilash VDC ward-1 of Chitwan in the highway nearby the road to Devghat.

Water support system was developed in partnership approach through a MOU between NEWAH, V-

WASH-CC and users committee in 2016. This water supply system has been designed to meet the

demand of two separate communities with ‘one house, one tap’ connection and sanitation concept.

Source of the water is protected source at Khare khola (Spring). There are two reservoirs having capacity

of 6 m3 and 20 m3supplies water to two separate communities. The distribution system has altogether

72 tap connections for individual houses (increased from 57 in six month), 5 institutional connections

and 2 public taps for the visitors. There are water meters in all of the 64 taps distributed from the 20 m3

tanks. The Project was constructed within one year with Rs 30 lakhs of which community contribution

was 50% including 2 lakhs supported by the VDC.

System is managed by WUSC (7M/4F) chaired by Mr Tek Bahadur Gurung and operated by Mr Ash

Bahadur Gurung. Care taker involved during construction and able to maintain system. He generally

visitsthe source once in a month, cleans tanks every three months and is involved in connections and

fixing problems. In six months there was a leakage problem at households in six places due to high

pressure. Supply is 24 hours unless there is need for maintenance. Water is sufficient to extend taps for

many years. There are maintenance tools and spare materials sufficient for basic maintenance. Water

tested after completion of the system indicated that water is clean in terms of Turbidity, pH, Ammonia,

Nitrate, and hardness. Hardness was 40 mg/l.

Minimum tariff is Rs 50/10 m3, Rs 60 up to 15 m3. People generally Pay Rs 50 except hotel they pay up to

Rs 100. Institutional taps are charged with a fixed rate ranging from Rs 150-800 depending upon size.

Monthly income is about Rs 8000 month. The monthly savings of Rs 4000 are deposited in the bank or

provided to community members as a loan. The care taker is paid Rs 3000/M. Connection charge is Rs

27000 including pipes, meters etc.

WUSC collects tariff till 10th of each month and organize meeting on 12th. Committee is in process of

official registration. They have a plan to conserve the source area, organized payment of water rates at

the WUSC officeand extend the number of connections. The people are very satisfied with the safe and

sufficient water provided at their households. Basic sanitation and hygiene has been practiced.


Community managed road side public toilets: Chunapahara Public Toilet.

Highways have been developed in recent years as

a marketplace and other economic activities

mainly in the points where bus stops are likely.

Chunpahara is one of the places located at

Bandipur along the Prithvi highway on the way to

Pokhara. In view of maintaining ODF, protecting

environment, providing washroom facilities and

maintaining ODF situation local community constructed three blocks of public toilets in phases: 2067/70,

71/72 and 72/73. It is managed by local community and operated by local operators.

Toilet Design: There are squatting pans and separate urinals in each block and washbasins in the outer

side of the blocks. The urine separation system has been designed to control the bad smell and

accelerate the decomposition process of solid excreta. A septic tank is constructed for solid

decomposition.

Toilet Block Toilets(G/L) Pan(G/

L)

Urinals(G/L)

Block no. 1 1/1 1/2 5/2

Block no. 2 1/1 2/2 4/4

Block no. 3 Child/ Disabled 2 Combined

Altogether there are 9 squatting pans and 9 urinals for male and 2 for females, 6 numbers of washing

basins are attached for hand washing purposes. The third block has been designed as a child and

disabled friendly including all facilities as in other blocks. Two separate pan have been installed

especially for the disabled people. There is a provision for Menstrual Hygiene Management including

places for the burning of sanitary pads. The water supply system of the toilet has been maintained from

Bimal Nagar Water Supply Project.

Operation management: The public toilet has been constructed with technical and financial support of

RWSSP-WN/DDC, WSSDO, Bandipur VDC AND Prithvi Highway Bus Committee and managed by local

committee: Chunpahara Ramaniya Prakriti Sanrachhan Samiti led by Mr Hare Ram Thapa. The

committee has contracted Mr. Dhan Singh Thapa for the operation of the system @ 12’500/month. The

committee has a monitoring system to maintain the toilet up to the minimum standards. The rate for

toilet use per person per use is rupees 5/- for both urinating and defecating. Monthly expenses for

cleaning and minor repair is around 20’000 per month and daily income is about Rs 2000. About 80-90

buses stop every day and on average 400 persons are using the toilets each day. Currently the operator

needs to clean the toilets up to 10 times a day.

Challenges and future plan: Chunpahara is situated on the foothill

and naturally beautiful place along the Prithvi highway. People

having a long drive prefer stopping here not only for using

washrooms but also to take rest for a while. The management is

facing challenges in term of water supply mainly during the dry


season, the use of separated urine for productivity of plants and vegetables, and meeting future

demands and maintaining the beauty of the surroundings.

Ecosan Resource Center upon request of DWSS identified 17 public toilets from Kathmandu to Pokhara

along the highway and studied in view of users’ friendliness and identified this toilet as exemplary one.

The resource center is planning to provide technical support to all public toilets along highway and

develop in line with eco-friendly and user friendly.

Mallo Rajauda Water Supply System (Sirsha, Dadeldhura): Example of safe water supply system

derived from Water Use Master plan (WUMP).

Water Supply System is located in the Sirsha VDC of Dadeldhura. The system is managed by WUSC

comprise of seven members. Chair of Users Committee is also working as VMW. Water is collected from

a spring (500m away) and distributed from a Ferro cement tank(9 m3) and 3 km pipe networks. About 40

HH consumes water from 11 numbers of public tap stands. Regular members of the user group are

about 32 because many HH shift around the years to the different places. One HH pays Rs 40 per month.

Rs 800 is paid for VMW and Rs 480 is deposited to Sirsa Sana Kisan Cooperatives every month. New

members can join a user group by paying Rs 3000. Water is supplied 24 hours. Discharge from the source

is more or less stable over the years and current flow is about 0.3 lps which is sufficient to provide

100lpcd. People use surplus water in the home (kitchen) garden.

WUSC also works as WSP team and monitor regularly. For WUSC, WSP means cleaning source, tanks and

taps. Chlorine is applied in a tank and flushed into the system after two hours as structural chlorination

after maintenance. The system was built with support of RVWRMP (Phase I) in 2066 and active

participation of the WUSC including involvement in the procurement external construction materials.

The system is functional in all aspects. WUSC has WSP book including maps, checklists, WQ test data,

etc. WUSC organize meeting regularly on a monthly basis or as required. Past few meeting minutes

indicated that decisions are related to the addition of new users or corrective actions in the system

based on the monitoring visits. WUSC felt that there is a need of constructing a gabion wall near spring

to protect it from possible erosion by a small stream.

The system was selected as a part of the Water Use Master Plan (WUMP) of the VDC. Priority of project

development is based on hardship score which is derived based on current service level. Basic service

level (Level 1) requires 45 lpcd water supply that is clean and safe available within 15 minutes from the

taps flowing 6 hours/day or more throughout the years. Before development of water supply system

service level of the existing system was level 4 and after the system in place it was upgraded to level1

(Basic). WUMP considers all sources available within VDC and makes plan for water resources

development with priority for water supply meeting the basic level of services.

With support of RVWRMP Sirsa cooperatives was established in view of utilizing fund of WUSC.

Cooperatives have been joined by the 85 organizations within VDC including 19 RVWRMP WUSC. Total

loan disbursed is about NRs 30 million. Deposit of Mallo Rajauda WS is about NRs 48000 as O & M fund.

All funds are utilized by the people of Sirsha mostly for farming, business and education. The cooperative

is run by four staff, including a manager. Deficit fund is loaned from the Sana Kisan Bank. Cooperative

provides 5% of its profit for the emergency maintenance of the water supply system of member WUSC.


15. Strategies for Informative and Efficient Sector

1. Establishing effective institutional homes where large towns, small towns and rural water

supply and sanitation system DWSS, FEDWASUN and similar agencies can develop

adequate response or referral capacity to ensure that technical, institutional and financial

advice can be given to these institutions to ensure sustainable operation that meets

professional standards and consumer’s need.

2. Identifying the communities that so far never had an acceptable water supply system and

plan water supply improvements with high priority.

3. Establishing the system for preparing a water use master plan (WUMP) within each VDC

and districts for sustained water supply system for all and forever, and to protect and

conserve the water supply sources in view of climate change and local environmental

conditions.

4. Establishing criteria for sharing national fund available for the water and sanitation sector

proportionately between sustainability of existing systems, extension and rehabilitation

need of old system and improvement of current service level and new system.

5. Developing new water supply systems as a batch and determined time frame in view of

available fund and technical capacity rather than a regular annual program.

6. Minimizing excessive process flow during system development mainly in the donor

funded programs, by donors and funding partners. It is advisable to focus on the key

process that ultimately capacitate the community, responsible for the operation and

management of the system, or that contribute to the national institutional process.

7. Establishing the concept of resource center for encouraging people/consumers to

enhance knowledge transfer from the best practices.

8. Establishing data on declaration of ODF and basic water supply coverage at local body

level and tracking the process and strategy for the further improvement. Recording the

temporary losses of coverage status due to disaster and making plan for recovery without

adjusting cumulative coverage status in the record.

9. Standardizing basic training packages essential for sector performance and implementing

these on an annual rotational basis in all regions, and exploring innovations in training

delivery.

10. Minimizing fragmentation of national sector budgets at various levels in order to avoid

current challenging situation to understand sector budget. Only one sector plan from top

to bottom to solve this problem.

11. Establishing one door policy for the sector assessment, study and research and avoiding

that such studies are carried by partners that are not likely to contribute to the sector.

Establishing institutional home and system for the same and establishing linkage with

sector and related academic institution.

12. Establishing system for evidence based planning for basic need and service improvement

with support of data management system and institutional and operational research

process.

(sector status report 2016) ssr 2016...sector status report 2016 page 1 foreword water and...

Documents