CORPORATES

SECTOR COMMENT21 January 2016

Contacts

Terry Marshall 416-214-3863Senior Vice Presidentterry.marshall@moodys.com

Steven Wood 212-553-0591MD-Corporate Financesteven.wood@moodys.com

Global Oil and Natural Gas Industry – Global

Increased Supply and Concerns AboutDemand Growth Drive Prices Yet LowerWe are reducing our oil price estimates (see Exhibit 1) in light of continuing oversupply inthe global oil markets, with Iran poised to add more than 500,000 barrels per day (bpd) toglobal supply while demand growth remains tepid. OPEC and many non-OPEC oil producerscontinue to produce without restraint as they battle for market share, and the addition ofIranian oil to the market in 2016 will offset or exceed a roughly 500,000 bpd decline inUS production. Increased production vastly exceeds growth in oil consumption, even withconsumption growth by major consumers such as the US, China and India. Production nowexceeds demand by about 2 million bpd, adding to already high global oil stocks.

Exhibit 1

Oil and Natural Gas Price Assumptions for 2016-18 and Beyond 2016 2017 2018 StressWTI crude $33 $38 $43 $25Brent crude $33 $38 $43 $25Henry Hub natural gas $2.25 $2.50 $2.75 $1.75Natural gas liquids $12.00 $13.50 $15.00 $10.00Source: Moody's Investors Service

Our natural gas price estimates are unchanged. US natural gas production continues toincrease while costs decline and producers generate cash returns at ever-lower prices,although in many cases these appear insufficient to service their debt.

The updated price estimates represent baseline approximations that we use to evaluate riskwhen analyzing credit conditions of companies in a number of industries and oil exportingcountries. We periodically review our oil and natural gas price estimates to better estimatefuture financial metrics for companies and countries.

We do not expect oil prices to shift significantly in 2016 from their early 2016 levels,which touched multi-year lows in January. We estimate that Brent crude, the internationalbenchmark, and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude, the North American benchmark, willboth average $33/barrel (bbl) for 2016. For Brent, this marks a $10/bbl reduction from ourprevious estimate, and for WTI a $7/bbl reduction. We estimate that both prices will rise by$5/bbl on average in 2017 and in 2018.

Our current estimates eliminate the longstanding price difference between Brent and WTIcrude, mainly because the US has removed its restrictions on US crude exports as non-US supply continues to grow. Brent represents a common proxy for oil prices on the worldmarket, and WTI for North American crude.

MOODY'S INVESTORS SERVICE CORPORATES

This publication does not announce a credit rating action. For any credit ratings referenced in this publication, please see the ratings tab on the issuer/entity page onwww.moodys.com for the most updated credit rating action information and rating history.

2 21 January 2016 Global Oil and Natural Gas Industry – Global: Increased Supply and Concerns About Demand Growth Drive Prices Yet Lower

We also reduced our equilibrium price estimate for Brent to $60/bbl for Brent, equalizing it with our $60/bbl equilibrium price for WTI.The equilibrium price estimate reflects our view that supply/demand balance will eventually be reached around $60/bbl, but not formany years. Such a price would support some development of the world’s most expensive oil—from oil sands and deepwater resources—in an environment with lower development costs than in recent years.

We maintained our price estimates for North American natural gas prices at Henry Hub—the industry’s chief measure of natural gasprices—averaging $2.25 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) in 2016, $2.50/MMBtu in 2017 and $2.75/MMBtu in 2018. Our$3.00/MMBtu medium-term price estimate reflects a rise in demand from liquefied natural gas (LNG) and petrochemicals facilities incoming years.

Along with our natural gas price estimates, we maintained our 2016-18 price estimates for natural gas liquids (NGLs). We estimateNGL prices of $12/bbl of oil equivalent (boe) in 2016, $13.50/boe in 2017 and $15/boe in 2018. Our medium term price is 18/bbl.

We have reduced our stress-case scenario oil price estimates to $25/bbl for both WTI and Brent crude, and maintained our stressscenario price for Henry Hub natural gas at$1.75/MMBtu. We use the stress price, among other things, for assessing liquidity profiles ofcompanies, including room under covenants in bank credit agreements.

We do not think global production will fall before the second half of 2016 at the earliest, when the effects of investment cuts leadto reduced new production to offset existing declines. Ongoing increases in OPEC oil production offset growing global demand ofabout 1.4 million bpd in 2015 according to the US Energy Information Administration, leading to a rapid build-up of oil inventories. InNovember 2015, inventories in the Americas, Asia and Europe stood at 4.4 billion bbls, according to Energy Intelligence, compared with3.8 billion-3.9 billion bbls in the last five years, which is equivalent to about 1.5 million bpd of excess supply in 2016.

Although capital spending has dropped substantially and the US rig count has declined by about 70%, US production has been slow todecline. We do expect that 40%-50% reductions in capital investment in 2015, coupled with further significant cuts this year, will leadto a roughly 500,000 bpd decline in US production in 2016. Even so, Saudi Arabia and Russia have both increased production to theirhighest levels since the early 1990s, and Iran is poised to significantly increase its production.

The increase in world oil supply continues to outpace demand. Taking into account our forecast for economic growth and trendsin energy intensity in each of the G20 countries, we expect oil demand to increase by around 1.3 million bpd in 2016. This is higherthan our previous expectations, as long-term declining trends in oil intensity of the economy have stopped or slowed in a number ofcountries, including China, India, Russia and the US, all major consumers. Still, today’s large global inventories will take time to unwind,and will continue to weigh on prices even as demand increases.

Our price estimates are likely to be revised during the year based upon updated information on market fundamentals and futuresprices. For example, the $33 per barrel estimate implies an upward trend from current spot prices. We would be likely to revise thisestimate downwards if such an upward trend does not materialize over the next several months.

MOODY'S INVESTORS SERVICE CORPORATES

3 21 January 2016 Global Oil and Natural Gas Industry – Global: Increased Supply and Concerns About Demand Growth Drive Prices Yet Lower

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