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Sectionalism
Sectionalism
Supporting the issues of your region of the
nation as being more important than the
issues of the nation as a whole
North
South
West
National Bank
Recharter was denied in 1811
Economic panic during War of 1812
New Second Bank chartered in 1816
“easy credit” was a major issue
Land Policy
1800…320 acres @ $2 per acre
1804…160 acres @ 50¢ per acre
West wants cheap land
North/South want to convert land into $$$
– North…cheap land sucks up cheap labor
– South…fears agricultural competition
Tariff
Protective Tariff v. Revenue Tariff
War of 1812 impacts rate of Tariff
North (esp. New England) supports PT
South initially supports, then changes
West is split on supporting
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
– Nullification
Nullification
Idea that individual states could nullify, or
cancel, national legislation in their borders
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
South Carolina Exposition & Protest
– Tariff of Abominations
– Force Bill
Internal Improvements
To what extent should national government
help finance construction of canals,
turnpikes, highways, and railroads
National Road
Jackson vetoes Maysville Road project
Slavery
Prohibited in Northwest Territory
Slave trade outlawed in 1808
Could upset equal balance in Senate
Compromise of 1820
Fugitive Slave Law
This will become the MOST heated
example of Sectionalism…WAR
The BIG THREE
Daniel Webster…North
John C. Calhoun…South
Henry Clay…West
The compromises created by these three
Senators helped to delay the coming of the
Civil War as long as possible.
Characteristics of North’s
Economy
More banking, shipping, insurance,
Sm and Lg business ownership –creating
middle, or bourgeois, class
Some agriculture- both commercial and
subsistence farming
Availability of wage laborers
Characteristics of South’s
Economy Dependent on the plantation system, the
center of economic, political, cultural, and
social life in the South
Slave labor, the dominant labor force
Majority of white population engaged in
subsistence farming
Yeoman farmers, who owned small or med
commercial farms, a sm. portion of pop.
Sm urban bourgeois (middle) class
Characteristics of West’s
Economy
Primarily agricultural
Shifting from subsistence farming to
commercial farming.
Produced more foodstuffs, such as corn
and wheat, than other regions.
By 1850s the North and West were
economically joined.
Political Objectives of North
Tariff to protect the N’s growing industries.
Federal aid in the development of
infrastructure-roads, bridges, canals,
railroads.
A loose immigration policy (provide cheap
labor)
Availability of free of cheap land in the West
(settlement & investment opportunities).
The containment of slavery.
Political Objectives of South
Low tariffs
Expansion of slavery for political,
economic, and ideological reasons
Opposition to a cheap public land system-
would force the planter-slaveholder to
compete politically, economically, and
ideologically with the independent farmer in
the West.
“Cotton is King!”
Important global commodity
Most powerful cotton producers were
planter-slaveholders. (fraction of
population)
Planters made all of the political and
economic decisions.
Tensions Over Political Theories
The people, no the
states, created the
Union.
The federal gov’t is
supreme.
Thus, federal laws
& actions take
precence over state
laws and actions.
North / Contract Theory
Examples of:
Various decisions
made by the
Marshall Court
John Locke’s
Second Treatise
of Government
Tensions Over Political Theories States, not the people,
created the national
gov’t.
Laws of states are
supreme when in
conflict with the fed.
gov’t.
States can declare fed.
laws null & void
Extreme conclusion is
succession.
South / Compact Theory
Examples of:
Virginia &
Kentucky
Resolutions
Hartford
Convention
Ordinance of
Nullification