Section II: Section II: The Mongol Empire and the Ming The Mongol Empire and the Ming

DynastyDynasty(Pages 250-255)(Pages 250-255)

Section II: Section II: The Mongol Empire and the Ming The Mongol Empire and the Ming

DynastyDynasty(Pages 250-255)(Pages 250-255)

This section is about:This section is about: The rise of the Mongol The rise of the Mongol

Empire, which brought Empire, which brought about economic stability about economic stability to the area, and the to the area, and the later decline of the later decline of the empire.empire.

The effect of Mongol rule The effect of Mongol rule on Chinese culture and on Chinese culture and how the Ming Dynasty how the Ming Dynasty restored Chinese rule.restored Chinese rule.

For the Mongols, For the Mongols, letlet’’s start by s start by looking at the map looking at the map on page 251.on page 251.

For the Ming, letFor the Ming, let’’s s look at the pictures look at the pictures on pages 254 and on pages 254 and 255.255.

And, the two Main And, the two Main ideas on page 250.ideas on page 250.

Mongol Conquest and the Yuan Mongol Conquest and the Yuan DynastyDynasty

A lot of these people who ruled A lot of these people who ruled China were China were ““ruthlessruthless”” – they – they did whatever they wanted to did whatever they wanted to do and didndo and didn’’t care about the t care about the people muchpeople much

ChinaChina’’s empire used to extend s empire used to extend well into northern Asia well into northern Asia (Mongolia today).(Mongolia today).

The Mongol nomads were The Mongol nomads were expert horsemen and skilled expert horsemen and skilled warriors.warriors.

The Great Wall didnThe Great Wall didn’’t keep t keep Mongols out of China, but they Mongols out of China, but they were impressed with the were impressed with the wealth it showed the empire wealth it showed the empire had.had.

They wanted some of that.They wanted some of that. Mongols were mostly divided Mongols were mostly divided

into into clansclans – until 1206, when – until 1206, when Genghis Khan united them into Genghis Khan united them into one fierce fighting group.one fierce fighting group.

(Group of families with a common ancestor)

Mongol Mongol InvasionsInvasions

In 1211, Genghis Khan In 1211, Genghis Khan started invading China – started invading China – first destroying the capital first destroying the capital city of the Jin Dynasty.city of the Jin Dynasty.

He soon learned it was He soon learned it was better to collect taxes from better to collect taxes from the people and encourage the people and encourage industry (as well as how to industry (as well as how to use gunpowder).use gunpowder).

So, they continued to So, they continued to attack and expand their attack and expand their Mongol Empire – even Mongol Empire – even along the Silk Road.along the Silk Road.

……....

Genghis Khan died in Genghis Khan died in 1227…1227…

……but his sons and but his sons and grandsons took over.grandsons took over.

By 1234, they By 1234, they controlled much of controlled much of China.China.

And, by 1241, And, by 1241, controlled Russia.controlled Russia.

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan’’s s grandson (Kublai grandson (Kublai Khan – Khan – ““the Great the Great KhanKhan””) completed the ) completed the total control of China total control of China and ruled from 1260-and ruled from 1260-1294.1294.

The Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire

Was the largest empire Was the largest empire the world had ever the world had ever seen.seen.

So big, it had to be split So big, it had to be split into 4 parts (but Kublai into 4 parts (but Kublai Khan ruled over all 4).Khan ruled over all 4).

They allowed the They allowed the people to live most of people to live most of their same lives (same their same lives (same government, same government, same religions), as long as religions), as long as they paid their tribute.they paid their tribute.

Mongols and TradeMongols and Trade Mongols actually brought Mongols actually brought

peace and stability to their peace and stability to their empire.empire.

Peasants continued to farm.Peasants continued to farm. Large estates were left Large estates were left

alone.alone. Cities (and the Silk Road) Cities (and the Silk Road)

were encouraged to trade.were encouraged to trade. Printing, paper money, Printing, paper money,

gunpowder, porcelain, art, gunpowder, porcelain, art, medical advances all made medical advances all made their way west.their way west.

Kublai Khan also created a Kublai Khan also created a postal system (1400 postal system (1400 stations) for communication stations) for communication and messages.and messages.

This is the time of Marco This is the time of Marco PoloPolo’’s visit.s visit.

Muslims also used the Silk Muslims also used the Silk Road to trade at this time.Road to trade at this time.

Mongol Rule in ChinaMongol Rule in China

Mongols kept the Mongols kept the Chinese system of Chinese system of government (Tang and government (Tang and Song).Song).

The Mongols did The Mongols did heavily tax China (not heavily tax China (not just money, but could just money, but could be goods or services).be goods or services).

Mongols used this Mongols used this money for huge money for huge building projects (like building projects (like re-building the Grand re-building the Grand Canal, and building Canal, and building new paved highways).new paved highways).

Mongol Effects on Chinese Mongol Effects on Chinese CultureCulture

The Mongols kept their own The Mongols kept their own culture and styles – even culture and styles – even when they were in another when they were in another country for a long time.country for a long time.

They did not treat the They did not treat the Chinese as equals. Chinese as equals.

Only Mongols and non-Only Mongols and non-Chinese could hold Chinese could hold important government important government positions.positions.

Punishments for crimes Punishments for crimes were different for Mongols were different for Mongols and Chinese.and Chinese.

Marriages between both: Marriages between both: forbidden.forbidden.

The Mongols didnThe Mongols didn’’t force t force the Chinese to change their the Chinese to change their culture and styles to theirs.culture and styles to theirs.

The Decline of the MongolsThe Decline of the Mongols

The Chinese people hated The Chinese people hated the Mongols.the Mongols.

After Kublai KhanAfter Kublai Khan’’s death, s death, there were disputes over there were disputes over successionsuccession (who (who’’d be d be next).next).

Many tried to take over, Many tried to take over, but the Chinese always but the Chinese always rebelled against them.rebelled against them.

There were other problems There were other problems (The Chang Jiang River (The Chang Jiang River kept flooding – ruining kept flooding – ruining farms and farmland).farms and farmland).

China was falling into ruin.China was falling into ruin.

The Ming The Ming DynastyDynasty

In the 1350In the 1350’’s there was a s there was a struggle for power – and struggle for power – and Zhu Yuanzhang won.Zhu Yuanzhang won.

He was born a peasant, He was born a peasant, but made himself into but made himself into the leader who through the leader who through the Mongols out of the Mongols out of China.China.

He called his new He called his new dynasty Ming (means dynasty Ming (means ““brilliantbrilliant””).).

He ended up ruling for He ended up ruling for 30 years.30 years.

Rebuilding ChinaRebuilding China Hong Wu was an emperor Hong Wu was an emperor

who made China strong who made China strong again (new laws and re-again (new laws and re-organized the organized the government). government).

He protected the poor He protected the poor peasants from wealthy peasants from wealthy nobles whonobles who’’d try and take d try and take land from them.land from them.

Rebuilt roads and canals.Rebuilt roads and canals. Planted new forests.Planted new forests. Increased farm production.Increased farm production. Increased overseas trade.Increased overseas trade. New crops were introduced New crops were introduced

(from the Americas).(from the Americas). Transferred the capital to Transferred the capital to

Beijing.Beijing. Lived in the Forbidden Lived in the Forbidden

Palace (next slide).Palace (next slide).

Chinese VoyagesChinese Voyages Hong WuHong Wu’’s successors s successors

wanted to use Chinese wanted to use Chinese power to impress power to impress others.others.

Zheng He (a Chinese Zheng He (a Chinese Muslim admiral) built Muslim admiral) built a large army and sent a large army and sent out 7 expeditions.out 7 expeditions.

Sent 300 ships Sent 300 ships (28,000 men) around (28,000 men) around Southeast Asia and Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean.the Indian Ocean.

When he died, the When he died, the expeditions stopped – expeditions stopped – we donwe don’’t know why.t know why.

Cultural Flowering of the MingCultural Flowering of the Ming Literature and the arts Literature and the arts

were very important were very important during the Ming Dynasty.during the Ming Dynasty.

Portrait and landscape Portrait and landscape painting.painting.

Fine porcelain (called Fine porcelain (called ““chinachina”” in the west). in the west).

Preferred writing novels.Preferred writing novels. New knowledge and New knowledge and

technology in technology in mathematics, astronomy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and weapons medicine, and weapons were being made at this were being made at this time (all over the world).time (all over the world).

The Decline of the Ming.The Decline of the Ming.

In the early 1600In the early 1600’’s, s, the Manchu became the Manchu became a threat to the Ming a threat to the Ming Dynasty.Dynasty.

A Ming General A Ming General asked the Manchu to asked the Manchu to help stop a rebellion.help stop a rebellion.

The Manchu stayed, The Manchu stayed, captured Beijing, captured Beijing, and the general and the general declared himself declared himself emperor.emperor.