section 5 - behaviour change

8/8/2019 Section 5 - Behaviour Change

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SVQ Level 3SVQ Level 3Instructing Physical ActivityInstructing Physical Activity

& Exercise& Exercise

Angus College

RAF Leuchars


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Behaviour ChangeBehaviour ChangeClient History and Attitude to Exercise

Lecturer - Steve Oakley


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BehaviourBehaviour ChangeChange

Client history and attitude to exerciseClient history and attitude to exercise

y Identifying and understanding the psychological benefitsof exercise

y Identifying the potential barriers to exercise participation

y Principles of behaviour change - Stages of ChangeModel(Prochaska and DiClemente)

y Determinants of behaviour change and the cognitive andbehavioural processes to progress through the stages ofchange

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes


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BehaviourBehaviour ChangeChange

Client history and attitude to exerciseClient history and attitude to exercise

Understanding of Motivational and exercise adherence

strategies:y programming/prescription strategies

y the principles of motivational interviewing

y behavioural and outcome goal setting

y

social supporty social reinforcement

y attentional strategies

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes


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Identifying andIdentifying andunderstanding theunderstanding the

psychological benefits ofpsychological benefits of

exerciseexercise


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WWhat are the psychologicalhat are the psychologicalbenefits of exercise?benefits of exercise?


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They are........They are........

y Improved self-esteem and greater sense of self-relianceand self-confidence

y

Improved mental alertness, perception and informationprocessing

y Increased perceptions of acceptance by others

y Decreased overall feelings of stress and tension

y Reduced frustration with daily problems, and a more

constructive response to disappointments and failures


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Identifying and understandingIdentifying and understanding

the psychological benefits ofthe psychological benefits ofexerciseexercise

y The psychological benefits of regular exercise canbe as significant as the physical.

y Some, such as better self-esteem, come as anindirect result of exercise and are fairly subjective

y

Others are a direct consequence of chemicalactivity triggered by physical exertion


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Identifying and understandingIdentifying and understanding

the psychological benefits ofthe psychological benefits ofexerciseexercise

y Brain chemicals released during exercise,such as serotonin, dopamine,norepinephrine, and endorphins, havestrong effects on mood, helping reduce

feelings of anxiety, stress and depression,while also helping to strengthen yourimmune system.


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Identifying and understanding theIdentifying and understanding the

psychological benefits of exercisepsychological benefits of exercise

y Sometimes known as

the molecule ofhappiness

y produced in the Pinealgland

Serotonin


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Pineal Gland


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psychological benefits of exercisepsychological benefits of exercisefunctions of serotonin in the human body

include the control ofAppetite

SleepMemory and learning

Temperature regulation

Mood

Behaviour

Cardiovascularfunction

Muscle contractionEndocrine regulation

Depression


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y produced in several

areas of the brainy Its main function as a

hormone is to inhibitthe release of prolactinfrom the anterior lobeof the pituitary.

dopamine


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prolactinprolactin

It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk

Prolactin provides the body with sexual gratification after

sexual activity


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y Affects parts of the brainwhere attention andresponding actions are

controlledy Directly increases heart

rate in the fight or flightresponse

y Has a neurotransmitter

role when released inthe brain as an anti-inflammatory agent

Norepinephrine


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Identifying theIdentifying thepotential barriers topotential barriers to

exercise participationexercise participation


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barriers to exercisebarriers to exercise

participationparticipationy time constraints

y health or ageing

y motivation, attitude or encouragement

y availability or accessibility of facilities.


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participationparticipation TimeTimeyWork commitments

y Childcare commitments

y Housework

y A range of caring responsibilities


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participationparticipation HealthHealthy Acute Obesity

y Acute CHD

y Acute recent injury Soft tissue, MuscleTendons & Ligament, Bones & Joints

y Acute recent illness

y Age related illness Acute osteoporosis


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Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification


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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

y Describe the principles of behavior change

described in the transtheoretical model.y Discuss motivation and other factors that

influence exercise adoption and adherence.

y Describe appropriate behavior change

strategies to use with individuals indifferent stages of motivational readiness.

(continued)


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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives (continued)(continued)

y Describe how relapse prevention can be

applied to exercise behavior.y Identify effective communication skills

necessary to motivate and support healthbehavior change.


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Principles ofBehaviourPrinciples ofBehaviour

ChangeChange


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Helping IndividualsHelping IndividualsChange Health BehaviorsChange Health Behaviors

y Knowledge

A theoretical model to explain and predictbehavior (transtheoretical model)

Factors that influence health behaviors:attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills

y Skills Behavior change strategies matched to stage ofmotivational readiness

The ability to listen effectively and respondempathetically


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TransTrans--theoreticaltheoretical ModelModelofBehavior ChangeofBehavior Change

Theoretical foundation: The transtheoretical

model of behavior change Behavior change is a dynamic process involvingattitudes, decisions, and actions.

Individuals progress through distinct, oftennonsequential stages of change.

Intervention strategies must be matched to thestage a person is in.

(continued)


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TranstheoreticalTranstheoretical ModelModelofBehavior ChangeofBehavior Change (continued)(continued)

Stages of change in exercise

Precontemplation: inactive, not consideringexercise

Contemplation: inactive, considering beginningexercise within next 6 mo

Preparation: plan to begin program within 1 mo

Action: active at criteria level for less than 6 mo

Maintenance: active at criteria level for 6 mo ormore

(continued)


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TranstheoreticalTranstheoretical ModelModelofBehavior ChangeofBehavior Change (continued)(continued)

Attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills that

influence behavior change Self-efficacy (belief in capability to engage in aspecific behavior successfully)

Decisional balance (evaluating the pros and consof the target behavior)

Processes of change (strategies used to changebehavior)

x Experiential/cognitive

x Behavioral


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StagesStagesofBehavior ChangeofBehavior Change

Stage Goal

Pre-contemplation Begin thinking about becoming more

physically active

Contemplation Prepare to take action

Preparation Set reasonable and realistic exercise

goals

Action Resist relapse

Maintenance Enhance exercise experience


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Promoting Exercise:Promoting Exercise:Targeting Precontemplators andTargeting Precontemplators andContemplatorsContemplators

Key factors

Individual characteristics Social influences

Environmental dynamics


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Promoting Exercise:Promoting Exercise:Individual CharacteristicsIndividual Characteristics

y Exercise history

y Motivationy Perceived behavior control

y Self-efficacy


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Promoting Exercise:Promoting Exercise:Environmental DynamicsEnvironmental Dynamics

y Cues or prompts

y Access to facilitiesy Lack of time (real, perceived, skill related,

motive)

y Natural (climate, geography)

y Constructed (quality of workout facilities,traffic)


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ConsiderationsConsiderationsfor Marketing Exercisefor Marketing Exercise

y Reduce the perceived costs and increase

the perceived benefits of being active.y Provide practical support and

encouragement.

y Include motivational prompts suited to the

target group.y Reduce environmental barriers.


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Enhancing Adherence: Methods ofEnhancing Adherence: Methods ofBehavior ChangeBehavior Change

y Assess.

Physiological (physical fitness, health) Psychosocial (goals, motivation)

y Evaluate past attempts at change.

y Self-monitor to identify barriers and

supports.

(continued)


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Enhancing Adherence: Methods ofEnhancing Adherence: Methods ofBehavior ChangeBehavior Change (continued)(continued)

Enhance self-efficacy through the following:

Set up mastery experiences(PositiveCompetence)

Provide verbal encouragement.

Provide successful models.

Offer information about normal physiological

responses to exercise and how to interpret them.


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Methods ofBehavior Change:Methods ofBehavior Change:Goal SettingGoal Setting

y Define goals in behavioral terms

(measurable).y Set specific goals. (SMART or SMARTER)y Make the goals flexible.y Include short-term and long-term goals.y Make the goal challenging but achievable.y Address physiological factors.y Consider environmental influences.y Provide timely and specific feedback.


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Methods ofBehavior Change:Methods ofBehavior Change:ReinforcementReinforcement

y Temporally close to target behaviour

y Tangible or intangibley Meaningful to the participant

y Addition of something positive or removalof something negative


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Methods ofBehavior Change:Methods ofBehavior Change:BehavioralBehavioral ContractsContracts

Principles

Contracts should specify goal-directed behaviors. Terms should be very clear.

Contracts should be generally positive.

Contracts should be fair.

Procedures should be systematic and consistent.

At least one other person should participate.


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Methods ofBehavior Change:Methods ofBehavior Change:Relapse PreventionRelapse Prevention

y Relapse occurs when a person stops a

healthy behaviour and goes back tounhealthy habits.

y High-risk situations increase the risk ofrelapse.

y Relapse prevention attempts to identify anddeal with potential high-risk situations.


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Health Fitness CounselingHealth Fitness CounselingCommunicationCommunication SkillsSkills SocialSocialsupportssupports

y Effective listening

Attend to verbal and nonverbal messages. Identify overt message and underlying meaning.

Practice responsive listening.

y Empathetic responding

Communicate understanding. Maintain nonjudgmental reactions.

Dont make assumptions.

Be honest and supportive.


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social reinforcementsocial reinforcement -- definitiondefinition

y The strengthening of a response with a

social reward such as a nod of approval, aparent's love or attention.http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?social+reinforcement


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social reinforcementsocial reinforcement

y involves various sorts of access to and

interaction with othersy These interactions need to acceptable to

the individual, but still push boundaries

y Peer group development

y Peer assessments

Further reading Physical fitness andWellness


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attentional strategiesattentional strategies

y Take away the mystery of Exercise

y Reduce anxietyy Vary instructions

y Develop appropriate planning andreviewing of client

y Use differing behaviour and motivationalstrategies

y Encourage structured patterns of exercise

y Get clients organised

y Plan in relaxation

section 5 - behaviour change

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