Section 3Section 3

Southern Cotton KingdomSouthern Cotton Kingdom

Where ya’ll from….Where ya’ll from….

Upper SouthUpper South Maryland, Virginia,Maryland, Virginia, North CarolinaNorth Carolina

Deep SouthDeep South

Georgia, Georgia, South CarolinaSouth Carolina Alabama, MississippiAlabama, Mississippi Louisiana, Missouri Louisiana, Missouri ArkansasArkansas TexasTexas

Rise of the Cotton Rise of the Cotton KingdomKingdom

Tobacco had once been the cash cropTobacco had once been the cash crop Colonial times in VirginiaColonial times in Virginia

depended on foreign markets, not $ stabledepended on foreign markets, not $ stable Stripped land of its nutrients, wearing it outStripped land of its nutrients, wearing it out

South CarolinaSouth Carolina produced rice and indigoproduced rice and indigo

Depended on foreign markets, not $ stableDepended on foreign markets, not $ stable Couldn’t be grown in dry, inland climatesCouldn’t be grown in dry, inland climates

Sugarcane- “Rich man’s crop”Sugarcane- “Rich man’s crop” Grown in southeastern LouisianaGrown in southeastern Louisiana Farmers invested $$ in irrigation canals and machineryFarmers invested $$ in irrigation canals and machinery

The Cotton GinThe Cotton Gin

Cotton demand was increasingCotton demand was increasing It is difficult to processIt is difficult to process Workers must separate plants “sticky” seeds Workers must separate plants “sticky” seeds

from cotton fibers.from cotton fibers.

Cotton GinCotton Gin

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Eli Whitney and the Cotton GinGinCauses and EffectsCauses and Effects

Invented in 1793Invented in 1793 Cause: Machine that separated the seed Cause: Machine that separated the seed

from the fiberfrom the fiber Effect: dramatically increased amount of Effect: dramatically increased amount of

cotton that could be processed by 50 to 1cotton that could be processed by 50 to 1 Cause: Processed cotton so quicklyCause: Processed cotton so quickly Effect: Farmers wanted more cotton plantedEffect: Farmers wanted more cotton planted Cause: Increase in field size and productionCause: Increase in field size and production Effect: More slave labor was neededEffect: More slave labor was needed

New land for cottonNew land for cotton

Because of the Native American Removal Act, Because of the Native American Removal Act, cotton production expanded in deep southcotton production expanded in deep south Alabama, MississippiAlabama, Mississippi

Climate was good for cottonClimate was good for cotton

Smaller farmers could make $ Smaller farmers could make $ Didn’t have to own a gin, could rent itDidn’t have to own a gin, could rent it Could rent slaves from slaveholdersCould rent slaves from slaveholders

Larger plantations made money tooLarger plantations made money too Slavery was a big part of plantation lifeSlavery was a big part of plantation life

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dS4OxoebcSQv=dS4OxoebcSQ

Them Ol’ Cotton Fields back Them Ol’ Cotton Fields back home …. home …. The fields...The fields...

Cotton Rules the Deep Cotton Rules the Deep SouthSouth

Large demand for cotton in Great BritainLarge demand for cotton in Great Britain Kept prices upKept prices up

Upper South and Deep South were economically Upper South and Deep South were economically differentdifferent Both still agriculturalBoth still agricultural Upper south produces tobacco,hemp,wheat and veggiesUpper south produces tobacco,hemp,wheat and veggies

Became the center for the sale and transport of enslaved peopleBecame the center for the sale and transport of enslaved people Deep South produces cotton and some rice and sugarcaneDeep South produces cotton and some rice and sugarcane

Enslaved people played a key role in the cotton producing Enslaved people played a key role in the cotton producing businessbusiness

Industry’s Leading RoleIndustry’s Leading Role

South prospered economically from South prospered economically from 1820-18601820-1860 Stayed rural, not like the NorthStayed rural, not like the North Manufactured very little compared to NorthManufactured very little compared to North

Produced fewer goods then entire state of Produced fewer goods then entire state of MassachusettsMassachusetts

Why just cotton?Why just cotton?

Cotton was booming! Cotton was booming! ““If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” Lack of capital (money to invest in business)Lack of capital (money to invest in business)

$ tied up in land and slaves$ tied up in land and slaves Would have to sell slaves to start businessWould have to sell slaves to start business

Not willing to do itNot willing to do it

Market for manufactured goods low in South Market for manufactured goods low in South compared to the Northcompared to the North

Large population in South were slaves with no Large population in South were slaves with no money who could not buy goodsmoney who could not buy goods

They really didn’t want business thereThey really didn’t want business there

Southern FactoriesSouthern Factories

Some southerners wanted develop industry in Some southerners wanted develop industry in the Souththe South Thought they relied too much on the North for Thought they relied too much on the North for

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods Said factories would revive upper South economy Said factories would revive upper South economy

which was laggingwhich was lagging William Gregg-Merchant from Charleston, S. William Gregg-Merchant from Charleston, S.

Carolina;opened a textile mill there, modeling those from Carolina;opened a textile mill there, modeling those from New EnglandNew England

Joseph Reid Anderson turned Tredegar Iron Works into Joseph Reid Anderson turned Tredegar Iron Works into nation’s leading producers of ironnation’s leading producers of iron

During the war he supplied artillery and other iron products to During the war he supplied artillery and other iron products to the Southern forcesthe Southern forces

Southern TransportationSouthern Transportation

Natural waterways were primary means for Natural waterways were primary means for transporting goodstransporting goods most towns located on waterways:seacoast or riversmost towns located on waterways:seacoast or rivers Few canalsFew canals Roads were poorRoads were poor Did not experience the RR boom like the NorthDid not experience the RR boom like the North

Connections were short; no real network establishedConnections were short; no real network established Southern cities grew slower than their Northern counterpart Southern cities grew slower than their Northern counterpart

because of thisbecause of this 1/3 of the nation’s RR was located in the South1/3 of the nation’s RR was located in the South

This would have a negative effect during the warThis would have a negative effect during the war

Section 4Section 4

The South’s PeopleThe South’s People

Terms to KnowTerms to Know

YeomanYeoman Tenant farmerTenant farmer Fixed costFixed cost CreditCredit OverseerOverseer SpiritualSpiritual Slave codeSlave code

The “Glorious South”The “Glorious South”

Novels and films glamorized the “deep Novels and films glamorized the “deep South”South” Rich, white slaveholdersRich, white slaveholders Stately mansionsStately mansions

RealityReality Small farmers without slavesSmall farmers without slaves Planters with a few slavesPlanters with a few slaves Handful of planters had several slaves and Handful of planters had several slaves and

fancy “mansions” fancy “mansions”

Categories of SouthernersCategories of Southerners

YeomenYeomen Tenant farmersTenant farmers The rural poorThe rural poor Plantation ownersPlantation owners

Tenant farmersTenant farmers Rented land on other’s estatesRented land on other’s estates

Rural PoorRural Poor Lived in crude cabins in wooded areasLived in crude cabins in wooded areas Grew gardens, kept a few farm animalsGrew gardens, kept a few farm animals Hunted and fished for foodHunted and fished for food

All of the poor in the South were independentAll of the poor in the South were independent Refused to take any job that resembled slave workRefused to take any job that resembled slave work Rural poor were proud of being self-sufficientRural poor were proud of being self-sufficient Looked down upon by other WhitesLooked down upon by other Whites

YeomenYeomen Largest group of whites in the SouthLargest group of whites in the South Owned landOwned land Mainly lived in upper South/hilly rural areas of Mainly lived in upper South/hilly rural areas of

deep Southdeep South 50-200 acre farms50-200 acre farms Crops were for self and saleCrops were for self and sale Traded crops to locals for goods/servicesTraded crops to locals for goods/services

PlantationsPlantations Cover several thousand acresCover several thousand acres Lived in comfortable, not luxurious Lived in comfortable, not luxurious

farmhousesfarmhouses Measured wealth by the number of slaves Measured wealth by the number of slaves

owned and possessions like homes, clothes, owned and possessions like homes, clothes, furniture etc.furniture etc.

12% of plantation owners held more than ½ of 12% of plantation owners held more than ½ of all the slavesall the slaves

½ of planters held fewer than 5 slaves½ of planters held fewer than 5 slaves

Life on a PlantationLife on a Plantation The MovieThe Movie

““Oh, Rhett, Oh, Rhett, Rhett, I’ll just Rhett, I’ll just think about it think about it tomorrow”—tomorrow”—

Gone with the Gone with the WindWind

Main goalMain goal Earn money/profitsEarn money/profits Fixed costs-regular Fixed costs-regular

expenses- stayed expenses- stayed samesame• HousingHousing• Feeding workersFeeding workers• Maintaining gin, Maintaining gin,

machinerymachinery

Market variesMarket varies• Price for cotton Price for cotton

changeschanges• Sold it to agents in New Sold it to agents in New

Orleans, Charleston for Orleans, Charleston for best price-Cotton best price-Cotton ExchangeExchange

• Agents extend credit Agents extend credit (loan) to planters to (loan) to planters to hold cotton until prices hold cotton until prices roserose

Planters stayed in Planters stayed in debt, not paid until debt, not paid until cotton soldcotton sold

The Woman’s RoleThe Woman’s Role

Plantation wives were in charge of the enslaved Plantation wives were in charge of the enslaved workers in her homeworkers in her home

Tended to the sick slavesTended to the sick slaves Supervising plantation buildings, fruit/veggie Supervising plantation buildings, fruit/veggie

gardensgardens Some kept financial recordsSome kept financial records Spent much of the time aloneSpent much of the time alone

Workin’ on the PlantationWorkin’ on the Plantation Needed different types of Needed different types of

workersworkers EnslavedEnslaved

Cleaning, cooking, Cleaning, cooking, laundry, sewing, serving laundry, sewing, serving meals—domestic slavesmeals—domestic slaves

Blacksmiths, carpenters, Blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, weaversshoemakers, weavers

Farm hands, pastures, Farm hands, pastures, farm animals etc.farm animals etc.

Field hands—planting, Field hands—planting, cultivating, picking cotton; cultivating, picking cotton; supervised by an overseer supervised by an overseer (plantation manager)(plantation manager)

Life Under SlaveryLife Under Slavery

Worked hard, earned no money, little hope Worked hard, earned no money, little hope of freedomof freedom

What do you think was their biggest fear?What do you think was their biggest fear? Being sold to another planter and being Being sold to another planter and being

separated from familyseparated from family Tried to make what they could of a family lifeTried to make what they could of a family life Looked forward to the day they would be freeLooked forward to the day they would be free

Enslaved WorkersEnslaved Workers

Up before dawn, back after the sun came Up before dawn, back after the sun came downdown

Men as well as women did heavy workMen as well as women did heavy work Children carried water to the fieldsChildren carried water to the fields At age 10, they began work in the fieldsAt age 10, they began work in the fields At age 60, they were given lighter work or At age 60, they were given lighter work or

cared for the kidscared for the kids

Home, Sweet, HomeHome, Sweet, HomeLife in the Slave CabinsLife in the Slave Cabins

““We lodged in log huts and on the bare ground. We lodged in log huts and on the bare ground. Wooden floors were an unknown luxury. In a Wooden floors were an unknown luxury. In a single room were huddled, like cattle, ten or a single room were huddled, like cattle, ten or a dozen person, men, women, and children . . . dozen person, men, women, and children . . . Our beds were collections of straw and old rags, Our beds were collections of straw and old rags, thrown down in the corners and boxed in with thrown down in the corners and boxed in with boards, a single blanket the only covering . . . boards, a single blanket the only covering . . . The wind whistled and the rain and snow blew in The wind whistled and the rain and snow blew in through the cracks, and the damp earth soaked through the cracks, and the damp earth soaked in the moisture till the floor was [filthy] as a in the moisture till the floor was [filthy] as a pigsty”—Josiah Henson, escaped slavepigsty”—Josiah Henson, escaped slave

Pass the steak please, don’t think Pass the steak please, don’t think so!so!

Diet consisted of Diet consisted of cornmeal, pork fat cornmeal, pork fat and molassesand molasses

Did have their own Did have their own gardensgardens Grew yams and Grew yams and

greensgreens Did not have a Did not have a

balanced dietbalanced diet

Family Life as a SlaveFamily Life as a Slave

No laws protecting slavesNo laws protecting slaves Husband or wife could be sold at any timeHusband or wife could be sold at any time Death of slaveholder could split up a familyDeath of slaveholder could split up a family Marriage not recognized by law, married anywayMarriage not recognized by law, married anyway

Marriage vow included “till death or separation do us Marriage vow included “till death or separation do us part”part”

Established networks of relatives/friendsEstablished networks of relatives/friends Care for each other’s children in case of separationCare for each other’s children in case of separation

A Slave WeddingA Slave Wedding

ImagineImagine

How would your life change if you were How would your life change if you were forced to move to say … India?forced to move to say … India?

African American CultureAfrican American Culture

Had to fuse their African culture with Had to fuse their African culture with American culture to make a new cultureAmerican culture to make a new culture

Growth of African American Culture came Growth of African American Culture came from childrenfrom children 1808 slave trade was banned1808 slave trade was banned Slavery still legal in SouthSlavery still legal in South By 1860 almost all slaves had been born in By 1860 almost all slaves had been born in

AmericaAmerica

Audio interview with a former slaveAudio interview with a former slave

http://memory.loc.gov/service/afc/afc99990http://memory.loc.gov/service/afc/afc9999001/5091b.mp301/5091b.mp3

Alice GastonAlice Gaston

American born slaves retained African American born slaves retained African customscustoms Practiced African music and dancePracticed African music and dance Passed folk stories to childrenPassed folk stories to children Some accepted ChristianitySome accepted Christianity Some kept to their ancestors beliefsSome kept to their ancestors beliefs Wrapped their heads in colorful cloths in Wrapped their heads in colorful cloths in

African styleAfrican style

African American ChristianityAfrican American Christianity

Christianity became their hopeChristianity became their hope Prayed for the day they would be freePrayed for the day they would be free Expressed themselves through “spirituals”Expressed themselves through “spirituals” Combined Christian faith with laments about Combined Christian faith with laments about

sufferingsuffering Also allowed them to communicate with one Also allowed them to communicate with one

anotheranother

http://youtube.com/watch?v=bfaAshttp://youtube.com/watch?v=bfaAsU7J81kU7J81k

Swing low, sweet chariot,Swing low, sweet chariot,Coming for to carry me home,Coming for to carry me home,Swing low, sweet chariot,Swing low, sweet chariot,Coming for to carry me home.Coming for to carry me home.

I looked over Jordan, and what did I see?I looked over Jordan, and what did I see?Coming for to carry me home,Coming for to carry me home,A band of angels coming after me,A band of angels coming after me,Coming for to carry me home.Coming for to carry me home.

RefrainRefrain If you get there before I do,If you get there before I do,

Coming for to carry me home,Coming for to carry me home,Tell all my friends I’m coming, too.Tell all my friends I’m coming, too.Coming for to carry me home.Coming for to carry me home.

Slave CodesSlave Codes

Laws that controlled the slavesLaws that controlled the slaves 1830-1860 laws became more severe1830-1860 laws became more severe

Owners were afraid of slave rebellionOwners were afraid of slave rebellion Prohibited slaves from gathering in large Prohibited slaves from gathering in large

groupsgroups Could not leave their master’s property Could not leave their master’s property

without a written passwithout a written pass Crime to teach a slave to read and writeCrime to teach a slave to read and write

• Thought they were less likely to rebel if illiterateThought they were less likely to rebel if illiterate

Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery

Some rebelled openly to their mastersSome rebelled openly to their masters Nat Turner—Religious leaderNat Turner—Religious leader

Self-taught reader and writerSelf-taught reader and writer 1831 led group of followers on deadly 1831 led group of followers on deadly

rampage; Southampton County, VArampage; Southampton County, VA• Killed 55 whitesKilled 55 whites• Turner was hungTurner was hung• Scared white Southerners, led to stricter codes Scared white Southerners, led to stricter codes

Nat TurnerNat Turner

Other ways to resist slaveryOther ways to resist slavery Working slowlyWorking slowly Pretending to be illPretending to be ill Setting fire to a plantation buildingSetting fire to a plantation building Breaking toolsBreaking tools

• Did this to endure their livesDid this to endure their lives• Way of striking back that whites would preventWay of striking back that whites would prevent

Escaping SlaveryEscaping Slavery

Some tried to escape; with successSome tried to escape; with success Harriet Tubman, Frederick DouglassHarriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass Escaping from the upper south was easier Escaping from the upper south was easier

than the deep souththan the deep south Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

Network of safe houses owned by free blacks Network of safe houses owned by free blacks and whites who opposed slaveryand whites who opposed slavery

Some ran away simply to find family, not Some ran away simply to find family, not headed northheaded north

Frederick Douglas Frederick Douglas Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman

Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

ReviewReview