section 2.2 policing in ancient times

Section 2.2Policing in

Ancient Times

Section 2.2Policing in

Ancient Times

Policing in Ancient and English TimesPolicing in Ancient and English Times 22

Policing in Ancient TimesPolicing in Ancient Times2.22.2

Policing in Ancient TimesPolicing in Ancient Times

A formal and sophisticated criminal justice system did not exist in ancient times.

A formal and sophisticated criminal justice system did not exist in ancient times.




An early policing system in An early policing system in which family, tribe, or clan which family, tribe, or clan

members assumed members assumed responsibility for dispensing responsibility for dispensing

justice.justice.

Kin Police




Written laws became necessary when tribes and clans formed larger groups and nations.

Written laws became necessary when tribes and clans formed larger groups and nations.



The Sumerians and the Code of Hammurabi


In approximately 2400 B.C., Sumerians started to develop laws and legal regulations.

In approximately 2400 B.C., Sumerians started to develop laws and legal regulations.





In 2050 B.C., Sumerians established a written legal code under the ruler Ur-Nammu.

In 2050 B.C., Sumerians established a written legal code under the ruler Ur-Nammu.





Local officials, or ensis, were responsible for administering the law.Local officials, or ensis, were responsible for administering the law.



Early Uses of RestitutionEarly Uses of Restitution

The Sumerians used fines as a punishment.

This is an early example of restitution.

The Sumerians used fines as a punishment.

This is an early example of restitution.



The Code of HammurabiThe Code of Hammurabi

A Collection of laws and edicts A Collection of laws and edicts that provided guidance for a that provided guidance for a variety of issues, from civil variety of issues, from civil

matters to criminal acts; based matters to criminal acts; based on the concept of on the concept of lex talionislex talionis..

Code of Hammurabi



An ancient philosophy of An ancient philosophy of justice, which means equal justice, which means equal

retaliation or retaliation or ““an eye for an eye.”an eye for an eye.”

Lex Talionis




The code provided legal protection to all classes of citizens.The code provided legal protection to all classes of citizens.




The code stated that messengers were responsible for enforcing the law.

These officials were an early form of police.

The code stated that messengers were responsible for enforcing the law.

These officials were an early form of police.




Policing in Ancient EgyptPolicing in Ancient Egypt

Policing in Egypt can be traced to around 2900 B.C.

Officials called Judges Commandment of the Police were responsible for the security of Egypt and its provinces.

Policing in Egypt can be traced to around 2900 B.C.

Officials called Judges Commandment of the Police were responsible for the security of Egypt and its provinces.



Policing in Ancient EgyptPolicing in Ancient Egypt

Egyptian police had broad powers that included judicial authority.Egyptian police had broad powers that included judicial authority.



Nubians from the southern part of the empire were drafted into duty.

This may indicate that people had no desire to be police officers.

Nubians from the southern part of the empire were drafted into duty.

This may indicate that people had no desire to be police officers.

The Police DraftThe Police Draft



Role of the VizierRole of the Vizier

A high-ranking ancient Egyptian A high-ranking ancient Egyptian official who was the only person official who was the only person

other than the pharaoh who other than the pharaoh who could act on all civil matters.could act on all civil matters.

Vizier



The vizier’s responsibilities included:The vizier’s responsibilities included:


Overseeing the highest court of justice.Collecting taxes across the kingdom.Supervision Egypt’s wars.Acting as chief of police for the kingdom.

Overseeing the highest court of justice.Collecting taxes across the kingdom.Supervision Egypt’s wars.Acting as chief of police for the kingdom.



The vizier represented divine authority, perception, and justice.

He was expected to be fair and equitable in his dealings with people.

The vizier represented divine authority, perception, and justice.

He was expected to be fair and equitable in his dealings with people.




To stop smuggling, King Amenhotep established customhouses and a marine patrol.

This was one of the earliest forms of customs police.

To stop smuggling, King Amenhotep established customhouses and a marine patrol.

This was one of the earliest forms of customs police.

New Police UnitsNew Police Units



Around 1340 B.C., Egypt created the River Security Unit to patrol the Nile.Around 1340 B.C., Egypt created the River Security Unit to patrol the Nile.




To prevent grave robbing, police units were assigned to 24-hour security duty at the tombs.

Police used dogs to help guard property.

To prevent grave robbing, police units were assigned to 24-hour security duty at the tombs.

Police used dogs to help guard property.




Trials by BattleTrials by Battle

In a trial by battle, a combatant could hire another person to stand in his place in battle. This stand-in individual came to be known as a champion. Today, to champion someone else’s cause means to support it wholeheartedly.



The Influence of Ancient GreeceThe Influence of Ancient Greece

Grecian principles of law and justice still influence justice systems throughout the Western world.

Grecian principles of law and justice still influence justice systems throughout the Western world.



The Greeks’ earliest system for administering justice was rooted in the philosophy of lex talionis.

The Greeks’ earliest system for administering justice was rooted in the philosophy of lex talionis.

Early Greek JusticeEarly Greek Justice



Eventually, the king replaced the family as an arbitrator between the victim and the accused.

A victim could file a complaint against the accused, then the king would hear the case.

Eventually, the king replaced the family as an arbitrator between the victim and the accused.

A victim could file a complaint against the accused, then the king would hear the case.




Policing was based on the organizing principled of the city-state, or polis.

Each polis was an independent political unit with its own personality, laws, and customs.

Policing was based on the organizing principled of the city-state, or polis.

Each polis was an independent political unit with its own personality, laws, and customs.




One of the first sets of written laws was developed by the Athenian ruler Draco in 621 B.C.

This set of laws is known as the Draconian Code.

One of the first sets of written laws was developed by the Athenian ruler Draco in 621 B.C.

This set of laws is known as the Draconian Code.

Evolving Written LawsEvolving Written Laws




A very harsh ancient Greek code A very harsh ancient Greek code that made many crimes, even that made many crimes, even property crimes, into capital property crimes, into capital

offenses; also allowed debtors offenses; also allowed debtors to be sold into slavery.to be sold into slavery.

Draconian Code



Solon became the chief magistrate of Athens in 594 B.C.

Solon’s reforms to Athenian law were considered very lenient for his era.

Solon became the chief magistrate of Athens in 594 B.C.

Solon’s reforms to Athenian law were considered very lenient for his era.




Pisistratus, in an early example of publicly authorized police power, staged an attack on himself to convince the people of Athens to create a personal security force.

Pisistratus, in an early example of publicly authorized police power, staged an attack on himself to convince the people of Athens to create a personal security force.




Cleisthenes, an Athenian statesman, proposed a constitution that would give all citizens a chance to serve in government.

His reforms were implemented in 507 B.C.

Cleisthenes, an Athenian statesman, proposed a constitution that would give all citizens a chance to serve in government.

His reforms were implemented in 507 B.C.




During the rule of Pericles in 450-429 B.C., Athens maintained a police force that was supervised by a group of criminal commissioners known as The Eleven.

During the rule of Pericles in 450-429 B.C., Athens maintained a police force that was supervised by a group of criminal commissioners known as The Eleven.

The ElevenThe Eleven



Innovations of Ancient RomeInnovations of Ancient Rome

The important contributions to policing made during the Roman Empire were:The important contributions to policing made during the Roman Empire were:

1. The Law of the Twelve Tablets2. New police units created by Caesar

Augustus3. The creation of the praetor

1. The Law of the Twelve Tablets2. New police units created by Caesar

Augustus3. The creation of the praetor



Law of the Twelve TabletsLaw of the Twelve Tablets

The first set of written law in The first set of written law in ancient Rome; grouped civil and ancient Rome; grouped civil and criminal law, legal procedures, criminal law, legal procedures, and some social regulations.and some social regulations.

Law of the Twelve Tablets



The simplicity of the Law of the Twelve Tablets armed the lower classes to protect themselves against tyranny.

The simplicity of the Law of the Twelve Tablets armed the lower classes to protect themselves against tyranny.

Law of the Twelve TabletsLaw of the Twelve Tablets



The three types of police organizations that developed under the reign of Augustus were:

The three types of police organizations that developed under the reign of Augustus were:

Policing under Emperor AugustusPolicing under Emperor Augustus

1. Praetorian guard2. Urban cohort3. Vigiles

1. Praetorian guard2. Urban cohort3. Vigiles




A Roman police force that A Roman police force that existed mainly to protect the life existed mainly to protect the life of the emperor and his property, of the emperor and his property,

specifically his palace.specifically his palace.

Praetorian Guard




A Roman police force that dealt A Roman police force that dealt with problems of street crimes with problems of street crimes and mob violence by patrolling and mob violence by patrolling

the streets and maintaining the streets and maintaining public order.public order.

Urban Cohort




A special Roman corps of 7,000 A special Roman corps of 7,000 men who served as both firemen men who served as both firemen

and night police.and night police.

Vigiles



As the Roman Empire grew, it needed a body of law that was applicable to Roman citizens and subjects in foreign colonies.

As the Roman Empire grew, it needed a body of law that was applicable to Roman citizens and subjects in foreign colonies.

The PraetorThe Praetor



The praetor had jurisdiction in criminal matters and also possessed police powers.

The praetor had jurisdiction in criminal matters and also possessed police powers.





A Roman judge who changed A Roman judge who changed the law and created new laws as the law and created new laws as

necessary.necessary.

Praetor



The praetor assigned a subordinate called a quaesitor to investigate and prosecute cases that came from the lower classes.

The praetor assigned a subordinate called a quaesitor to investigate and prosecute cases that came from the lower classes.




Magistrates policed the city, supervised the state prison, and executed criminals.

The power of the magistrates was similar to The Eleven.

Magistrates policed the city, supervised the state prison, and executed criminals.

The power of the magistrates was similar to The Eleven.




In 585 A.D., the emperor Justinian ordered the old code to be revised.

Justinian’s Code had a large influence on the legal systems in Europe and the Americas.

In 585 A.D., the emperor Justinian ordered the old code to be revised.

Justinian’s Code had a large influence on the legal systems in Europe and the Americas.




2.22.2

?1. Explain the concept of lex talionis.2. What are four great contributions of

ancient cultures to the development of policing?

1. Explain the concept of lex talionis.2. What are four great contributions of

ancient cultures to the development of policing?

End of Section 2.2Policing in

Ancient Times

End of Section 2.2Policing in

Ancient Times

section 2.2 policing in ancient times

Documents

ancient times2

ancient timespolicing

ancient egyptpolicing

english times

ancient egyptegyptian

ancient philosophy of

ancient timeswritten

ancient timesa formal