Section 1

Cultures Clash on the PrairieThe cattle industry booms in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declines.

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The Culture of the Plains Indians

Life on the Plains• Great Plains—grasslands in west-central portion

of the U.S.• East: hunting, farming villages; west: nomadic

hunting, gathering

Cultures Clash on the Prairie1SECTION

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The Horse and the Buffalo• Horses, guns lead most Plains tribes to nomadic

life by mid-1700s• Trespassing others’ hunting lands causes war;

count coup for status• Buffalo provides many basic needs:

- hides used for teepees, clothes, blankets- meat used for jerky, pemmican

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Continued . . .

Family Life• Form family groups with ties to other bands that

speak same language• Men are hunters, warriors; women butcher meat,

prepare hides• Believe in powerful spirits that control natural world

- men or women can become shamans• Children learn through myths, stories, games,

example• Communal life; leaders rule by counsel

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continued The Culture of the Plains Indians

Settlers Push Westward

Clash of Cultures• Native Americans: land cannot be owned; settlers:

want to own land• Settlers think natives forfeited land because did not

improve it• Since consider land unsettled, migrants go west to

claim it

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The Lure of Silver and Gold• 1858 discovery of gold in Colorado draws tens of

thousands• Mining camps, tiny frontier towns have filthy,

ramshackle dwellings• Fortune seekers of different cultures, races; mostly

men

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The Government Restricts Native Americans

Railroads Influence Government Policy• 1834, government designates Great Plains as

one huge reservation• 1850s, treaties define specific boundaries for

each tribe

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Massacre at Sand Creek• Troops kill over 150 Cheyenne, Arapaho at Sand

Creek winter camp

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continued The Government Restricts Native Americans

Death on the Bozeman Trail• Bozeman Trail crosses Sioux hunting grounds

- Red Cloud asks for end of settlements; Crazy Horse ambushes troops

• Treaty of Fort Laramie—U.S. closes trail; Sioux to reservation

• Sitting Bull, leader of Hunkpapa Sioux, does not sign treaty

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Bloody Battles Continue

Red River War• 1868, Kiowa, Comanche engage in 6 years of raiding• 1874–1875, U. S. Army crushes resistance on Plains

in Red River War

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Gold Rush• 1874 George A. Custer reports much gold in

Black Hills, rush begins

Custer’s Last Stand• 1876, Sitting Bull has vision of war at sun dance• Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Gall crush Custer’s troops• By late 1876, Sioux are defeated; some take refuge

in Canada- people starving; Sitting Bull surrenders 1881

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The Government Supports Assimilation

The Dawes Act• 1881, Helen Hunt Jackson exposes problems in

A Century of Dishonor• Assimilation—natives to give up way of life,

join white culture• 1887, Dawes Act to “Americanize” natives,

break up reservations- gives land to individual Native Americans- sell remainder of land to settlers- money for farm implements for natives

• In the end, Natives Americans receive only 1/3 of land, no money

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Continued . . .

continued The Government Supports Assimilation

The Destruction of the Buffalo• Destruction of buffalo most significant blow to

tribal life• Tourists, fur traders shoot for sport, destroy buffalo

population

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Map

The Battle of Wounded Knee

Wounded Knee• Ghost Dance—ritual to regain lost lands

- spreads among Sioux on Dakota reservation• Dec. 1890, Sitting Bull is killed when police try to

arrest him • Seventh Cavalry takes about 350 Sioux to

Wounded Knee Creek• Battle of Wounded Knee—cavalry kill 300

unarmed Native Americans• Battle ends Indian wars, Sioux dream of regaining

old life

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Section 3

Farmers and the Populist MovementFarmers unite to address their economic problems, giving rise to the Populist movement.

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Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems

Economic Distress• Farmers buy more land to grow more crops to pay

off debts• After Civil War, government takes greenbacks out

of circulation• Debtors have to pay loans in dollars worth more

than those borrowed• Prices of crops fall dramatically• 1870s, debtors push government to put more

money in circulation• 1878 Bland-Allison Act—money supply increase

not enough for farmers

Farmers and the Populist Movement

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continued Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems

Problems with the Railroads• Lack of competition lets railroads overcharge to

transport grain• Farms mortgaged to buy supplies; suppliers

charge high interest

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The Farmers’ Alliances• 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley starts Patrons of

Husbandry or Grange• Purpose is educational, social; by 1870s, Grange

fighting railroads• Farmers’ Alliances—groups of farmers and

sympathizers- lectures on interest rates, government control of railroads, banks- gain over 4 million members

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3SECTION

The Populist Party Platform• Populism—movement of the people; Populist

Party wants reforms• Economic: increase money supply, graduated

income tax, federal loans• Political: Senate elected by popular vote; secret

ballot; 8-hour day• 1892, Populist candidates elected at different

levels of government- Democratic Party eventually adopts platform

The Rise and Fall of Populism

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continued The Rise and Fall of Populism

The Panic of 1893• Railroads expand faster than markets; some go

bankrupt• Government’s gold supply depleted, leads to rush

on banks- businesses, banks collapse- panic becomes depression

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Continued . . .

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continued The Rise and Fall of Populism

Silver or Gold• Political divisions also regional:

- Republicans: Northeast business owners, bankers- Democrats: Southern, Western farmers, laborers

• Bimetallism—system using both silver and gold to back currency

• Gold standard—backing currency with gold only• Paper money considered worthless if cannot be

exchanged for metal• Silverites: bimetalism would create more money,

stimulate economy• Gold bugs: gold only would create more stable,

if expensive currency

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continued The Rise and Fall of Populism

Bryan and the “Cross of Gold”• 1896, Republicans commit to gold, select

William McKinley• Democrats favor bimetallism, choose William

Jennings Bryan• Populists endorse Bryan, choose own VP to

maintain party identity

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The End of Populism• McKinley gets East, industrial Midwest; Bryan

South, farm Midwest • McKinley elected president; Populism collapses;

leaves legacy: - the powerless can organize, have political impact- agenda of reforms enacted in 20th century

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Section 3

Big Business and LaborThe expansion of industry results in the growth of big business and prompts laborers to form unions to better their lives.

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Carnegie’s Innovations

Carnegie Makes a Fortune• Andrew Carnegie one of first moguls to make

own fortune

Big Business and Labor3SECTION

New Business Strategies• Carnegie searches for ways to make better

products more cheaply• Hires talented staff; offers company stock;

promotes competition• Uses vertical integration—buys out suppliers to

control materials• Through horizontal integration merges with

competing companies• Carnegie controls almost entire steel industry

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Social Darwinism and Business

Principles of Social Darwinism• Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best-

adapted survive• Social Darwinism, or social evolution, based on

Darwin’s theory• Economists use Social Darwinism to justify

doctrine of laissez faire

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A New Definition of Success• Idea of survival, success of the most capable

appeals to wealthy• Notion of individual responsibility in line with

Protestant ethic• See riches as sign of God’s favor; poor must be

lazy, inferior

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3SECTION

Growth and Consolidation• Businesses try to control industry with mergers—

buy out competitors• Buy all others to form monopolies—control

production, wages, prices• Holding companies buy all the stock of other

companies• John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil

Company, forms trust- trustees run separate companies as if one

Fewer Control More

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continued Fewer Control More

Rockefeller and the “Robber Barons”• Rockefeller profits by paying low wages,

underselling others- when controls market, raises prices

• Critics call industrialists robber barons- industrialists also become philanthropists

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Continued . . .

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Sherman Antitrust Act• Government thinks expanding corporations stifle

free competition• Sherman Antitrust Act: trust illegal if interferes

with free trade • Prosecuting companies difficult; government stops

enforcing act

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continued Fewer Control More

Business Boom Bypasses the South• South recovering from Civil War, hindered by lack

of capital• North owns 90% of stock in RR, most profitable

Southern businesses • Business problems: high transport cost, tariffs,

few skilled workers

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Labor Unions Emerge

Long Hours and Danger• Northern wages generally higher than Southern• Exploitation, unsafe conditions unite workers

across regions• Most workers have 12 hour days, 6 day workweeks

- perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks- no vacation, sick leave, injury compensation

• To survive, families need all member to work, including children

• Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs for women, children- require few skills; pay lowest wages

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Continued . . .

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continued Labor Unions Emerge

Early Labor Organizing• National Labor Union—first large-scale national

organization• 1868, NLU gets Congress to give 8-hour day to

civil servants• Local chapters reject blacks; Colored National

Labor Union forms• NLU focus on linking existing local unions• Noble Order of the Knights of Labor open to

women, blacks, unskilled• Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration

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Union Movements Diverge

Craft Unionism• Craft unions include skilled workers from one or

more trades• Samuel Gompers helps found American

Federation of Labor (AFL) • AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages,

hours, conditions• AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter

workweek

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Continued . . .

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Industrial Unionism• Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers

in an industry• Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union;

uses strikes

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Section 3

Politics in the Gilded AgeLocal and national political corruption in the 19th century leads to calls for reform.

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The Emergence of Political Machines

The Political Machine• Political machine—organized group that controls

city political party• Give services to voters, businesses for political,

financial support• After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities• Machine organization: precinct captains, ward

bosses, city boss

Politics in the Gilded Age3SECTION

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continued The Emergence of Political Machines

The Role of the Political Boss• Whether or not city boss serves as mayor, he:

- controls access to city jobs, business licenses- influences courts, municipal agencies- arranges building projects, community services

• Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence

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Immigrants and the Machine• Many captains, bosses 1st- or 2nd-generation

Americans• Machines help immigrants with naturalization,

jobs, housing

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3SECTION

Election Fraud and Graft• Machines use electoral fraud to win elections• Graft—illegal use of political influence for

personal gain• Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal,

illegal activities

Municipal Graft and Scandal

The Tweed Ring Scandal• 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads

Tammany Hall in NYC• Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars• Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage

- Tweed Ring broken in 1871Image

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Civil Service Replaces Patronage

Patronage Spurs Reform• Patronage—government jobs to those who help

candidate get elected• Civil service (government administration) are all

patronage jobs• Some appointees not qualified; some use position

for personal gain• Reformers press for merit system of hiring for

civil service

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Continued . . .

Section 2

Expanding Public EducationReforms in public education lead to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education.

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Expanding Public Education

Schools for Children• 1865–1895, states pass laws requiring school

attendance for children• Kindergartens—originally childcare for working

women—become popular• 1880, 62% white children, 34% black children in

elementary school

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The Growth of High Schools• Industrial economy demands technical,

managerial skills• 1900, more than half a million students in high

school• Expanding education changes American society

Continued . . .

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continued Expanding Public Education

Racial Discrimination• Small percentage of black teenagers attend

high school• Most attend private schools that get no

government support

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Education for Immigrants• Immigrants encouraged to attend school, be

Americanized• Some resent suppression of their native languages• Many public school systems have readings from

Protestant Bible- Catholics have parochial schools

• Adults attend night school, some day programs at work- unionists object to employer programs

Expanding Higher Education

Changes in Universities• By turn of century, 2.3% of youth attend college• 1880–1920, college enrollment more than

quadruples• Research universities emerge, offer new

curriculum• Professional law, medical schools established• Private universities have entrance exams

- some state colleges want high school diploma

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Continued . . .

continued Expanding Higher Education

Higher Education for African Americans Not enough black college graduates to meet

needs of communities Booker T. Washington—racism will end if

blacks get labor skills Heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial

Institute, now a university W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get

Harvard doctorate - disagrees with Washington

Founds Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study - believes well-educated future leaders needed

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Section 3

Segregation and DiscriminationAfrican Americans lead the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.

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African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination

Voting Restrictions• For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern

blacks can vote• By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny

equality• Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give

literacy tests• Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote• Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let

poor whites vote- can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867

Segregation and Discrimination3SECTION

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continued African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination

Jim Crow Laws• 1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax,

grandfather clause • Racial segregation laws separate races in

private, public places• Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old

minstrel song

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Plessy v. Ferguson• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson—segregation legal in

public places• Allows “separate but equal” doctrine if provide

equal service

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Opposing Discrimination• Racial etiquette—informal rules for black-white

relations- enforce second-class status for blacks

• Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support

• W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone

• Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes teacher, newspaper editor- campaigns for racial justice

Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations

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Violence• African Americans who do not follow etiquette are

punished, lynched- more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892

continued Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations

Discrimination in the North• Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs,

social equality• Are forced into segregated neighborhoods• Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by

employers• Competition between blacks, working-class whites

sometimes violent

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3SECTION

Mexican Workers• More Mexicans build railroads in Southwest than

other ethnic groups- forced to work for less than other groups

• Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural industries

• Some Southwest Mexicans, African Americans forced into debt peonage:- system of slavery to work off debt to employer- 1911, Supreme Court declares unconstitutional

Discrimination in the West

Excluding the Chinese• Whites fear job competition, push Chinese to

separate areas, schools• Opposition to Chinese immigration leads to Chinese

Exclusion Act