section 1: acids, bases, and ph - doral academy preparatory school · 2013-08-13 · acids, bases,...
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Section 1: Acids, Bases, and pH
Preview
• Key Ideas
• Bellringer
• Acids
• Bases
• pH
• Math Skills
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Essential Questions
1. What are the properties of acids?
2. What are the properties of bases?
3. How is pH related to the concentration of
hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in solution?
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Section 9.1 Vocabulary
• Acid
• Base
• Hydronium ion
• Hydroxide ion
• Electrolyte
• pH
• Strong acid
• Strong base
• Indicator
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Bellringer
Even if you have not studied acids and bases before, you may already know something about them.
To tap into this knowledge, identify whether the following are acids or bases. (Hint: Acids and bases have chemical properties that are very different.)
1. Vinegar
2. Baking soda
3. Soap
4. Orange juice
5. Antacid tablets
6. Name one or two properties of acids.
7. Name one or two properties of bases.
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids
〉What are the properties of acids?
〉Acids taste sour, cause indicators to change color,
and conduct electric current. They are also corrosive
and can damage materials, including your skin.
• acid: any compound that increases the number of
hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water
• indicator: a compound that can reversibly change
color depending on conditions such as pH
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, continued
• Strong acids ionize completely.
– Strong acids are strong electrolytes.
– electrolyte: a substance that dissolves in
water to give a solution that conducts an
electric current
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, continued
• Weak acids do not ionize completely.
– Weak acids are weak electrolytes.
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, continued
Some common acids
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Visual Concept: Common Acids
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Visual Concept: Acids
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, continued
• Concentrated acids can be dangerous.
• Weak acids are not always safe to handle.
• Always wear safety goggles, gloves, and a
laboratory apron when working with acids.
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Bases
〉What are the properties of bases?
〉Bases have a bitter taste, and solutions of bases feel slippery. Solutions of bases also conduct electric current, cause indicators to change color, and can damage the skin.
• base: any compound that increases the number of
hydroxide ions, OH–, when dissolved in water
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Bases, continued
• Many common bases contain hydroxide ions. • Strong bases are ionic compounds that contain a
metal ion and a hydroxide ion. – example: NaOH, sodium hydroxide
NaOH Na+ + OH–
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Bases, continued
• Some bases ionize in water to form hydroxide ions. – example: ammonia, NH3
– Only some of the ammonia molecules actually become
ammonium ions when ammonia dissolves.
• Weak bases are weak electrolytes.
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Bases, continued
Some common bases
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Hydronium vs. Hydroxide
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Visual Concept: Strength and Weakness of
Acids and Bases
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
pH
〉How is pH related to the concentration of
hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in
solution?
〉The pH of a solution indicates its concentration of
H3O+ ions.
〉 In solutions, the concentration of hydronium ions is
related to the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH–.
〉The pH of a solution also indicates the concentration
of OH– ions. pH is a value used to express the acidity
or basicity of a solution.
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
pH, continued
• pH: a value that is used to express the acidity or basicity of a system
• A pH value corresponds to the concentration of hydronium ions. – Each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in
acidity.
• A neutral solution, such as pure water, has a pH of 7.
• An acidic solution has a pH of less than 7.
• A basic solution has a pH of greater than 7.
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
pH, continued
The pH Scale
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Visual Concept: pH
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
pH, continued
• You can find pH from the concentration of a strong acid.
• The pH is the negative of the power of 10 that is used to
describe the concentration of H3O+ ions.
– example: The concentration of H3O
+ of pure water is 1 × 10–7 M.
• The pH of pure water is 7.
• The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution of
strong acid is the same as the concentration of the acid.
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Math Skills
Determining pH
Determine the pH of a 0.0001 M solution of the strong
acid HCl.
1. List the given and unknown values.
Given: concentration of HCl in solution = 0.0001 M
Unknown: pH
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
2. Write the molar concentration of hydroxide ions in scientific notation.
HCl is completely ionized into H3O+ and Cl– ions.
concentration of H3O
+ = concentration of HCl
= 0.0001 M = 1 10–4 M 3. The pH is the negative of the power of 10 in the H3O
+ concentration.
concentration of H3O+ ions = 1 10–4 M
pH = –(–4) = 4
Math Skills, continued
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Section 1 Acids, Bases, and Salts
pH, continued
• Small differences in pH mean large differences
in acidity.
• example: pH of apple juice = 3
pH of coffee = 5
so apple juice is 102, or 100, times more
acidic than coffee.
• pH can be measured in more than one way.
• electronic pH meters can measure pH more
precisely than indicators can.