secondary compounds and medicinal plants spring 2012
TRANSCRIPT
Secondary Compounds andMedicinal Plants
Spring 2012
Lecture Outline
I. A brief history of medicinal plantsII. Plants in modern medicine A. Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) as a heart remedy B. The fever bark tree (Cinchona ledgeriana) and quinine as a remedy for malaria C. Willow bark (Salix spp.) and aspirin D. Plant-based cancer drugs III. Herbal remedies A. Ephedra B. St. Johnswort C. Ginkgo biloba
A Brief History of Medicinal Plants
Apuleius, Herbal, 11th century, c. 1070-1100 England, St. Augustine's abbey, Canterbury
Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, 1770 B.C.The code mentions medicinal plants that are still in
use today, including licorice and mint.
The Ebers PapyrusEgypt, 1550 B.C.
700 medicinal formulas, including mandrake for pain relief, cannabis, and aloe.
Dioscorides, 1st century A.D.
Anaesthetics mentioned in Dioscorides’s Materia Medica
Plates from a 12th century edition of Materia Medica
Ps. Apuleius, Herbal, 11th century, c. 1070-1100 England, St. Augustine's abbey, Canterbury
Doctrine of Signatures
Paracelsus1493-1541
Plants in Modern Medicine
Foxglove: Digitalis purpurea(Snapdragon Family)
William Withering1741-1799
An Account of the Foxglove and Some of Its Medical Uses: With Practical Remarks on Dropsy and Other Diseases, 1785
1928 - The glycosides digitoxin and digitaliswere isolated. These have been determined to have a strong effect on the heart muscle.
Congestive Heart Failure
Digitalis purpureaFoxglove
2-3 million people die each year from malaria (at least 1 million deaths are young children).
Malaria
Map of Malaria-Endemic Areas from CDC
MalariaMalaria
Malaria statistics are chilling: nearly 1 million people die from malaria each year in Africa alone, mostly children younger than 5 years old. Which one of the following causes malaria? A. breathing air from swamps B. Anopheles mosquitoes C. Plasmodium protozoansD. living in tropical regionsE. a sexually-transmitted virus
Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Anopheles mosquito
Plasmodium falciparum
Mid-17th century Jesuit missionaries in South America discovered
that indigenous peoples used a remedy made from the bark of cinchona,
a tree in the coffee family.
The Incans called
it quina, from
whence we get
quinine.
Cinchona calisayaFever Tree
(Rubiaceae - the coffee family)
Cinchona bark,ground to make “Jesuit Powder.” Oliver Cromwell,
died of malaria in 1658
Quinine, an alkaloid, the active ingredient in cinchona.
It kills the parasite in the bloodstream.
Salix alba L.Aspirin
The most widely used medicine in the world:
Plant-Based Cancer Drugs
Rosy Periwinkle - (Catharanthus roseus), effective in the treatment of childhood leukemia
Mitosis - cell division
mitotic spindle
Pacific Yew, Taxus brevifolia, a potent anti-tumorogenic
Taxol
Medicinal Plants on the Fringe:Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicine
Ephedra antisyphiliticaclapweed, whorehouse tea, Mormon tea
Ephedra, source of ephedra, orma-huang
FDA NewsFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEFebruary 6, 2004
FDA Issues Regulation Prohibiting Sale of Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids and Reiterates Its Advice That Consumers Stop Using These Products
St. Johnswort
(Linde et al. British Medical Journal, 1996)
St. Johnswort, effective in the treatment of minor depression
herbal supplement(increases circulation) Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba
Ginkgo