SDN/NFV-enabled Satellite Communications: Ground Segment Network Architecture for 5G

Integration

R.Ferrus1),H.Koumaras2),O.Sallent1),T.Rasheed3),R.Riggio3),N.Kuhn4),P.Gélard4), T.Ahmed5)

1)Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain; 2)National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Greece;3)Center for Research and Telecommunication Experimentation for Networked communities, Italy;4)Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales,

France;5)CNRS-LaBRI, University of Bordeaux, France

Abstract— The satellite industry is clearly committed to revisit and revamp the role of satellite communications within the 5G ecosystem. Central technologies being adopted in 5G networks such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are also anticipated to become key technological enablers for improved and more flexible hybridization of both satellite and terrestrial segments. This paper describes a novel architecture for SDN/NFV-enabled satellite ground segment systems that is conceived to facilitate the integration of the satellite component within 5G systems so that ubiquitous, highly available and reliable connectivity can be better supported.

Keywords—Satellite network; Network Function Virtualization; Software-Defined Networking; Satellite gateway virtualization; Combined satellite-terrestrial networks

I. INTRODUCTION

The unique wide-scale geographical coverage of satellite networks, coupled with its inherent broadcast/multicast capabilities and highly reliable connectivity, anticipates new opportunities for the integration of the satellite component in the upcoming 5G systems. Several recent industry white papers reference the satellite-terrestrial cooperation as part of the mobile networks of 2020 and beyond [1][2], as there is a growing consensus on the idea that satellite responds efficiently to a number of usage/connectivity/traffic scenarios and complements nicely terrestrial 5G network components for many verticals (e.g. transportation, energy, media & entertainment, emergency communications). Indeed, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is actually considering several use cases for 5G connectivity using satellites [3].

A huge increase in satellite capacity is underway as new High Throughput Satellites (HTS) in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) come online, reducing the cost of the satellite capacity and achieving throughput rates that are magnitudes higher than previous satellites. Moreover, technological evolutions in satellites and the fruition in the forthcoming years of a range of disruptive initiatives envisioning the use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations with a large number of low-cost micro-satellites [4][5] might lead to further cost reduction as well as improvements in other Quality of Service (QoS) metrics such as latency. However, the evolutions in satellite ground segment network architectures (satellite hubs, satellite terminals and networking equipment within the satellite networks) can hardly

be identified, since they are rarely publicly documented and implementations may not follow existing standards. Functionalities are thus deployed on vendor-specific network appliances, which execute specific functions. This leads to network infrastructure settings quite prone to vendor locking, complicated to manage since they use specific management protocols and proprietary systems that cannot operate together: even suppliers following the DVB-S2/RCS2 standards cannot inter-operate.

In this context, the introduction of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technologies within the satellite ground segment networks (referred simply to as satellite networks in the following) is anticipated to be a necessary step in their evolution [6][7]. SDN and NFV technologies can bring greater flexibility to Satellite Network Operators (SNOs), reducing both operational and capital expenses in deploying and managing SDN/NFV-compatible networking equipment within the satellite networks. In addition, the adoption of SDN/NFV into the satellite networks can eventually pave the way for a more flexible and agile integration and operation of combined satellite and terrestrial networks [8].

This paper describes an innovative architecture for SDN/NFV-enabled satellite networks. The proposed architecture improves flexibility and reconfigurability in the delivery of satellite network services by supporting virtualization (i.e. softwarisation) of key satellite network functions together with network abstraction and resource control programmability. Moreover, the proposed architecture supports multi-tenancy to facilitate virtual network operator models and federation capabilities for the multi-domain orchestration of network functions and SDN-based control and management across terrestrial and satellite domains.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly describes current satellite network architectures and discusses on the feasibility of virtualizing part of the satellite network functionality. Section 3 points out the expected benefits that the integration of a SDN/NFV-enabled satellite component could bring into two compelling scenarios: mobile backhauling and hybrid access. On this basis, Section 4 describes the proposed architecture for SDN/NFV-enabled satellite networks and Section 5 extends the architecture to

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III. INTEGRATION SCENARIOS

Two compelling scenarios that will benefit from the integration of satellite and terrestrial networks through SDN/NFV-based technologies are described in the following.

A. 4G/5G satellite backhauling services

In addition to service extension in remote or hard to reach areas, a tighter integration of satellite backhauling services in 4G/5G mobile networks can be instrumental to facilitate more efficient traffic delivery to radio access network (RAN) nodes (e.g. the satellite link can be used to offload multicast/broadcast traffic such as TV live streams addressed to multiple cell sites), increased resilience and support for fast, temporary cell deployments and moving cells [12][13].

Building on the enhanced flexibility (e.g. bandwidth on demand) and satellite network service customization (e.g. selectable set of satellite VNFs) capabilities brought by SDN/NFV-enabled satellite networks, MNO’s are expected to improve the level of control and management of satellite backhauling services through programmable interfaces for resource management and control. This must allow the MNO to simplify integration and management of satellite network services to satisfy its time- and location-dependent backhauling needs. This must also allow the MNO to be able to dynamically and flexibly provision and configure satellite network services with specific network functions (e.g. PEP, firewalling, etc.). From the SNO side, this scenario could also lead into an extended role of the SNO that, in addition to providing satellite connectivity, could be also participating in the value chain of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) services and cellular access capacity provisioning through the operation of neutral/wholesale RAN shared nodes (e.g. multi-tenant small cells bundled with satellite connectivity).

B. Satellite-terrestrial hybrid access services

Hybrid access networks are those combining a satellite component and a terrestrial component in parallel [10]. Such a combination can improve service delivery in areas where QoS/QoE delivered by terrestrial access alone may be not satisfactory (e.g. higher speed broadband Internet access in low density populated areas with limited xDSL or fiber coverage [14]).

One promising approach to address the integration of satellite and terrestrial networks for hybrid access is federation. Federation refers to the pooling of network resources from two or more domains in a way that slices of network resources distributed across the different domains can be created and used as one logical domain enabling easier control of the resources [15]. Federation of network resources in heterogeneous and multi-domain scenarios is currently being addressed in several EU research projects (e.g. FELIX, FI-PPP XIFI, and FP7-NOVI). The expected development of federation capabilities in satellite communications is regarded as pivotal for providing additional resources, features and services by SNOs to customers.

Reconfigurability, evolvability and programmability are three key characteristics that can facilitate the achievement of the federation challenge, while SDN and NFV are the most promising enabling technologies. By embracing SDN, the

satellite network can expose a vendor-neutral, universally supported open interface, enabling unified management with terrestrial networks. Similarly, the NFV techniques simplify the provision of value-added networking services in the satellite communications systems, by expanding the terrestrial NFV management framework to satisfy the needs of the satellite domain as well. This is in line with the 5G vision, which encompasses federation of heterogeneous access networks in a transparent manner [16]. Federation could also create a new market, where the federation from a business perspective is supported by a third party e.g. a broker, which offers added value federated network services supported by the underlying federated networks.

IV. ARCHITECTURE OF SDN/NFV-ENABLED SATELLITE

NETWORKS

A high-level view of the proposed architecture for SDN/NFV-enabled satellite ground segment systems is given in Fig. 3 and explained in the following.

A. Physical network infrastructure

As depicted in Fig. 3, the physical network infrastructure is assumed to consist of the following elements:

- NFVI-PoP(s) for SNF-VNFs. This infrastructure might not be necessarily located close to the satellite hub premises. The main resources in this NFVI-PoP are network, computing (CPU) and storage. Additionally, certain VNFs may require specific NFVI resource requirements, such as hardware accelerators (e.g. IPSec specific hardware).

- NFVI-PoP(s) for SBG-VNFs. This represents the virtualization infrastructure over which the satellite baseband gateway functions would be deployed. This infrastructure is likely to be located in or close to the satellite hub premises due to distance limitations that might impose the fronthaul network in terms of latency and bandwidth between SBG-VNFs and SBG-PNFs.

- One or several SBG-PNFs. These elements host the non-virtualized part of the satellite gateway. A SBG-PNF is directly connected to an ODU.

- Transport network between the several NFVI-PoPs (backhaul) and between the NFVI-PoP where the SBG-VNFs are run and the location that hosts SBG-PNFs (fronthaul).

B. Virtualized satellite network

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ACKNOWL

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